How to do racing drift? Drift technology

Elastic clutch (primary): It can directly destroy the grip of the tire. The uneven transmission of torque in the transmission system is due to stepping on the clutch pedal, which makes the rear wheel lose traction. The so-called trampling is: kick the clutch pedal to the end quickly and forcefully, and then lift it quickly. Generally used in narrow corners, there is not enough space to use the shift of center of gravity to cause tail flick. Low speed and strong elastic clutch is the most direct and effective way to completely open the throttle in an instant. On the basis of a certain speed or in the process of sideslip, you should play it lightly and softly. Only for rear wheel drive.

Handbrake (primary): It was first used in rally. When the hand brake locks the rear wheel, the whole rear body begins to slide sideways. It is difficult to master a smooth and timely application process of the handbrake because the rear of the car has to sideslip and just swing to a correct turning angle. Don't be too nervous, too hard or too high when you pull the hand brake, just right. Don't release the handbrake button at any time, because the process of handbrake is not long. Ensure that the handbrake can be released smoothly and quickly at the appropriate time. This basic technology can be applied to any speed, any curve, any racing car, and even professional drift drivers often use the handbrake to correct the sideslip angle of the car body when sideslip.

Locking (middle): This is a quick clutch when decelerating. Approaching the curve at an appropriate engine speed, quickly stepping on the clutch to downshift, and using the output of the engine to make the rear wheel decelerate sharply, thus causing sideslip. Of course it will be difficult for your car's transmission system. The specific action, reaction and degree of the car completely depend on the type and engine of the car. Because it needs better technology to control the engine speed drop and power recovery to make the car slide, it is more difficult to use than the hand brake. Just like elastic clutch, it can only be used in rear wheel drive!

Heavy braking (intermediate): generally used for narrow bends and medium-speed bends. Rushed into the corner under the condition of sudden braking, so that most of the gravity of the car was thrown to the front, and the rear wheel lost its weightless grip. This technology is often used on the track to improve the turn-back, especially in four-wheel drive (Evo and STI). If you find that your car is seriously oversteering at a suitable turning speed when practicing on asphalt pavement, it may be that you have not done a good job in shock absorption settings or tire selection, or you should change to a more suitable car.

Lift-off over-steering (superior): widely used in high-speed curve taxiing. Using gravity transfer, the car changes from a state of grasping the ground to a state of drifting. It is the same physical principle as heavy braking-weight transfer, but the difference is that this technology is applied at very high speed, which requires the driver to grasp the balance of the car at high speed. Top D 1 drivers will use radical lift-off oversteer to reduce power output during drift.

Superior: Friends who are familiar with the initial d should know something about the word "pendulum", which also comes from tension technology. As the name implies, pendulum is to swing the car to the outside of the corner before entering the corner, and then turn to the inside greatly, which destroys the grip of the tire under the action of gravity transfer, leading to the side throw of the car body. Generally used in bends with small arcs at the entrance. With the take-off oversteer, we can enhance each other's influence. In the process of pulling, the pendulum is used to enhance the grip as much as possible on the friction-free road surface, while in the drift race, the pendulum plays the opposite role-making the car body swing sideways. The value and practicability of pendulum is that it can effectively slow down when entering the corner, and at the same time, it can ensure the whole high-speed state!

Superior: the final form of a pendulum. The speed is not fast, swinging back and forth on both sides of the road is a kind of linear drift, also known as "fish wagging its tail" (dragon wagging its tail? ), but the most difficult part of this swing is not only to master the heavy loading and unloading of the car body at high speed, but also to make the swing angle and speed of the car body just right when entering the corner. The skillful use of this movement also marks the comprehensive and high level of the driver's technology.

Slip (major): the unique skill of top drivers. This technology refers to putting the rear wheel of the car into the land or grass outside the track, so that it loses its original grip in an instant to get a bigger angle. This special and effective method is generally used in the case that the car and grip can not be destroyed by the horsepower and speed of the engine itself, or make a more aggressive angle when entering the corner. Mostly used for rear-drive vehicles.

Jump sideslip (professional): Like the previous technology, this is to make full use of road conditions to make the car sideslip. This time, the rear wheel is pressed on the wavy belt (red and white stone belt at the corner of the track), so that the car can get rid of its original grip by jumping when the rear wheel is pressed on the wavy belt, or drift by oversteering when the front wheel is pressed on the wavy belt. Because there will be quite strong vibration and shaking when using this technology, it is very hard for both the driver and the car.

Long-distance Drift (Professional): Used in top-level races, its essence is to use the handbrake on a straight line at a certain distance from the curve, so that the car can rush into the curve in advance against the sideline. Until recently, it has developed into an independent technology, the purpose of which is to make the car drift before it breaks into a corner. Combined with swing drift, it can help drivers capture the whole line in one go.

Finally, talk about the relationship between drift line, timing and position.

Generally speaking, in the process of learning drift and attack corner, two points are very noteworthy: first, the earlier the sideslip starts, the easier it is to produce a better and larger body angle when entering the corner; Second, the more advanced drivers, the more they will use the first half of the turn to slow down, and when the car moves to the tangent point, they will use horsepower to drift out of the turn in the second half, especially at the turning angle greater than 90 degrees. So most of the technology is to make the car drift when it slows down. Everyone can decide how to use technology to attack corners according to his own habits and judgments, but the better the driver, the more he can mix a variety of technologies. Maybe you can use various techniques to turn the corner, but the speed of turning is also very important.

Automobile drift principle

In the final analysis, there is one kind of blame: the rear wheel loses most (or all) of the grip, and the front wheel should still be able to maintain the grip (at most, only a small part can be lost, and it is best to gain extra grip). At this time, as long as the front wheel has a certain lateral force, the car will swing and drift.

How to make the rear wheel lose grip;

1. There is a negative speed difference between the rear wheel and the ground during driving (the speed of the rear wheel is relatively low).

2. In any case, the speed difference between the rear wheel and the ground is positive (the rear wheel speed is relatively high).

3. Reduce the positive pressure between the rear wheel and the ground during driving.

As long as one of these three items is satisfied, in fact, 1 2 is a method to reduce the friction coefficient, which is separated by different application methods.

How to maintain front wheel grip;

1. There is no great speed difference between the front wheel and the ground during driving.

2. During driving, increasing the positive pressure is better than reducing the positive pressure between the front wheel and the ground too much. These two items must be met at the same time.

In actual operation, the handbrake must ensure that there is a negative speed difference between the rear wheel and the ground during driving (the speed of the rear wheel is relatively low) and there is no big speed difference between the front wheel and the ground during driving;

Simple work on drifting initial state;

The methods to produce drift are:

1. When going straight, pull the handbrake and then hit the direction.

2. Hand braking when turning

3. Drive straight, brake suddenly and then hit the direction.

Slam on the brakes when turning.

5. Rear-wheel drive with sufficient power (or four-wheel drive with rear-wheel drive in proportion) slams on the accelerator to hit the direction when the speed is not very high.

Among them, 3 and 4 use weight transfer (the weight of the rear wheel is transferred to the front wheel), which is the least harmful method to the car. 1 2 is only used for front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive in rally competition, and it is free unless you are not afraid of damaging the car.

Note that 1 and 2, 3 and 4 are separate.

Because the route of the car will be very different. Important note: Drift cornering, like ordinary cornering, has a speed limit. The speed limit of drift cornering can only be higher than ordinary cornering at most, and the speed limit of drift cornering on hard ground is lower than ordinary cornering!

Finally, whether the tail can be flicked is related to many factors, such as the friction coefficient between the tire and the road surface, the speed, the braking force, the size of the throttle, the angle of the front wheel, the weight distribution of the vehicle, the tread, the hardness of the suspension and so on. For example, it is easy to wag your tail when driving in rainy and snowy days, but it is more difficult not to wag your tail; The higher the driving speed, the easier it is to flick the tail (so the first rule of safe driving is not to drive too fast); Hit the direction quickly, easy to flick the tail (the master who taught me to drive told me not to hit the steering wheel too fast); The smaller the wheelbase, the higher the body, the more intense the weight transfer, and the easier it is to shake the tail (and it is easy to roll over! ); The weaker the anti-tilting effect of the front suspension system, the easier it is to swing the tail. Some people have mentioned a variety of drift modes, which are actually within the above five types.

Tail flick control:

If the handbrake is used for drifting, you should release the handbrake when the car rotates to the angle you want.

The task in the middle of drift is to adjust the posture of the car body. Because the road surface is uneven, the degree of route bending, the cornering characteristics of cars and other factors will often change. Therefore, drivers often have to control the steering wheel, throttle, brake and even clutch (not recommended) in order to make the car follow the route that the driver wants.

Explain the principle first: to make the wheel slide long, we must try to reduce the friction between the wheel and the ground; In order to keep the wheels from slipping, we should increase the friction as much as possible. As mentioned above, the way to reduce friction is to make the wheel rotate too fast or too slow, and reduce the positive pressure between the wheel and the ground. The method of increasing friction is the opposite.

Among them, the way to make the wheels rotate too slowly is to step on the foot brake or the hand brake (again: the foot brake acts on four wheels and the hand brake acts on the rear wheel. No matter whether the handbrake acts on cars with other wheels or not, I know all the cars with handbrake.

Pedal braking: All four wheels will slow down, and it is impossible to generalize whether the friction lost by the front wheel or the friction lost by the rear wheel is large.

Hand brake: the front wheel will not lose friction while the rear wheel will lose a lot of friction, which is easy to oversteer. Because both the foot brake and the hand brake can slow down, the car will soon stop skidding.

True drift:

However, if you want the wheels to slide for a long distance, the only way is to let the driving wheels idle at high speed, and you must have a car with LSD and enough power to do this. Why are there LSD? Because the car body will tilt when drifting, the pressure of the outer wheel on the ground is large, and the pressure of the inner wheel is small. Without LSD, the inner driving wheel will idle and the outer driving wheel will rotate slowly. The friction between the slow-moving wheels and the ground is large, and the side slip of the car will soon stop.

Cars are divided into front drive, rear drive and four-wheel drive, and wheels without driving force cannot idle at high speed. Then the rear wheel of the front drive can't do long-distance sideslip. If the driving wheel (that is, the front wheel) idles at high speed, and the side slip is more than that of the rear wheel, the drift angle will be reduced, so the front driving wheel can't do long-distance drift. Four-wheel drive cars are obviously possible. What about rear drive? The front wheel of rear wheel drive has no driving force, but the front wheel can swing at an angle in the direction of sliding towards the car body, so the rear wheel drive can also drift a long distance.

The sideslip distance is related to the speed before the sideslip starts, which usually slows down and eventually stops. However, if the site permits and is well controlled, it can theoretically do infinite sideslip. Because the skidding wheel still has a certain acceleration, the skidding tire is also resisted by the ground. When these two functions are balanced, the speed of the car will not decrease. For example, doughnuts are one kind of infinite drift, but they can also make an infinite drift with a big turning radius.

All the above are methods to control the side slip length of the driving wheel. After knowing these principles, let's talk about it again-

Methods of adjusting body posture:

1. Control the angle of the front wheel, neither too big nor too small, especially the rear drive.

2. Adjust the throttle and brake to make the car tend to accelerate or decelerate, resulting in weight transfer, and control whether the front of the car slides much outward or the rear of the car slides much outward.

3. Use the handbrake again to produce oversteer.

Note: In 2, the effect of refueling with rear-wheel drive (or four-wheel drive with power distribution ratio tending to rear-wheel drive) is not necessarily acceleration. If you refuel too hard, the friction may be reduced because the rear wheel speed is too high, and the rear of the car will slip more outward.

Important note:

Maximum drift angle:

Maximum drift angle-If the included angle between the direction of the car head and the direction of the car body is greater than this angle in the middle of drift, you must stop (if you don't stop, you will crash). Note that it does not include the time when the drift occurs.

For rear-wheel drive vehicles, because the front wheel has no driving force, it can not produce high-speed idle steering and lateral slip, and only the lateral force facing the front wheel controls the movement of the front wheel. Therefore, the included angle between the head direction and the body movement direction can only be equal to the maximum swing angle of the front wheel at most (the swing angle of the front wheel of different cars is different, and the swing angle of the front wheel of a general car can be about 30 degrees). If it is bigger, there is no way to restore correct driving except stopping and starting again. Note that the "large-angle drift" generally refers not to the angle between the direction of the car head and the direction of the car body movement, but to the angle marked in red in the attached drawings. The steeper the curve, the greater the angle.

The rear wheel drive also has the situation that the front wheel has insufficient grip and insufficient steering. In this case, the included angle between the head direction and the body movement direction cannot exceed the maximum deflection angle, otherwise it is necessary to stop and resume normal driving.

Because the front wheel can keep the grip of the rear wheel and increase the throttle to make the front wheel slide outward, the maximum deflection angle of the front wheel is very large, which can be close to 90 degrees.

Four-wheel drive because the front and rear wheels can idle at high speed, it is more likely that the front wheels will slip outward when refueling (why? Because the weight is transferred to the rear wheel when refueling, the friction between the front wheel and the ground is small), and the front wheel can swing outward, then the maximum deflection angle of the four-wheel drive is greater than that of the rear drive. (Drift: There is an objection that the drift angle of the rear wheel drive is greater than 4WD when the frame setting is completed. )

Comparing the three driving forms, the front driver is the easiest to drive and the safest. (DRIIFT: objection, hehe, I think FR is the best to drive, and it really "feels great" when parking)

Drift out of the corner:

End the drift when you come out of the bend, and the way to end it is the same as the way to reduce the drift angle during the drift.

For front-wheel drive:

1. Refueling causes the front of the car to slide outward (because the front drive is basically understeer except when drifting).

2. Correct the front angle by swinging the front wheel outward.

3. You can also put a little throttle after the front wheel swings outward.

For four-wheel drive:

2 is usually required, 3 is also valid, and 1 is not necessarily valid.

For rear wheel drive:

The most important *2. Depending on the specific situation, weight distribution, driving force distribution, previous drift angle, road conditions and other factors have an impact.

Pay attention to the whole drift process (including the beginning, middle and end), so when preparing to turn, don't point the front of the car at the outside of the road, but point it at the inside, so that when the car slides to the outermost side of the road, the lateral speed is just zero, which is a perfect turn.

Postscript:

Driving a different car to drift must have an adaptation process to understand the characteristics of the car; There should also be an adaptation process on different roads. In the rally, because you don't know the specific situation of each corner, even if you ran this stage last season, the road surface will not be the same as before. Therefore, the curve of rally advocates the principle of "slow in and fast out"-slow down before entering the curve, and then increase the throttle after seeing the curve clearly. Using this principle to turn a corner will not be much slower, and the safety will be greatly improved.

Driving skill

Advanced driving technology is different from stunt driving, and it is not synonymous with high-speed driving. In fact, advanced driving technology brings drivers more skilled driving technology, so as to control the car skillfully and safely. Not only that, it can also help drivers fully understand the performance of driving vehicles and give full play to these performances. Today we are going to talk about brakes. Maybe you will say, what is there to learn about braking? People with long feet will. In fact, anything that seems simple has its side. From the action alone, rhythm braking and left foot braking are not difficult to grasp, but it still needs deep skill to be accurate and uncomfortable. Some professional racers even think that racing is not about speed, but about who brakes faster. As ordinary drivers, maybe we will never understand the true meaning of this feeling. However, unlike other advanced driving technologies, practicing advanced braking technology is as far-reaching as ordinary drivers, because mastering this technology can give us an extra layer of safety protection after all. A Synchronous braking and shifting is a commonly used deceleration method, but many people have a wrong concept that stepping on the brake pedal and shifting at the same time is the essence of this method, which is all wet. In fact, the so-called synchronization is also sequential. The correct way is to step on the brakes first, then downshift to the last stage of braking. These two actions are out of sync at the beginning. However, how to calculate the final stage of braking is debatable. This requires some experience to judge. Generally speaking, you can think of it as one third of the last braking distance. Then why wait until the last stage of braking before downshifting? Because if you brake at high speed, the braking system will accumulate extremely high temperature after the intense braking action in the first section and the middle section, and the temperature in the last section can be said to reach the peak, then the loss of the braking system will reach the maximum. Therefore, the reason for shifting to the last stage is to use engine braking to reduce the negative load on braking and relatively enhance the deceleration performance. Braking originally obtained the deceleration effect from the loss. What we want to avoid is not normal loss, but unnecessary loss or direct damage to the brakes. The biggest disadvantage of shifting and braking at the same time is that it will increase the loss and the load of the engine and gearbox, because the braking ability of the first stage is not enough to slow down the car to a reasonable shift speed during the whole high-speed braking process, just like forcibly shifting to a low gear during high-speed driving, which will cause unnecessary losses to the engine and gearbox. The synchronous braking shift method is an emergency method to enhance the braking ability in a short time, so it is possible to break the inherent balance of the car body. Therefore, when adopting synchronous braking shift method, we need to weigh its advantages and disadvantages, such as sparse or uneven road surface, and consider whether this method is applicable. B-rhythm braking is a kind of braking technology, which is suitable for tires that are locked and lose steering ability. The common cause of wheel lock-up is the low friction coefficient of road surface and the wheel lock-up by braking. However, on clean roads, tires still have a chance to lock up, such as excessive braking force or low grip of tires themselves. Once the wheel locks when braking and the tire loses its function, the driver can basically do two things: First, keep the straight wheel until the car stops. The second is to loosen the brake pads, twist the wheels and avoid the obstacles ahead. However, if the car you are driving is a car with a relatively high center of gravity, such as an off-road vehicle and MPV, it is a bit dangerous to use this method, because if you use this braking method for crisis management, the speed will definitely be too high. If there is no deceleration when braking, the speed of the twisted wheel will not drop very low when avoiding obstacles. Then the action of twisting the wheel will suddenly greatly affect the center of gravity of the car body, and the vehicle with high center of gravity will be big. What we are going to learn now is the third method, that is, rhythmic braking, which is the only braking method that can make the locked wheel continue to slow down and maintain the steering ability of the tire. Its technical key point is ABS braking system, which makes the wheels still locked when braking, but at the same time produces deceleration effect; After loosening, the wheels resume running and the steering wheel resumes its steering ability. Step on and release it repeatedly and rhythmically until the speed slows down and the original braking and steering ability is restored. However, when using this technology, the speed of stepping must be fast, the sooner the better, and the faster the action like ABS system, the better, but this is very difficult. I've only seen professional racers achieve this effect. In addition, when the right foot is put down, the driver must constantly twist the steering wheel. If your rhythm brake is effective, the vehicle will have steering ability. When a person practices rhythmic braking, one common problem is that the rhythm is not fast enough, and the other is that the stepping range is not large. In order to successfully practice this skill, the first thing is to have a suitable venue, and the second thing is that the driver should step on the brakes very cruelly and nervously. Rhythmic braking is most commonly used on sparse and slippery roads, especially when slowing down and avoiding roadblocks. Of course, it is not necessary to use this technology for cars with ABS devices. But you have to understand that both ABS and rhythmic braking can only improve the steering performance when braking, but can't strengthen the braking force itself, and can't think that ABS can shorten the braking distance. C step on the accelerator with your left foot and brake with your right foot. It seems natural to control the clutch with the left foot, but in the race, drivers often brake with their left foot. Why? The reason is that the speed is too fast before entering the corner, so it is necessary to slow down appropriately, but if the oil brake is closed, it must be slowed down appropriately. At this time, if the oil brake is closed, the engine speed will drop immediately, which will directly affect the speed of the car turning. So brake with your left foot, step on the accelerator when braking, and keep the engine speed. In this way, the car can reach the speed corresponding to the corner and turn smoothly, while the engine is still in a high-speed state, so that it will have greater horsepower and torque output and faster speed when turning. When do you need to brake with your left foot? First of all, the speed of the car is already very high before entering the corner, and it is about to enter a high-speed corner, such as 5000 rpm in the fourth gear. If you choose to downshift to the third gear, the engine speed will be pulled very high, and the vehicle speed will be lowered too low, which will affect the cornering speed. If you choose not to downshift, the vehicle speed is too high. At this time, the left foot brake technology will be used. The so-called left foot brake is to use the left foot brake to reduce the reaction time and improve the ability to cope with the crisis. It is a skill that racing drivers must master, but for ordinary drivers, we don't recommend learning it unless you have started to contact this skill at the learning stage. Because the most difficult part of learning the left foot brake is to change the driver's concept of pedal strength. Since we learned to step on the oil and brake with our right foot, we have implanted the pedal with the strength we should give in our minds, which is equivalent to picking up a dumbbell when we see it and picking it up gently when we see a pile of cotton. If the strength of the two is opposite, there will be disharmony in action. The negative effects brought by unaccustomed use of the left foot brake are: first, the loss of accelerated braking; Second, the wheels are often locked. Some racers even consider that when turning right, if the drag brake is used, the center of gravity of the human body and the car body has shifted to the left, and if the left foot brake is added, it will easily lead to body imbalance. It is a hundred times more complicated to brake with your left foot when driving a platoon than when driving a platoon, because the two soles of your feet will alternately use the brakes.