What are the 2 interpretations of vocational education?

(1) Improve the framework of the national vocational education system. ? Grasp the correct direction of reform, and strictly control the teaching standard and the quality standard of graduates according to the principle of "managing both ends well, standardizing the middle, integrating books and certificates, and running a diversified school".

take standardization construction as a breakthrough to guide the development of vocational education, improve the vocational education system, and provide institutional guarantee and talent support for serving modern manufacturing industry, modern service industry, modern agricultural development and vocational education modernization.

establish and improve the school setting, teaching staff, teaching materials, information construction, safety facilities and other school-running standards to lead the development of vocational education services and promote employment and entrepreneurship. We will carry out the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue and skill, improve the education mechanism of combining work with study, improve the evaluation mechanism, and standardize the whole process of talent training.

deepen the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation and the combination of education and training, improve the diversified school-running pattern, promote enterprises to deeply participate in collaborative education, and support and encourage enterprises and social forces to participate in various vocational education. Promote the construction of qualification framework, and explore the realization of the interconnection of academic certificates and vocational skill level certificates. ?

(2) improve the development level of secondary vocational education. ? Optimize the educational structure, take the development of secondary vocational education as an important basis for popularizing high school education and building a vocational education system with China characteristics, keep the job-to-general ratio of high school education roughly equal, and enable the vast majority of urban and rural new laborers to receive high school education. Improve the basic conditions for running secondary vocational schools.

strengthen the overall planning at the provincial level, build and run a number of county vocational education centers, and focus on supporting the construction of at least one secondary vocational school in principle in each place (city, state, league) that meets the needs of local economic and social development and technical and technical personnel training.

Guide all localities to optimize the layout structure of secondary vocational schools, scientifically allocate and enlarge and strengthen vocational education resources. We will increase policy and financial support for vocational education in ethnic minority areas, poverty-stricken areas and disabled people, implement the action plan of East-West cooperation in vocational education, and run secondary vocational classes for ethnic minorities in the Mainland. Improve the enrollment mechanism, establish a unified enrollment platform for secondary vocational schools and ordinary high schools, and accurately serve the needs of regional development.

Actively recruit students who graduated from junior and senior high schools without further education, retired soldiers, retired athletes, laid-off workers, returning migrant workers, etc. to receive secondary vocational education; Serve the rural revitalization strategy and cultivate rural practical talents with new professional farmers as the main body for the vast rural areas.

Give play to the role of secondary vocational schools, and help some students with academic difficulties to complete compulsory education in vocational schools according to regulations, and receive some vocational skills. ? Encourage secondary vocational schools to carry out labor and vocational enlightenment education in conjunction with primary and secondary schools, and incorporate hands-on practice content into relevant courses of primary and secondary schools and students' comprehensive quality evaluation.

(3) promote the high-quality development of higher vocational education. ? The development of higher vocational education is regarded as an important way to optimize the structure of higher education and cultivate craftsmen and skilled craftsmen in big countries, so that more new laborers in urban and rural areas can receive higher education.

Higher vocational schools should cultivate high-quality technical and technical talents to serve regional development, focus on technology research and development and product upgrading of enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and strengthen community education and lifelong learning services. Establish the "vocational college entrance examination" system, improve the "cultural quality+vocational skills" examination enrollment method, improve the quality of students, and provide students with a variety of admission methods and learning methods for higher vocational education.

In the fields of pre-school education, nursing, old-age care, health service and modern service industry, we will expand the enrollment scale for junior high school graduates to carry out through-training in secondary and higher vocational schools.

Start the implementation of the plan for the construction of high-level higher vocational schools and specialties with China characteristics, and build a number of higher vocational schools and key specialties (groups) that lead the reform, support development, have China characteristics and are world-class. According to the provisions of the institution of higher learning, qualified technician colleges will be included in the sequence of higher learning.

(4) improve the training system of high-level applied talents. ? Improve the modern vocational education system that pays equal attention to academic education and training, and smooth the growth channels of technical and technical talents. We will develop a professional degree postgraduate training mode that is oriented by professional needs, focuses on the cultivation of practical ability, and takes the combination of Industry-University-Research's application as the way to strengthen the training of professional degree postgraduates.

Promote the transformation of qualified ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities to application-oriented ones, and encourage qualified ordinary colleges and universities to offer applied technology majors or courses. Piloting vocational education at undergraduate level. We will formulate admission policies for the winners of China Skills Competition, National Vocational College Skills Competition and World Skills Competition, and explore the long-term academic system to cultivate high-end technical and skilled personnel.

To serve the development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, bring the military-related vocational education into the national vocational education system, * * * do a good job in education and training for active servicemen, support them to obtain various vocational skill level certificates during their service, and improve their technical skill level.

implement the policy of direct recruitment of noncommissioned officers, promote the effective docking between local colleges and military academies, promote the opening of high-quality vocational education resources to the training of military talents, and establish a mechanism for sharing military and local online education resources.

formulate specific policies and measures to support suitable ex-servicemen to enter vocational colleges and ordinary undergraduate colleges for education and training, encourage and support the establishment of ex-servicemen education and training groups (alliances), promote the organic connection between retirement, training and employment, and make contributions to promoting the employment and entrepreneurship of ex-servicemen, especially ex-servicemen. ?

(5) Improve the relevant standards of education and teaching. ? Give full play to the basic role of standards in improving the quality of vocational education. According to the requirements of professional setting and industrial demand, curriculum content and professional standards, teaching process and production process, we will improve the setting standards of secondary and higher vocational schools and standardize the setting of vocational colleges.

implement the professional standards for teachers and principals, and improve the teaching management and teaching practice ability of vocational colleges. Continuously update and promote the construction of professional catalogue, professional teaching standards, curriculum standards, on-the-job practice standards, and training conditions construction standards (specifications for equipment and equipment) and implement them in vocational colleges.

Consolidate and develop the working pattern that the education administrative departments in the State Council jointly formulate national teaching standards and vocational colleges independently formulate talent training programs according to the standards.

(6) Start the pilot work of 1+X certificate system. ? Deepen the reform of the training mode of compound technical and technical talents, learn from the common practices of international vocational education and training, formulate work plans and specific management measures, and start the pilot work of 1+X certificate system.

The pilot work should further give full play to the role of academic credentials, lay a solid foundation for students' sustainable development, and encourage vocational college students to actively obtain a variety of vocational skill level certificates while obtaining academic credentials, expand their employment and entrepreneurial skills, and alleviate structural employment conflicts.

(7) develop high-quality vocational training. ? Implement the statutory duty of vocational colleges to carry out both academic education and training, and carry out vocational training for students and all members of society in accordance with the requirements of combining education with training, combining length and combining inside and outside.

since 219, vocational colleges have been promoted to vigorously carry out vocational training in about 1 areas where technical and technical talents are in short supply, focusing on modern agriculture, advanced manufacturing, modern service industry and strategic emerging industries.

guide industry enterprises to deeply participate in the training of technical skills talents, and promote vocational colleges to strengthen specialty construction, deepen curriculum reform, enhance training content, improve teachers' level, and comprehensively improve the quality of education and teaching.

(8) Realize the identification, accumulation and transformation of learning achievements. ? Accelerate the construction of a national "credit bank" for vocational education. Starting from 219, we will explore the establishment of a personal learning account for vocational education to realize traceability, inquiry and conversion of learning results.

The identification, accumulation and transformation of learning achievements embodied in academic certificates and vocational skill level certificates will be carried out in an orderly manner, which will broaden the channels for the sustainable growth of technical and skilled personnel.

(9) adhere to the unity of knowledge and practice and the combination of work and study. ? Drawing lessons from the "dual system" and other modes, summing up the pilot experience of modern apprenticeship and new enterprise apprenticeship, the school and enterprise jointly study and formulate talent training programs, timely incorporate new technologies, new processes and new norms into teaching standards and teaching contents, and strengthen students' internship and training.

improve the regular evaluation mechanism of specialty setting, strengthen the local responsibility to guide the vocational colleges in this region to optimize specialty setting, and in principle, revise the professional catalogue of vocational colleges once every five years, and the school can flexibly set up majors independently according to the catalogue, and adjust the majors once a year.

(1) Promote comprehensive and in-depth cooperation between schools and enterprises. ? Vocational colleges should actively cooperate with qualified enterprises in personnel training, technological innovation, employment and entrepreneurship, social services, cultural heritage and other aspects according to their own characteristics and personnel training needs.

the school actively provides the required courses, teachers and other resources for enterprises, and enterprises should fulfill the obligation of implementing vocational education according to law, and participate in school-enterprise cooperation by using capital, technology, knowledge, facilities, equipment and management to promote the development of human resources.

(11) build a number of high-level training bases. ? Strengthen policy guidance, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties to deepen the reform and innovation of vocational education, and drive governments at all levels, enterprises and vocational colleges to build a number of high-level vocational education training bases that share resources and integrate practical teaching, social training, real production of enterprises and social and technical services.

Facing the shortage of technical and technical talents such as advanced manufacturing industry, we will co-ordinate a variety of resources, build a number of high-level professional production-education integration training bases with radiation leading role, promote the opening up and radiate the schools and enterprises in the region; Encourage the construction of vocational colleges or schools and enterprises to build a number of on-campus training bases to improve the level of key professional construction and school-enterprise cooperation in educating people.

(12) Take measures to build a "double-qualified" teaching team. ? From 219 onwards, relevant professional teachers in vocational colleges and application-oriented undergraduate colleges will be openly recruited in principle from those who have more than three years of corporate work experience and have higher vocational education or above.

Special high-skilled talents (including those with professional qualifications above senior level) can relax their academic qualifications appropriately, and will basically not be recruited from fresh graduates from 22.

(XIII) Promote enterprises and social forces to organize high-quality vocational education. ? Government departments at all levels should deepen the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, accelerate the transformation of functions, and shift from focusing on "running" vocational education to "management and service". The government is mainly responsible for planning strategies, formulating policies, and supervising according to laws and regulations.

Give full play to the important role of enterprises in running schools, encourage qualified enterprises, especially large enterprises, to hold high-quality vocational education, and people's governments at all levels can give appropriate support according to regulations. Improve enterprise management and the system of mutual part-time and part-time salary for technical personnel, school leaders and key teachers. In 22, 3 demonstration vocational education groups (alliances) will be initially established to promote the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises.

support and standardize social forces to set up vocational education and training, and encourage the development of joint-stock and mixed-ownership vocational colleges and various vocational training institutions. Establish an open, transparent and standardized access and approval system for private vocational education, explore the negative list system for private vocational education, and establish and improve the exit mechanism. ?

(14) do a good job in vocational education and training evaluation organizations. ? Vocational education includes vocational school education and vocational training. Vocational colleges and application-oriented undergraduate colleges complete teaching tasks and vocational skills training in accordance with national teaching standards and responsibilities.

At the same time, we must mobilize social forces to supplement the shortage of the campus and help it run schools. Vocational skills training that can be completed in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations, professional standards and teaching standards should be implemented more through vocational education and training evaluation organizations (hereinafter referred to as training evaluation organizations).

the government ensures the quality of training and the level of students' ability by relaxing access, strictly supervising and enforcing the law, and strictly controlling the quantity.

(15) improve the treatment level of technical and skilled personnel. ? Support technical and skilled personnel to improve their treatment according to their skills, and encourage enterprises to promote their job ranks and pay distribution to key positions, front-line production positions and high-level and high-skilled personnel who are in short supply and urgent need.

Establish a national master database of technical skills, encourage master studios, provide policy and financial support according to regulations, and support master technical skills to work as part-time teachers in vocational colleges and participate in joint research of major national projects.

(16) Improve the funding mechanism. ? Governments at all levels should establish a financial investment system that is compatible with the scale, training cost and quality of running a school, and local governments should formulate and implement the standard of per capita funding or public funding for vocational colleges according to regulations.

While ensuring the reasonable investment in education, we should optimize the structure of education expenditure, and the new education funds should be inclined to vocational education. Encourage social forces to donate money to set up vocational education and broaden the financing channels for running schools.

(XVII) Establish and improve the quality evaluation, supervision and evaluation system of vocational education. ? Based on the learners' professional ethics, technical skills and employment quality, as well as the integration of production and education and the level of school-enterprise cooperation, the quality evaluation system of vocational education is established.

Conduct regular spot checks and supervision on the work related to vocational skill level certificates, and from 219, monitor and evaluate the organizational behavior of training evaluation and the training quality of vocational colleges.

(XVIII) support the establishment of the national vocational education guidance advisory Committee. ? In order to grasp the correct direction of the reform and development of national vocational education and innovate the reform and development model of China's vocational education, he put forward major policy research suggestions and participated in drafting and formulating national vocational education laws and regulations.

Carry out major reform research, provide various consulting opinions, further improve the scientific level of government decision-making, plan and review vocational education standards, and set up a national vocational education guidance advisory committee under the guidance of the government.

(XIX) Strengthen the Party's overall leadership over vocational education. ? Arm the mind, guide the practice and promote the work with the important exposition of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially General Secretary Xi Jinping on vocational education.

Strengthen the Party's overall leadership over education, fully implement the Party's education policy, and implement the requirements of the Central Leading Group for Education to ensure the correct direction of vocational education reform and development. It is necessary to give full play to the leading and political core role of Party organizations in vocational colleges, firmly grasp the leadership of ideological work in schools, and deploy, implement and evaluate party building work and school career development together.

(2) Improve the inter-ministerial joint conference system of vocational education in the State Council. ? The inter-ministerial joint conference on vocational education in the State Council is composed of education, human resources and social security, development and reform, industry and information technology, finance, agriculture and rural areas, state-owned assets, taxation, poverty alleviation and other units, with Vice Premier the State Council in charge of education as the convener.

The joint meeting co-ordinates the national vocational education work, studies, coordinates and solves major problems in the work, listens to the opinions and suggestions of the National Vocational Education Guidance and Advisory Committee, and arranges and implements major issues of vocational education reform and innovation. The joint meeting is held twice a year, and all member units report relevant work to the joint meeting.