How to escape?

Fire characteristics of passenger trains

·Easily cause casualties.

·Easy to form a fire dragon.

·Easy to cause rapid spread from front to back and left to right.

·Easy to produce toxic gases

Escape methods from tourist train fires

·Use facilities in passenger trains to escape as much as possible

· Use the front and rear doors of the carriage to escape

Each carriage of the passenger train has a pedestrian passageway about 20 meters long and 80 centimeters wide. There are manual or automatic doors at both ends of the carriage leading to adjacent carriages. When a fire breaks out in a certain carriage, these passages are the main escape routes used by trapped people. In the event of a fire, trapped persons should use the passages at both ends of the carriage as soon as possible to escape the fire scene in an orderly manner.

·Use the windows of the carriage to escape

The windows in passenger train carriages are generally 70×60 cm and equipped with double-layer glass. In the event of a fire, trapped persons can use hard objects to break the glass of the windows and escape from the fire scene through the windows.

When a fire breaks out on a passenger train that is evacuating people, the train crew should quickly pull the emergency brake to stop the train while guiding the trapped people to escape from the fire through the interconnecting passages of each carriage. , and organized manpower to quickly open all the doors and windows to help the trapped people who had not escaped from the train car evacuate.

Evacuate Cars If a fire breaks out in a passenger train while it is running or stopped and threatens adjacent cars, the unhooked car should be evacuated by unhooking the car. The specific method is as follows: When a fire breaks out in the front or middle car, first evacuate the car. Stop and remove the connecting hook between the burning car and the unfired rear car. The locomotive will pull the locomotive forward for a certain distance before stopping. Remove the hook between the burning car and the front car, and then tow the car to a safe area. When the rear carriage catches fire, after stopping the vehicle, first remove the hook connecting the burning carriage and the non-fire carriage, and then use the locomotive to tow the non-fire carriage to a safe area.

Notes:

·When the fire in the train is not large, the train crew should tell passengers not to open the doors and windows of the train to avoid a large amount of fresh air entering and accelerating the spread of the fire. Expand the spread. At the same time, passengers were organized to use the fire-fighting equipment on the train to put out the fire, and trapped people were guided to evacuate from the front and rear doors of the carriage to adjacent carriages in an orderly manner.

·When there is thick smoke in the carriage, tell the trapped persons to escape outside the carriage or to an adjacent carriage by walking in a low posture.

·When the fire in the carriage is large, try to break the windows to escape.

·When using the method of removing hooks to evacuate the carriage, you should choose to do it on a flat road section. For sections where the vehicle is likely to roll, the wheels can be padded with hard objects to prevent the vehicle from rolling.

How to escape from a fire

The first trick: Escape rehearsal and stay calm in the face of danger.

Everyone should have a clear understanding of the structure and escape routes of the building where they work, study or live. If necessary, emergency escape drills can be organized to make everyone familiar with the fire protection facilities in the building. and methods of self-rescue and escape. This way, when a fire breaks out, you won't feel like you have no options.

Remember: Previewing beforehand will get twice the result with half the effort.

The second trick: Be familiar with the environment and secretly remember the exit.

When you are in an unfamiliar environment, such as staying in a hotel, shopping in a shopping mall, or entering an entertainment venue, for your own safety, be sure to pay attention to the evacuation passages, safety exits, and stair directions, etc., so that you can escape as soon as possible at critical moments. on site.

Please remember: When it is safe, you must be prepared for danger in times of peace and reserve a path for yourself.

The third trick: the exit of the passage is unobstructed.

Stairs, passages, safety exits, etc. are the most important means of escape in the event of a fire. They should be kept clear and unobstructed. Do not pile up debris or set up gates and locks so that they can pass safely and quickly in an emergency.

Please remember: if you cut off your own retreat, you will surely die.

The fourth trick: put out small fires and benefit others.

When a fire occurs, if it is found that the fire is not large and has not yet posed a great threat to people, efforts should be made to control the small fire when there are sufficient fire-fighting equipment around, such as fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, etc. , put it out; never scream and run around in panic, ignoring a small fire and causing a big disaster.

Remember: it’s a matter of time to put out “incipient fires.”

The fifth trick: stay calm, know the direction, and evacuate quickly.

When encountering a fire suddenly and facing heavy smoke and fire, you must first force yourself to stay calm, quickly judge the dangerous and safe locations, decide on escape methods, and evacuate the dangerous area as soon as possible. Never blindly follow the flow of people, crowd each other, and rush around randomly. When evacuating, be careful and run towards bright places or open areas outside. Try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave in the direction of the fireworks and escape outdoors through balconies, transoms, rooftops, etc.

Please remember: Only when people are calm can they come up with good ideas.

The sixth trick: Don’t go into danger and don’t be greedy for money.

In a fire scene, human life is the most important thing. If you are in a dangerous situation, you should evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste your precious escape time on dressing or looking for and moving valuables out of shyness or concern for valuables. People who have escaped from dangerous situations must not return to dangerous areas and throw themselves into a trap.

Please remember: if you keep the green hills, you won’t have to worry about running out of firewood.

The seventh trick: simple protection, crawling with your nose covered.

When escaping through smoke-filled routes, you must prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. In order to prevent the smoke from entering the fire scene, you can use a towel or mask to cover your nose and crawl to evacuate. Smoke is lighter than air and floats upward. Evacuation close to the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out poisonous gases. When passing through a firework blockade area, you should wear gas masks, helmets, flame-retardant and insulating clothing and other protective equipment. If you do not have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body or use wet towels, wet quilts, wet blankets, etc. Wrap up your head and body before rushing out.

Remember: It’s better to have multiple protective tools in hand than bare hands.

The eighth tip: Make good use of the passages and do not enter the elevator.

Buildings designed and constructed in accordance with regulatory standards will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safety exits. In the event of a fire, you should choose to enter a relatively safe stairway according to the situation. In addition to using stairs, you can also use the building's balconies, window sills, roofs, etc. to climb to safe locations around you. You can also escape by sliding downstairs along downspouts, lightning protection lines and other protrusions in the building structure. In high-rise buildings, the power supply system of the elevator will be cut off at any time in the event of a fire, or the elevator will deform due to heat, trapping people in the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a continuous chimney that goes straight to each floor, toxic smoke is a direct threat. The lives of the trapped people are at risk, so never take an ordinary elevator to escape.

Please remember: when escaping, it is extremely dangerous to take the elevator.

The ninth trick: Escape slowly and slide the rope to save yourself.

High-rise and multi-storey public buildings are generally equipped with high-altitude descent devices or lifeline ropes. Personnel can use these facilities to safely leave dangerous floors. If these specialized facilities are not available, and the safe passage is blocked and rescuers cannot arrive in time, you can quickly use the ropes around you or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. to make a simple lifeline, and wet it with water to remove it from the window sill or The balcony slowly slides along the rope to the floor or ground below; safe escape.

Remember: if you are bold and careful, your lifeline is always at your side.

Tenth tip: Stay in the refuge place and wait for help.

If you touch the door and it feels hot, then once you open the door, flames and smoke will inevitably hit you. The escape route was cut off and no one could rescue him for a short time. At this time, measures can be taken to create a refuge place and wait for help. First of all, you should close the doors and windows facing the fire tightly, open the doors and windows facing away from the fire, plug the door cracks with a wet towel or a wet cloth, or soak the quilt with water to cover the windows, and then keep drenching the room with water to prevent the penetration of fireworks and stay in the room. , until rescuers arrived.

Please remember: Why should a strong shield be afraid of a sharp spear?

The eleventh trick: Throw slowly and gently to seek help.

Persons who are trapped by fireworks and cannot escape temporarily should try to stay on balconies, windows and other places where they are easy to be discovered and where they can avoid the proximity of fireworks. During the day, you can shake brightly colored clothes out of the window or throw light dazzling objects; at night, you can use a flashlight to flash in the window or tap on things to send out an effective distress signal in time and attract the attention of rescuers. Because firefighters groping along the walls when entering the room, when they are suffocated by smoke and lose the ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door to facilitate firefighters to search and rescue; in addition, rolling to the wall can also prevent the structure of the house He fell and hurt himself.

Please remember: Only by fully exposing yourself can you effectively save yourself.

The twelfth trick: Do not run away when the fire has reached your body.

If people at the fire scene find that their bodies are on fire, they must not run away or beat them with their hands, because running or beating will create wind, which will accelerate the replenishment of oxygen and promote the fire. When your clothes are on fire, you should quickly take off your clothes or roll on the spot to extinguish the flames. It is more effective if you can jump into the water in time or have someone pour water on you or spray fire extinguisher.

Please remember: Although rolling on the spot is embarrassing, you can avoid being burned by the fire.

The Thirteenth Strategy: There is a skill in jumping off a building to survive despite the damage.

People who are exposed to fire smoke often suffer from extreme mental terror and are close to collapse. Their panic can easily lead to desperate and harmful behaviors such as jumping off a building to escape. It should be noted that the method of jumping from a building should only be adopted when firefighters prepare life-saving air mattresses and direct the jump, or when the floor is not high (generally below 4 floors) and the situation is that the person will burn to death without jumping. Even if there is no way out, if your life is not seriously threatened, you should calmly wait for rescue by firefighters. Jumping from a building also requires skills. When jumping from a building, you should try to jump to the middle of the air cushion or choose a direction with a pool, soft awning, grass, etc.; if possible, try to hold some soft items such as quilts, sofa cushions, or open a large umbrella to jump down to slow down the impact. If you jump from a building with bare hands, you must grab the window sill or balcony and let your body hang down naturally to minimize the vertical distance. Before landing, you should hold your head with your hands and bend your body into a ball to reduce injuries. Although you can pray to God by jumping off a building, it will cause certain harm to your body, so be careful.

Please remember: jumping off a building does not mean committing suicide. The key is to have a way.

Shopping mall (market) fires are different from other fires. Its method of escaping from the owner also has its own characteristics:

1. Use evacuation passages to escape

Every shopping mall is equipped with indoor stairs as required. Outdoor stairs, some also equipped with escalators, fire elevators, etc., are good escape routes after a fire, especially in the early stages of human disasters. When going down the stairs, grab the handrail to avoid being knocked down by the crowd. Everyone must take an ordinary elevator to escape, because when a fire breaks out, power outages often occur, and the normal operation of the elevator cannot be guaranteed.

2． Homemade Escape Equipment

Shopping malls (markets) are places with a high concentration of materials and a wide variety of goods. After a fire, there are relatively many materials that can be used for escape. For example, after soaking towels and masks, they can be made into anti-smoke tools to cover the mouth and nose, and ropes, cloths, sheets, and carpets can be used. curtains to open up escape passages; if the shopping mall (market) also sells hardware and other commodities, you can also use various machine belts, fire hoses, and cables to open up escape passages; wear various types of products operated by shopping malls (trade markets) Labor protection products such as safety helmets, motorcycle helmets, work clothes, etc. can prevent burns and injuries from falling objects.

3. Use buildings to escape

In the event of a fire, if the above two methods are unable to escape, you can use downpipes, protruding parts inside and outside the house, various doors, windows, and the building’s lightning protection net (wires) to escape. , or move to a safe area and look for opportunities to escape. When using this escape method, you must be bold and careful. Especially the elderly, weak, sick, women, children and other people must not act blindly, otherwise casualties may easily occur.

4. Find a place of refuge

When there is no way to escape, you should actively look for a place of refuge. For example, go to an outdoor balcony or a flat roof of a building to wait for rescue; choose a room where fire and smoke are difficult to spread, close the doors and windows, and block gaps. If there is a water source in the room, immediately wet the doors, windows and various combustible materials to prevent or slow down the fire and The spread time of smoke. No matter day or night, the trapped persons should shout for help and continuously send out various calls for help to attract the attention of rescuers and help themselves out of the predicament. When a theater is on fire, there are many people and few evacuation channels, which makes it difficult for people to escape. Big difficulty. Below, we will give some introduction on how to quickly evacuate the crowd in this environment.

1． Choose a safe exit to escape

The theaters are equipped with fire evacuation passages and are equipped with emergency lighting equipment such as door lights, wall lights, and footlights. They are marked with "Exit" and "Exit" in white letters on a red background. , or "extraordinary exit", "emergency exit" and other indication signs. After a fire occurs, spectators should follow the directions guided by these emergency lighting indication facilities and quickly choose evacuation passages with smaller traffic flow to evacuate.

(1) When a fire breaks out on the stage, the main direction of fire spread is the auditorium.

People in the hall who cannot be evacuated in time should try to get as close to one end of the screening hall as possible to seize the opportunity to escape.

(2) When a fire breaks out in the auditorium, the main direction of fire spread is the stage, followed by the screening hall. Escape personnel can use the various exits of the stage, screening hall and auditorium to evacuate quickly.

(3) When a fire breaks out in the screening hall, since the fire poses little threat to the auditorium, escape personnel can use the various exits of the stage and auditorium to evacuate.

(4) In the event of a fire, spectators upstairs can evacuate through the evacuation door and out the stairs. If the stairs are blocked by smoke, they can rush out of the fire when the fire is not large, although people may Slightly injured, but life-threatening can be avoided. In addition, you can also use local materials and homemade life-saving equipment such as curtains to create evacuation passages.

2． Notes

(1) Evacuees should follow the instructions of theater staff and avoid crowding each other, running around, blocking evacuation channels, and affecting the evacuation speed.

(2) During evacuation, personnel should walk as close to the load-bearing wall or load-bearing components as possible to prevent injuries from falling objects. Especially when a fire breaks out in the auditorium, people should not stay in the center of the theater.

(3) If the smoke is strong, it is advisable to bend down and walk or crawl forward, because the air near the ground is cleaner.

Unit residential housing is an important place for people to live a stable life, rest comfortably, and maintain their survival. After a fire occurs, the specific escape methods are:

①Use doors and windows to escape. Wet a quilt, blanket or mattress with water and wrap it around your body, lower your body and rush out of the trapped area. Or use a rope (sheets or curtains can be torn into strips instead) with one end tied to the door, fasteners, or other solid fixed objects, and the other end tied to the ribs and abdomen of the elderly or children, and put it along the window. To the ground, others can slide down the rope.

②Use the balcony to escape. The balconies of adjacent units are interconnected, and the partitions can be broken down to enter the other unit for escape. When there are no connected balconies and the balconies are close to each other, indoor bed panels or door panels can be placed between the balconies to build bridges. If the corridor is filled with thick smoke and cannot be passed through, you can close the doors and windows connected to the balcony and stand on the balcony to take refuge.

③Use space to escape. When the indoor space is large but the fire load is not large, clean up the combustibles in the room, remove the combustibles in the connected rooms at the same time, close the doors and windows connected to the burning area to prevent smoke and toxic gases from entering, and wait for rescue.

④Use the time difference to escape. When the fire blocks the passage, personnel should first evacuate to the room farthest from the fire, prepare quilts, blankets, etc. indoors, wet them, and use doors and windows to escape from the room.

⑤Use pipes to escape. When there is a downpipe or water pipe on the outer wall of the room, capable people can use the pipe to escape. This method is generally not suitable for women, the elderly and children.

Various escape methods