Royal Air Force detailed data collection

The Royal Air Force is a branch of the British Air Force and the oldest independent air force in the world. It is an armed organization responsible for British air defense and other international defense obligations.

Chinese name: Royal Air Force mbth: Origin of Royal Air Force:191Country: British historical development, national flag, bloody World War II, Britain, Germany, contemporary development, system, equipment preparation, participation in wars, and historical development originated from19/kloc. In World War I, the naval wing and the air wing of the British Air Force were separated, but in 19 18, they merged into the Royal Air Force. The Royal Air Force was established in April 19 18, 1. 1920, a Royal Air Force Academy was established in Cranwill, Lincolnshire. 1922 a royal air force staff school was established in Anfu, Hampshire. After the outbreak of World War II, the front-line troops of the Royal Air Force owned about 2,000 aircraft. On the 20th15 February 12, the first F-35 fighter squadron in Britain was formally established and trained by the United States. This flag follows the tradition of other British imperial services, and the Royal Air Force uses badges to represent their honor and actions. The RAF flag is raised at all bases during the day. It was designed by George V in 192 1 and was later opposed by many navies. The Royal Navy has a high status-it can veto any flag on board or on land. Flag of the Royal Air Force Therefore, the British Air Force used the British flag at the beginning of World War I, but it was easily confused with the iron cross symbol of the German Air Force in the air. Therefore, in1October, 19 14 began to adopt the original French concentric circle style, with red, white and blue colors from the center to the outside. A year later, the relative size of the ring changed, and later a yellow ring was added during World War II. During the Second World War, aircraft serving in the Far East removed the red circle on the logo to prevent confusion with Japanese military aircraft. Since the 1970' s, aircraft that need camouflage began to use circular badges with low visibility, red and blue for dark camouflage, and light pink and light blue for light camouflage. Most training and transport planes that do not need camouflage still maintain the traditional red, white and blue tricolor flag emblem. The motto of the Royal Air Force is Latin "Per Ardua ad Astra", which translates as "Crossing adversity to the starry sky". This motto was put forward by a lieutenant named J.S. Yule at the request of Colonel Frederick Sykes, commander of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). Since 2006, the Royal Air Force has adopted a new official logo (shown at the top of this article). All the letters and promotional materials used in the logo are aimed at providing a single, globally recognized brand logo for the service. Bloody World War II Britain1July, 940 15, the Royal Air Force destroyer aviation command (Dowding Air Force Commander) had four aviation regiments and 55 squadrons. The 13 aviation regiment in the north is under the command of Sol, and it has the 14 squadron; The middle 12 aviation regiment is under the command of Parker and has 22 squadrons. The 1 1 aviation regiment in the southeast is under the command of Lima Lori, and has 14 flight squadrons; The 10 Aviation Regiment in Southwest China is under the command of Brand and has four squadrons. The army antiaircraft gunner with Pyle as the commander also accepted Dowding's operational command. By early August, the Royal Air Force had 700 fighters and 500 bombers available for combat. Of the 65,438+0,600 aircraft produced in August, 470 Hurricane and Spitfire fighters (the main types of annihilated aviation equipped by the Royal Air Force) did not exceed the speed of German aircraft, but their maneuverability and airborne weapons were superior to enemy aircraft. British fighters each have eight machine guns, firing at a rate of 1200 rounds per minute, while German fighters each have only 4-6 machine guns and cannons. The air combat in Britain was initiated by three air forces of the German Air Force: the 2nd Air Force with Marshal Kesselring as the commander, the 2nd Air Force with Marshal Speer as the commander and the 5th Air Force with Admiral Stumpf as the commander. The main types of equipment are single-engine bf 109 fighter, double-engine BF1KLOC-0/0 fighter, high-altitude aircraft, Stuka dive bomber and assembled combat aircraft. The British air war began in July 1940. In the first stage of air combat, from July 1940 to August 23, the German Air Force mainly attacked the English Channel escort fleet and the southern port in an attempt to lure a large number of British fighters to prepare for the implementation of the "Sea Lion" landing operation. Dowding's men comprehensively used fighter planes, radar and anti-aircraft guns, concentrated fighter planes in a controlled way (reserved some reserve troops in the far north to cope with the deep offensive of the German Air Force), and adopted the mode of interception in all directions. By the end of the war (1940 August 12), Doding and his men had lost 286 planes of the German Air Force at the cost of 150 planes. Then, on "Eagle Day" (the original1940 August 13, changed to1940 August 15 due to bad weather), the German Air Force attempted to break through the southeast defense line in four batches with a large number of aircraft from the 2nd and 3rd Air Forces, and the 5th Air Force raided northern England. In anticipation of the German action, Dowding commanded the North-South fighter planes to meet in time and destroyed 75 German planes. The German Air Force still won't give up. 1940 August 13 to 23, the german air force lost 290 planes, and the air offensive was frustrated, while the British fighter plane lost 1 14 planes. In the second stage of air combat, from August 24th to September 27th, 1940, the German Air Force tried to open the air passage to London, so as to destroy the remaining British fighter planes and their ground facilities and aircraft factories, and then bombed London intensively. Dowding ordered as many fighter planes as possible to protect the aircraft factory in the south and intercept enemy planes attacking ground facilities. From August 24th to September 3rd, 1940, the German Air Force launched 35 large-scale attacks on British airports and aircraft factories, and strengthened the escort of fighter planes to bombers during the operation, which was a severe test for the British army to eliminate aviation. From August 24th to September 6th, 1940, the German Air Force lost 380 planes, while the British Air Force consumed 286 fighters. From1September 6, 940 to 10/October 5, although Dodin's fighter aviation fought tenaciously, London was still attacked by 38 serious daytime air raids and several blind bombing night air raids. Dodin and his fighter aviation attracted a lot of criticism. However, the German Air Force concentrated on bombing London instead of bombing air bases and radar stations, and the British Air Force was restored. Dowding gradually strengthened the strength of fighter aviation. From1September 7th, 940 to 65438+3 1 year1October 30th, the German Air Force lost 433 fighters and the British Air Force lost 242 fighters. In the third stage of this air battle, from 10 to10, the German Air Force bombed London, Coventry and large residential areas helplessly and aimlessly. Dowding tried his best to organize and direct the anti-aviation struggle. 1940165438+1At the end of October, the British air war ended. From July 1940 to mid-October 1 18, the German Air Force was shot down and the Royal Air Force lost 995 aircraft. Churchill once talked deeply about Britain's contribution to aviation war: "Never before have so few people made such great contributions to so many people in the field of human war." However, Dowding himself was unlucky and quietly resigned on June 25th. 1940+065438+. The air war in Britain completely shattered Nazi Germany's plan to invade Britain. The invincible German army in Europe has tasted defeat for the first time since the beginning of World War II. During the Second World War in Germany, the British and American air forces carried out a five-year strategic bombing of Germany and its occupied areas. This is the largest and longest-lasting air strike in military history. 1September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. 19401October, Britain began an exploratory bombing of Germany, but the scale was very small. 1942 In August, after the 8th Air Force of the United States entered Britain, the British-American joint bombing began. British and American strategic bombing of Germany can be divided into four stages. The first stage, from May 1940 to May 1942, lasted for 2 years and 7 months. Most of the time, Britain bombed alone. In 1940 and 194 1 year, the main targets of British bombing of Germany were the oil and aviation industries. Britain has chosen 10 aircraft manufacturers as its target, but the aircraft can only reach three of them. This is far from allowing Germany to lose its production capacity of 500,000 tons of oil within six months. From July 194 1, Britain began to bomb cities located in railway hubs with its main force. In Ruhr, Germany, cities such as Essen, Cologne, Duisburg and Dü sseldorf were bombed at night, and three "thousand-machine bombing" were organized to bomb Cologne, Essen and Bremen. In addition to bombers, there are planes that kill aviation and army. Among them, the biggest attack on this branch was the use of 1046 aircraft, which dropped 1455 tons of bombs. On August 1942, the 8th Air Force of the United States began to participate in the strategic bombing of Western Europe. The bombing of Germany only reached France, Belgium and the Netherlands occupied by Germany. The amount of bombs dropped is only 1500 tons. The scale and intensity of the strategic bombing in the first stage were not large enough, so the results were not significant and had little impact on German industrial production and people's psychology. The second stage, from 1943 1 to 1944 1. At this stage, Britain and the United States have a unified operational goal and strengthened the coordination of strategic bombing of Germany. At the Casablanca meeting in June 1943, Britain and the United States decided to defeat Germany and decided to open a second front, demanding that the air forces of the two countries "destroy and disintegrate Germany's military industry and economic system, destroy Germany's prestige and minimize its armed resistance." The priority of bombing is: submarine industry, aviation industry, transportation system, oil industry and other military industries. However, there are great differences between Britain and the United States on how to implement this decision. The British advocate regional bombing at night, while the Americans believe that several important industrial targets should be selected and completely destroyed, which is better than low-level destruction of many industrial targets. To this end, the United States has formulated a "direct" action plan, including 76 targets of six target systems, and plans to reduce German submarine production and aircraft production by more than two thirds from June 1943 to April 1944. 1943, the British air force first launched an air strike on the submarine base along the Biscay Bay in Germany, and then carried out three air strikes to destroy the city: the Ruhr Campaign, the Hamburg Campaign and the Berlin Campaign. During this period, the US 8th Air Force also bombed the German aviation industry and the ball bearing factory. 1On September 27th, 943, the allied forces occupied Foggia airport in Italy. 10 In October, the US 1 15 Air Force and the 205th Bombing Aviation Regiment of the British Air Force entered Italy. At this time, Germany and its occupied areas are within the range of British and American aircraft. The United States put the newly developed P-5 1 long-range fighter into use, which reduced the bomber's battle damage rate. 1943 Britain and America shot down and wounded German planes in air combat *** 1066 1. The third stage, from February to June, 1944. At this stage, the British and American air forces bombed the German aviation industry and transportation system to cooperate with the Normandy landing (Operation Overlord) and seized the battle and strategic air superiority. From February 20 to 25, the US Air Force concentrated on cracking down on the German aviation industry, dropping 4,000 tons of bombs, and the factories of German aircraft manufacturers were destroyed by 75%. In March and April, aircraft factories and airports continued to be bombed on a large scale. Carry out a large-scale attack on the V- 1 missile launching position. From February to June, large-scale air strikes were carried out in Berlin, Leipzig, Frankfurt and Nuremberg. The fourth stage, from July 1944 to April 16. The final stage of strategic bombing. During this period, Germany's oil industry, transportation system and arsenal were intensively bombed. At the same time, it also bombed big cities violently. Although this stage is only nine and a half months, the amount of bombs dropped is equivalent to the sum of previous years, and the bombing effect is very obvious. With the advance of allied forces in western Europe, the bombing of the oil industry was reduced from 1945 in June to 1 in June, and the attack on traffic lines was strengthened. Not only the railway hub was bombed, but also the trains and cars running on the expressway were attacked. The bombing of big cities has not stopped. On March 6th, 1078 dropped 4000 tons of bombs in Essen. On 12,118 dropped 5,000 tons of bombs in Dortmund. Germany has been overwhelmed, the front and rear have been severely hit, and the war machine has been unable to operate. 1945 On April 16, Spaatz, commander of the US strategic aviation in Europe, announced the end of air strikes against Germany. During the five-year strategic bombing of Germany, Britain and the United States jointly bombed 444,000 times, and dispatched more than 6.5438+440,000 bombers, 2.68 million fighter planes and 2.7 million tons of bombs. Among them, the investment in Germany is 6.5438+0.36 million tons. The United States lost 6.5438+0.8 million aircraft, Britain lost 22,000 aircraft, and the death toll in Britain and the United States was 79,000 each. Germany lost 57385 planes. Germany suffered the most in the bombing. According to American statistics, from June 1939 to May 1945, Britain and the United States bombed 6 1 city with more than 654.38+10,000 people and more than 500,000 tons. The population of these cities is 25 million, accounting for 32% of the total population. 300,000 people died, 780,000 people were injured, 7.5 million people were homeless, and 3.6 million houses were destroyed, accounting for 20% of the national housing. According to the records of the German Air Force, more than 250,000 people were killed by bombers and 305,000 people were seriously injured. However, the figures released by the West German Statistics Bureau in 1956 are 570,000 civilian deaths and 885,000 injuries, not including police, civil defense personnel, foreign workers and prisoners of war. The Air Force Committee of the Contemporary Development System is the highest leading body of the Air Force, which consists of the Minister of National Defense, the Minister of State for National Defense, the Deputy Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Director of Aircraft. The General Staff of the Air Force is the highest command organization of the Air Force, responsible for the operations, training and daily management of the Air Force, and its headquarters is located in London. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force is the supreme commander of the Air Force. The General Staff of the Air Force consists of Strike Command, Logistics Command and Personnel and Training Command. The strike headquarters is located in wickham and has three brigades, which are responsible for air offensive operations, air defense, maritime patrol and rescue, air transportation, air refueling, communications and other tasks. The logistics command includes communication unit, air control and radar unit, shooting range, various warehouses, supplies and medical units. The Personnel and Training Command is responsible for personnel management, organization, college education and military training of the Air Force. Air Defense Operations Center The British Air Force is responsible for air defense in Britain and its surrounding waters, with a total area of 6.5438+0.28 million square kilometers. It is one of the four air defense zones of NATO European Allied Forces. Air defense combat missions are usually undertaken by 1 1 and 18 brigades of the air force, using the daily air defense combat center; In wartime, the Air Force Strike Command unified command of air defense operations throughout the air defense zone, using the National Air Defense Operations Center in wickham. The National Air Defense Operations Center governs the south and the north. The early warning system consists of ground radar, airborne early warning aircraft and ballistic missile early warning station. Interception strike system consists of air defense interception force and air defense missile force. By the end of 2000/kloc-0, the strength of the air force was 54,000, accounting for 25.5% of the total military strength. There are 5 attack/bomber squadrons, 5 attack squadrons, 5 fighter squadrons, 4 reconnaissance squadrons, 3 maritime patrol squadrons, 2 early warning squadrons, 1 electronic intelligence gathering teams, 3 transport/aerial tanker squadrons, 1 school shooting squadrons, 9 tactical helicopter squadrons and 6 modified training teams. It is equipped with nearly 850 aircraft of various types, including 427 combat aircraft, mainly tornado fighters, Jaguar attack aircraft, Harrier and Falcon. The airborne weapons are Aslam, Sky Flash, AIM-9L/M air-to-air missile, AGM-6562 and AGM-6562. The ground air defense forces are equipped with "Bright Sword" surface-to-air missiles. After the war, the British Air Force successively participated in many local wars or military operations, such as Berlin Air Transport, Korean War Air Combat, Second Middle East War Air Combat, Falklands War Air Combat, "Desert Storm" Operation, Boqi War, "Desert Fox" Operation, NATO air strikes against Yugoslavia, Afghanistan War on Terrorism and Iraq War.