Pay attention to those places for fire fighting, and buy some books about fire fighting at the same time.

chapter iii fire prevention of shopping malls

in recent years, with the deepening of China's reform and opening up, many cities have built or rebuilt a number of shopping malls with large volume, diverse functions, luxurious decoration and high-grade goods, which have attracted thousands of customers and played a positive role in prospering China's market economy. With the rapid development of shopping malls, the fire prevention measures have not been implemented in time, which leads to the continuous occurrence of shopping malls fires. For example, the fire in Linxi Department Store in Tangshan, the fire in Zhengzhou Natural Commercial Building, the fire in Longfu Building in Beijing and the fire in Shenyang Commercial City all caused huge economic losses, and some even caused serious casualties. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the fire prevention work in shopping malls and strengthen the fire prevention awareness in shopping malls.

Fire hazard of shopping malls in the first quarter

First, the business hall is large in area, and the space on each floor is connected from top to bottom, so it is difficult to separate the fire, which is easy to cause the fire to spread and expand

The building area of the business hall of shopping malls is generally large, ranging from several thousand square meters to tens of thousands of square meters; Multi-storey shopping malls, most of which are equipped with escalators, are connected at different levels; Some also have atriums, which makes the problem of fire separation in shopping malls quite prominent.

Second, there are many combustible goods, which are easy to cause great economic losses

Most of the goods operated by shopping malls are combustible goods. Although some goods are made of non-combustible materials, their packaging boxes and boxes are combustible. There are also some commodities, such as nail polish, mousse, hair gel and organic solvents such as gasoline and alcohol in small packages, as well as butane gas (for lighters), matches, celluloid products, etc., which are inflammable and explosive chemical dangerous goods. Most of the goods in shopping malls use self-selected shelves and counters. Some goods, such as clothing, shoes and hats, all kinds of textiles, arts and crafts, bags and clips, are hung and displayed in the space of shopping malls. This feature of shopping malls makes the goods highly concentrated, and the surface area of combustible materials is larger than that of any other place. Once there is a fire, it will spread rapidly.

The turnover of goods in shopping malls is very fast. In addition to a large number of displays in counters and shelves for customers to buy, there are often small warehouses behind each counter, forming a situation of "front cabinets and back warehouses" or even "stores instead of warehouses", and the aisles are also full of goods. This is especially true for counters leased to individuals, resulting in a large number of goods stored in shopping malls. Once a fire breaks out, it will cause serious losses. In addition, many counters and shelves in shopping malls are also made of combustible materials. Although these counters and shelves are arranged in groups, the distance is generally relatively small, and they are basically adjacent to each other.

3. Shopping malls are crowded and have a large turnover, which is easy to cause heavy casualties.

Another feature of shopping malls is that customers are crowded, men, women and children are shoulder to shoulder, which has become the place with the highest personnel density and the largest turnover in public places in China. In case of a fire during business hours, it will cause chaos, and evacuation will be more difficult, which will inevitably cause heavy casualties. For underground shopping malls, the problem is even more serious. The area occupied by customers in underground shopping malls is often smaller than that in above-ground shopping malls, and the personnel density is much higher than that in above-ground shopping malls when the customer flow is the same. However, due to the limitation of civil air defense works, the number and width of safe evacuation passages and exits in underground shopping malls are smaller than those in aboveground shopping malls. Underground shopping malls lack natural lighting and ventilation conditions, and once a fire breaks out, people will inevitably panic, and there will inevitably be accidents of squeezing people to death and trampling them to death; Because the building space is closed, toxic smoke will fill the whole shopping mall, which will easily lead to poisoning and suffocation.

4. There are many electric lighting devices, which lead to many factors of fire.

The fire risk of electric lighting devices in shopping malls has the following characteristics according to their functions and uses:

1. Lighting and decorative lights installed on the top, columns and walls of shopping malls are mostly fluorescent lamps installed in strips or in groups, and some shopping malls use starry deep cover lamps. These lamps are embedded in the ceiling, and the quantity is relatively large, and the ballasts of fluorescent lamps are easy to heat up and catch fire. If incandescent lamps with high power are used for deep cover lamps, they are also easy to bake nearby combustibles.

2. besides fluorescent lamps, there are all kinds of spotlights for lighting lamps installed in commodity windows and counters. Except for cold light source, the surface temperature of spotlights of other light sources is high enough to bake combustible materials.

3. In addition to a large number of advertising neon lights and light boxes installed in shopping malls and commodity windows, some of them are also equipped with motors for operating mobile advertisements and transformers for neon lights, which have great fire risks.

4. On holidays, all kinds of colored lights should be temporarily installed inside and outside the shopping mall to add festive atmosphere.

5. In order to meet the needs of testing, the counters of lighting equipment and household appliances in shopping malls are also equipped with temporary power sockets, shopping malls without air conditioning systems, and electric fans are widely used to cool down in summer.

The variety and complexity of the above electric lighting equipment are unmatched by other public buildings. In addition, the business hours are long every day, and if it is designed, installed and used carelessly, it will easily lead to fire.

6. There are many other disaster-causing factors. For example, in some shopping malls, for the convenience of users, there are also garment processing departments, home appliance repair departments, watches, glasses, cameras and other repair departments. These parts often need to use heating appliances such as electric irons and soldering irons.

Fifth, it is extremely difficult to put out the fire

A fire broke out in the shopping mall, with a lot of combustible materials, large space and rapid spread; It is quite difficult for customers to evacuate, firefighters to enter the fire fighting in the opposite direction, rescue and evacuate people, and put out fires. In addition, after the fire broke out, due to the thick smoke and high temperature, it was difficult for firefighters to detect the fire and put it out quickly.

main fire protection requirements of shopping malls in the second quarter

1. Fire resistance rating of buildings

According to the relevant national fire protection technical specifications, the fire resistance rating of newly-built shopping malls should generally not be lower than Grade II, and combustible materials are not allowed to be used in the ceilings and other decorative materials in shopping malls. Measures must be taken to improve the fire resistance rating of combustible wood members and steel frame structures with low fire resistance limits in the original buildings. Shelves and counters in shopping malls should be made of metal frames and glass plates.

2. Layout and fire separation of shopping malls

1. Ensure the area of personnel passage and safe evacuation passage. As a public place, the business hall of shopping malls should fully consider the area required for customer flow. The proportion of the public area occupied by shelves and people flow: a comprehensive large-scale shopping mall or multi-storey shopping mall is generally not less than 1: 1.5; Smaller shopping malls should be at least 1: 1. The public area occupied by people flow is not less than .4m2 according to the average customer flow during peak hours. When the counters are arranged in groups, the distance between groups shall not be less than 3m.

2. Shopping malls should be divided into fire zones according to the Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings and the Code for Fire Protection Design of High-rise Civil Buildings. Multi-storey shopping malls are divided into zones with an area of 25m2 on the ground and a fire zone with an area of 5m2 underground; If the mall is equipped with automatic sprinkler system, the area of fire protection zone can be doubled; If the high-rise shopping mall is equipped with automatic fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler system, and is decorated with incombustible or nonflammable materials, the fire zone area can be expanded to 4m2, and the fire zone area of the underground shopping mall can be expanded to 2m2.

3. For holes that run through the upper and lower floors, such as elevators, stairwells and escalators, fire doors or fire shutters should be installed to separate them. For pipeline wells and cable wells, the inspection ports of each floor should be installed with Class C fire doors, and every 2~3 floors should be separated with non-combustible materials equivalent to the fire resistance limit of the floor.

4. Small transit warehouses, clothing processing, household appliances, clocks and watches, glasses maintenance departments, etc. in shopping malls should be set up separately from the business hall.

5. Oil-immersed power transformers should not be located in underground shopping malls. If they must be installed, they should avoid crowded parts and entrances and exits, and be separated from other parts by partition walls with fire resistance of not less than 3h and floor slabs with fire resistance of not less than 2h. The doors on the walls should adopt Class A fire doors, and there should be emergency oil storage facilities under the transformers that can store all the oil of the transformers.

6. When the air-conditioning machine room enters the horizontal branch pipes of each floor or fire zone, fire valves that can automatically close in case of fire shall be set as required. The insulation materials and sound-absorbing materials used in the air-conditioning duct should be incombustible or nonflammable materials.

III. Safe evacuation

1. Shopping malls are one of the public places where people are concentrated, and safe evacuation must meet the requirements of the relevant national fire control technical specifications. Shopping malls should have a sufficient number of safety exits and be evenly arranged in various directions; Revolving doors and side sliding doors that affect the safe evacuation of customers should not be set.

2. The evacuation width of stairs, walkways, evacuation doors, etc. in shopping malls shall comply with the provisions of relevant fire control technical specifications. Safety exits, evacuation doors, stairs and other passages should be equipped with light evacuation signs and emergency lighting.

iv. Fire fighting facilities

The fire fighting facilities in shopping malls include automatic fire alarm system, fire control center, indoor and outdoor fire hydrant system, automatic sprinkler system, smoke control and exhaust system, emergency lighting, emergency broadcasting, light evacuation indication signs, linkage control of fire separation systems such as fire doors and fire shutters, and fire fighting equipment.

1. The fire alarm system should be able to give an accurate alarm, and the personnel on duty in the fire control center should be familiar with the operation of fire control equipment and master the functions of fire control equipment. The function of fire control equipment shall comply with the provisions of Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System.

2. Indoor fire hydrant and automatic sprinkler system. The main and standby pumps for fire fighting can be automatically switched, and the main and standby power supplies of the power distribution cabinet can be automatically switched. Indoor hydrant pump should be able to start remotely in fire hydrant box and fire control room; The spray pump can be started remotely and automatically in the fire control room according to the system functional requirements. Automatic sprinkler system should have pressure stabilizing (boosting) facilities, such as roof water tank; A drain valve and a pressure gauge should be set at the end of the system; The wet alarm valve and hydraulic alarm bell of automatic sprinkler system should maintain normal alarm function. Fire hydrant system should meet the requirements of enriching water column.

3. Smoke control system. When natural smoke exhaust is used, the area of windows and openings should meet the requirements to meet the needs of smoke exhaust. Smoke prevention facilities using mechanical pressurized air supply shall ensure that the pressure in stairwell is 4~5Pa and that in front room or shared front room is 3~25Pa. Mechanical smoke exhaust system is adopted, and the smoke exhaust port should be closed at ordinary times, and the smoke exhaust port should have manual and automatic opening devices. When any smoke exhaust port is opened, the smoke exhaust fan will start automatically. Smoke exhaust fire dampers that can automatically close when the smoke temperature exceeds 28℃ should be installed on the smoke exhaust branch pipe and at the entrance of the smoke exhaust fan.