What three roles did Chinese translators play in translation activities during the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

In the translation activities during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese translators played the following three roles:

1. The "megaphone" of the source language: In the era of "dead translation", translation The translator plays the role of a "mouthpiece" for the source language, that is, directly and mechanically translates the content of the source language into the target language.

2. The "flattering" of the target language: In the era of "retranslation", the translator plays the role of the "flattering" of the target language, that is, in order to cater to the needs of a specific period, the source language content is modified. Substantial deletions and changes are made to suit the reading habits of the target language or satisfy the tastes of target language readers.

3. Spokesperson of ***consciousness: In the era of "***consciousness", the translator plays the role of spokesperson of ***consciousness, that is, through the communication between the source language and the target language. Carry out mediation, strive to seek the greatest political understanding, and promote cultural integration.

In general, Chinese translators played an important role as a bridge in translation activities during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, promoting communication and understanding between different cultures.