Basic terms of UAV

With the rapid development of UAV-related technologies at home and abroad, UAV systems are various, widely used and distinctive, which leads to great differences in size, quality, range, flight time, flight altitude, flight speed and mission. So, the following are the basic key terms of drones that I have compiled for you. Welcome to read and browse.

Hanger: It refers to the bearing platform of UAV. All equipment is carried by the hanger and flies into the sky.

Electric regulation: The function of electric regulation is to control the speed of motor.

KV value: the motor speed and voltage increase 1V per minute under no-load condition, and the no-load speed increases.

Propeller: wings!

Folding paddles: wings that can be folded!

Pitch: it is the angle formed by the inclination angle between the paddle and the horizontal plane.

Flight control: flight control system.

GPS: positioning system

IMU: scientific name inertial measurement unit. The theoretical mechanics of the university tells us that all motions can be decomposed into a linear motion and a rotary motion, so this inertial measurement unit measures these two motions. Linear motion can be measured by accelerometer, and rotary motion can be measured by gyro.

GCU: ground control equipment.

BEC: battery elimination circuit is translated into battery-free circuit in Chinese. A circuit module is arranged in the electric adjustment. Convert the output voltage of 12V battery into 5V-6V for electronic equipment such as receiver and steering gear (of course, the motor is still powered by 12V), thus saving the 5V battery. This is the origin of the name BEC (Batterless Circuit). BEC mostly adopts linear voltage regulation. Linear voltage regulator has the advantages of simple circuit, small volume and only one regulator, but the disadvantage is low conversion efficiency. The energy loss during voltage stabilization is large (linear voltage stabilization efficiency is generally only 65%-70%), so the voltage stabilizer tube will be very hot in the working process (the main heat of electric adjustment comes from this voltage stabilizer tube, and the MOS switch tube that really controls the motor actually has very little heat). Because of its low efficiency, the natural output current cannot be very large, and the maximum is generally around1a.

PMU: It is a solution for power management of portable devices. Its essence is to determine the remaining power of the power supply by detecting the voltage of the battery.

Master control: The master control chip is the core component of the motherboard or hard disk, the bridge between devices, and the brain that controls the operation of devices.

Receiver: receive the signal.

Remote control: the remote control of an airplane.

Analog image transmission: analog image transmission refers to the process of processing the source and channel of analog image signals with continuous changes in time (including space) and amplitude, transmitting them through analog channels or storing them through analog recording equipment. Generally, source processing methods such as scanning and picking up image information and compressing frequency band are used to obtain image baseband signals, and then channel processing methods such as pre-equalization and modulation are used to form image passband signals.

High-definition image transmission: the process of transmitting digital image signals through digital channels (cable, microwave, satellite, optical fiber, etc.). ) by source coding and channel coding, or by digital storage and recording equipment. The biggest characteristic of digital signal in transmission is that it can be regenerated and restored many times without reducing the quality. It also has other advantages over analog transmission, such as easy handling, flexible scheduling, high quality, high reliability and convenient maintenance.

Mushroom head: picture transmission equipment

Clover: image transmission equipment

Electric tripod: a controllable drone tripod.

Steering gear: it is the power source of remote control model control action.

The rudder regulator of UAV is an indispensable part of UAV hardware. As long as it moves in pitch, yaw and roll, it is completed through the cooperation of actuators.

Pan/tilt: it is an intermediate part installed above the tripod and used to connect the tripod with the camera. Spherical and three-dimensional ptz are widely used in ptz. The table is relatively flexible and slightly small. If the accuracy requirement is not particularly high, it can be considered. Three-dimensional pan-tilt can rotate in one dimension, which is suitable for high-precision occasions, but it is relatively troublesome to use, slightly larger in size and less portable.

HDMI: high definition multimedia interface (English) is a digital video/audio interface technology and a special digital interface suitable for image transmission. It can transmit audio and image signals at the same time, and the highest data transmission speed is 4.5 GB/s.

HDMI-to-av: the HDMI-to-av signal converter can convert HDMI or DVI signals into AV(CVBS) composite video signals and FL/FR stereo audio signals, allowing customers to convert high-quality HDMI audio and video signals into ordinary TVs, VHS green players, DVD recorders and other CVBS signal receivers (standard resolutions 480i and 576i).

GPS mode: very simple. According to the height and latitude and longitude of GPS positioning information, UAV distributes different voltages to adjust the speed of each blade to achieve the purpose of fixed-point hovering. It can be understood as a strong auxiliary mode.

Hovering around: hovering on the tail, to the left, to the right and to the head.

Attitude mode: If the GPS signal is lost or invalid, it can simply balance the horizontal attitude of the aircraft only by relying on the built-in gyroscope, barometer or optical flow sensor, but it cannot maintain the horizontal attitude. At this time, the distribution voltage of each blade is the same, but the resistance of each blade is different (due to natural wear, dust entry and other factors). Coupled with the influence of wind and airflow, the plane will yaw in the horizontal direction, and it is necessary to manually control the horizontal attitude of the plane. It can be understood as lighting-assisted mode.

Manual mode: This is relatively simple. Turn off all sensors and control the height (commonly known as throttle) and horizontal direction by yourself. Independent mode.

Heading angle: the angle between the longitudinal axis of aircraft and space shuttle and the north pole of the earth. Also known as true heading angle. True heading angle is the algebraic sum of magnetic heading angle and magnetic declination angle.

Return point: refers to the inspection point with the farthest distance from the starting point when the first engine fails.

Around the point of interest: set a point and surround it.

Flying out of control: literally.

Lost star: GPS signal lost

Gap: refers to the reduction of Delhi's height.

Head lock: direction lock

Centering: Centering the remote control lever.

Aileron: lateral flight

Elevator: It is the pitch rudder that rises and falls.

Rudder: A pitching rudder that controls the direction

Throttle: Up and Down

Fixed height: fixed height, floating left and right.

Brush pot: fly around this central point.

Overcharge: After normal charging, continue to charge at high voltage, so that the residual lithium ions in the positive electrode continue to transfer to the negative electrode, but the negative electrode can not embed more lithium ions, so that lithium ions precipitate on the surface of the negative electrode in the form of metallic lithium, resulting in dendrites and other phenomena, and there are dangers such as diaphragm damage, battery short circuit, electrolyte leakage and combustion.

Overdischarge: After the battery is normally discharged to the cut-off voltage, it will continue to discharge. Because it is necessary to keep a certain amount of lithium ions in the cathode to keep the structure stable, excessive discharge makes more lithium ions move out, which destroys the stable structure of the cathode and causes irreversible damage to the cathode.

Balanced charging: Balanced charging is required for all lithium batteries, but in many low-power applications, such as most laptop batteries, there is no balanced charging, which actually has a great impact on battery life.

Discharge: batteries or livestock appliances release electric energy.

Three-axis pan/tilt: used on camera tripod and can move. The three axes are x, y and z, and they rotate around them.

Basic sensitivity: the reaction speed of the aircraft to other factors.

Attitude sensitivity: how fast the aircraft reacts when the rudder is remotely controlled.

IOC: control inversion

Compass calibration: it's compass calibration!

Rudder repair: adjust the steering gear direction.

FPV: First-person perspective

Updraft: Ground air will flow upward, and this place is updraft.

Turbulence: it's turbulence!

Exposure: the process of exposing photosensitive materials. When shooting, the shutter opens and closes instantly, so that a certain amount of light is gathered through the lens and acts on the photosensitive film.

Aperture: a device used to control the amount of light entering the photosensitive surface of the fuselage through the lens, usually inside the lens.

Manual focus: a lens that supports full-time manual focus.

Shutter speed: that is, holding the shutter by hand. How long can you press it? How long will he be exposed?

Infinite: In photographic optics, when the object distance exceeds a certain amount, it can be considered that the object is brought into the lens from an infinite light spot in the form of a parallel beam. The focus is at infinity.

Sensitivity: refers to the sensitivity of digital camera processor to light. The higher the sensitivity, the stronger the sensitivity to light, the lower the sensitivity, the lower the sensitivity to light. In a film camera, it refers to the sensitivity of film to light. The English mark of sensitivity is ISO, and the sensitivity of general cameras ranges from ISO 100, ISO 200 ... O 1600, ISO25600, etc. The higher the number, the higher the sensitivity. But the higher the sensitivity, the more dry spots there are in the image.

Backlight: a method of using light in photography. The light comes from the back of the subject (that is, facing the camera lens), and it is better to outline the object with backlight to represent transparent or furry objects.

Top light: strong light, generally refers to summer noon, the sun shines directly on the ground from top to bottom.

White balance: Balance means that a digital camera defaults to "white" regardless of ambient light, which means that it can recognize white and balance the tones of other colors under colored light. Color is essentially an explanation of light. What looks white in normal light may not look white in dark light, and "white" under fluorescent light is also "non-white". If the white balance can be adjusted for all this, other colors based on "white" can be correctly restored in the obtained photos. At present, most commercial digital cameras provide white balance adjustment function. As mentioned above, the white balance is closely related to the surrounding light, so the use of the flash will be restricted when the white balance function is started, otherwise the change of ambient light will invalidate the white balance or interfere with the normal white balance. Generally, there are many modes of white balance, which are suitable for different scenes, such as automatic white balance, tungsten wire white balance, fluorescent white balance, indoor white balance and manual adjustment.

Horizon: 1. Seen from a point on the ground, the circumference that forms the boundary of the earth's surface. 2. Looking horizontally, the place where heaven and earth meet.

Shutter priority: this mode is a dual mode of automatic exposure with aperture priority, and it also belongs to "semi-automatic" exposure mode. But the operator has to choose the shutter speed, and the camera will automatically choose the corresponding aperture. Shutter priority automatic exposure mode is very suitable for shooting moving objects in theory, and operators can choose higher shutter speed to "freeze" the images of moving objects.

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1. What is a drone?

Unmanned aerial vehicle is an unmanned aerial vehicle controlled by radio remote control equipment or its own program control device.

2. What are the drones?

From the technical point of view, it can be divided into: unmanned helicopter, unmanned fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned multi-rotor aircraft, unmanned airship, unmanned paraglider and so on.

3. What is a multi-rotor UAV?

An airplane with three or more rotors.

4. What is a helicopter drone?

An aircraft with one or two powered rotors to provide lift and attitude operation.

5. What is a fixed-wing UAV?

An aircraft that uses wings fixed to the fuselage to move relative to the incoming air to generate lift.

6. Advantages of multi-rotor UAV:

(1) has small volume, light weight, low noise and good concealment, and is suitable for multi-platform and multi-space use;

(2) It can take off and land vertically without catapults and launchers;

(3) Low flying altitude, strong maneuverability and strong ability to perform special tasks;

(4) simple structure, flexible control, low cost, small propeller, good safety, convenient disassembly and easy maintenance.

7. In what fields are drones used?

Aerial photography, cargo transportation, government and people's livelihood, petroleum survey, remote sensing aerial survey.

8, multi-rotor applications:

Urban management, agriculture, geology, meteorology, electric power, electric power inspection, rescue and disaster relief, video shooting and other industries.

9. Helicopter application field?

10, what is the working scope of the flying hand?

Responsible for aircraft assembly and maintenance, pre-flight inspection and aircraft safety during flight.

1 1. How do drones take aerial photos?

Flying from the first-person perspective is carried out by carrying a tripod head and a shooting system.

12. What checks should be paid attention to before the drone takes off?

Inspection of the aircraft: whether the components are firmly connected, whether the wiring is safe, and whether the airborne equipment works normally.

Ground inspection: whether the ground communication and operating system work normally;

Environmental inspection: whether the surrounding environment is suitable for operation, whether the landing site is reasonable, and whether the airspace is declared.

13. What is a ground station?

Set on the ground, it is used for early operations such as real-time monitoring and route setting of UAV.

14, what is the American hand?

Left hand up and down throttle, left and right direction, right hand up and down, left and right aileron.

What is a Japanese hand?

Left hand up and down, left and right direction, right hand up and down throttle, left and right aileron.

16. What is a flight book?

A notebook that records the flight experience from the simulator to the present.

What is the GPS mode?

The precise positioning of gps satellites is added to the operation of the aircraft, which can accurately determine the altitude and fixed point.

What is manual mode?

GPS doesn't participate in flight work, so the plane can't fix the altitude at a fixed point. The sensor of flight control itself adds the mode of stable flight operation.

19. How can learning UAV technology help us?

Before becoming an experienced pilot, you should first know how to avoid plane crashes. When the UAV flies at high altitude, due to complex environmental factors, when the UAV is out of control, once it is in danger, it can recover unnecessary losses.

20. What are the key points when you teach yourself?

Simulator exercises and basic operation of ground station.

2 1, what is the simulator?

Restore real flight with the help of computer platform.

22. What are the threshold requirements for learning drones?

At least 17 years old, with technical secondary school education or above, in good health and no criminal record.

23. What is AOPA?

Association of aircraft owners and pilots.

24. Is the driver's license internationally accepted?

The only legal representative of China (including Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province). In addition to China's official approval, it is universal.

25. How soon can I get the certificate after the assessment?

65438+ 0 months after the exam.

26. How long is the certificate valid?

Two years.

27. What are the needs of drone drivers?

At present, the national demand for UAV pilots and captains is about 654.38+million, but only more than 2,000 people are truly qualified.

28. What is the difference between a driver, a conductor and a teacher?

Pilot: flying within the line of sight (the drone pilot or drone observer keeps direct visual contact with the drone, and the aircraft is in the operation mode with a radius of 500m and a relative height less than 120m within the visual line of sight of the driver or observer);

Captain: In addition to the line of sight, the drone can also operate outside the visual line of sight by operating the ground station;

Instructor: To know the teaching methods, you can train drivers and conductor.

29. What can you do after drone training?

Agricultural plant protection, remote sensing mapping, film and television aerial photography and other industries.

30. How about salary through study?

Usually, the flying hand internship is 3000+ and it is not capped.

3 1. What is a basic course?

Students who meet the requirements of relevant aircraft flight technical standards before entering school and obtain AOPA pilot license through short-term intensive training.

32. What is an inexperienced class?

Students who have a simple understanding of drones before entering school, have had experience in flying in GPS mode, want to engage in drone industry (employment) and cultivate talents in enterprises, and obtain AOPA driver's license through medium and long-term training.

33. What are the assessment items for rotary-wing aircraft and fixed-wing aircraft?

Multi-rotor or helicopter:

1. Take off;

2. Slow rotation for one cycle (360);

3. Tilt 4 horizontally and land.

Fixed wing:

1. Take off (against the wind);

2. Quadrilateral route;

3. horizontal character;

4. Simulate engine failure;

5. Landing (against the wind);

34. What does the theory class say?

(1). Overview of UAV and its system composition

(2) Civil aviation regulations and terminology

(3) Airspace flight and declaration

(4) Aviation meteorology and flight environment

(6) UAV structure

(7). Flight principle and performance

(8). Communication link and task planning

(9) Characteristics of UAV system used

(10). UAV flight manual and other documents.

35. What do you talk about in the practical class?

(1). Simulated flight

(2) Aircraft disassembly, maintenance, repair and maintenance

(3) ground station setting and pre-flight preparation

(4) Take-off and landing training

(5). Manipulation and command in case of emergency

36. What are the contents of the disassembly class?

Disassembly and assembly of mechanical position of UAV, installation and debugging of electronic equipment.

37. What are the oral tests?

Maintenance, use and disassembly of aircraft, pre-flight inspection, use and setting of remote control.

38. What are the ground stations?

Aviation school planning, emergency handling in flight, etc.

39. What if the theory fails?

Take the exam with the trainees in the next training class. If you fail the theory, you can't take the practical test.

40. What if the actual operation fails?

The next training course will be tested with the students.

4 1, what type of aircraft is used for multi-rotor practice?

TTA650 four-axis training machine, TTAM6 six-axis training machine.

42. What type of helicopter is used for the practice?

Yatuo 700L, Yatuo 550L l.

43. What type of aircraft is used for fixed-wing practice?

Dabai gasoline engine, small Venus electric fitness equipment. ;