A complete collection of junior high school English grammar

1. 1 Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories: 1) individual nouns: individuals in certain people or things, such as guns. 2) collective noun: a collection of several individuals, such as a family. 3) Material nouns: physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air. 4) Abstract nouns: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work. Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, The classification of nouns can be represented by the following figure: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Add s directly to the plural: for example, the comparison between two Mary's The Henry Monkey-Monkeys Holiday-Holidays: Floor: Story-Stories Story 2) Nouns ending in O, plural: A. Plus S, such as Photo-Photospiano-B. Plus es, For example: potato-tomato-tomato C. For example: zero-zeros/zeros 3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural, add s, for example: believe-believe roof-roofsafe-safes. B. Go to F, fe and ves, such as: half knife-half knife leaf-leaf wolf-wife's life-life thief-thief; C. Or, for example, handkerchief: handboars/hankerchieves1.3 irregular change of noun plural1) child-children foot-tooth-tooth mouse-mouse-woman Note: the plural forms of compound words with man and woman also include -men and. For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family. 2) Simple and complex have the same form and different meanings, such as deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese plum, gold, yuan, second plum, three wood and four gold, except RMB, horn, extra, USD, GBP, etc. There are plural forms. Such as: one dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters 3) collective noun, which appears in singular form, is actually plural. For example, the people's police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a person, a policeman and a cow. Instead, we can say that nouns such as a person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman, a China, a Japanese and a Swiss all use plural when they are used to represent the common names of countries. China people are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave. 4) nouns that are still singular at the end of s, such as a. nouns in mathematics, politics, physics, etc., are uncountable nouns and singular. News is an uncountable noun. C. The United States and the United Nations should be considered unique. Organized by the United Nations on 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945. D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular. Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book. & lt& gt This is a very interesting story book. 5) means something that consists of two parts, such as glasses and clothes. If you express a specific number, you should use quantifier pairs. Suit (set); A pair of glasses; There are also plural forms of some nouns that can sometimes express special meanings, such as: goods, water, fish (various) 1.4 uncountable nouns 1) material nouns A. When material nouns are transformed into individual nouns, cakes are a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable) B. When a substance noun indicates the kind of substance, the noun is countable. This factory produces steel. We need different steels. (countable) C. When the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted. Our country is famous for its tea. Our country is famous for its tea. Two teas, please. Two teas, please. 2) Abstract nouns are sometimes countable. Four Freedoms, Four Freedoms and Four Modernized Material Nouns and Abstract Nouns can use a certain number of unit words. For example, a glass of water, a glass of water, a suggestion, a suggestion, 1.5 attributive plural nouns are generally singular, with the following exceptions. 1) uses the plural as an attribute. For example: the student reading room of the sports meeting student reading room negotiation table Foreign Languages Department 2) Be a man, a woman, a gentleman, etc. When used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of the nouns they modify. For example, male workers, female teachers, gentlemen and officials 3) Some nouns ending in s are reserved as attributes. For example: goods trains (trucks) arms production weapons production customs documents customs documents clothes brush clothes brush 4) When numerals+nouns are used as attributives, nouns generally remain in singular form. For example, two dozen eggs and two dozen/(twenty-four eggs) A five-year plan is to walk ten miles and walk two hundred trees. Five-year plan with individual useful plural as attributive, such as: a seven-year-old child 1.6 singular and plural names of people from different countries (predicate is plural) One person, two people, China, China, two people from China, Switzerland, Swiss, one Swiss, two Swiss, and Australian an tw. Australian, Australian, Russian, Russian, Russian, Italian, Italian, Greek, Greek and Greek. American, French, French, French, Japanese, Japanese, Japanese-American, American, American, Indian, Indian. One Indian, two Canadians, one Canadian, two Canadians, one German, two Germans, one Englishman, two Englishmen and Swedes. Edish One Swede and Two Swedes 1.7 In English, the possessive case of nouns, some nouns can be added with "'s" to express all relations, and nouns with this suffix are called possessive cases of nouns, such as a teacher's book. The rules of possessive case of nouns are as follows: 1) Add "'s" to singular nouns and "'s" to plural nouns, such as schoolbags for boys and men's toilets. 2) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "'",such as the struggle of workers. 3) Any noun without "s" can be represented by the structure of "noun +of+ noun", such as the name of a song title. 4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone, the noun it modifies often does not appear after the possessive case, such as the barber's barber's. 5) If two nouns are juxtaposed and have S respectively, it means "respectively"; Only one' s' means' * * * yes'. For example: John and Mary's room (two rooms) John and Mary's room (one room) 6) compound nouns or phrases, with s added at the end of the last word. For example, an absence of one or two months. Articles and numerals 2. 1 Usage of indefinite articles Articles are function words, which cannot be used alone and have no meaning. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are three kinds of articles in English, one is definite, the other is indefinite and the other is zero. The indefinite article a (an) is homologous to the numeral one, which means "one". A is generally pronounced as [e] before consonant phonemes, and an is generally pronounced as [en] before vowel phonemes. 1) means "one", meaning one; Refers to a person or thing, indicating a certain kind. A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you. 2) Represents a class of people or things. Knives are tools for cutting. Mr Smith is an engineer. A little/a few/a lot/a kind/a pile/a lot/a lot/a/usually/in a hurry/a minute/a word/a little while/a little while/a cold/try/pay attention to/suddenly 2.2 the usage of the definite article The is the same as the demonstrative pronouns this and that, which means "that (this)", but it is weak. Take the medicine. Take the medicine. 2) The person or thing mentioned above: He bought a house. I have been to that house. He bought a house. I have been to that house. 3) refers to the only thing in the world: the sun, the sky, the moon and the earth. 4) singular nouns are used to indicate a class of things, such as dollars; Fox fox; Or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a class of people: the rich; The living. 5) Used in ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives, only before adjectives, very, identical, etc.: Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Where do you live? I live on the second floor. That's what I've been looking for. This is exactly what I want. 6) Used with plural nouns, it refers to the whole group: they are teachers in this school. They are teachers in this school. (refers to some teachers. ) 7) means all, equivalent to possessive pronouns. Used before nouns indicating body parts: She took my arm. 8) Used before some proper nouns such as country name, institution, group, class, etc. It consists of common nouns: People's Republic of China (PRC), China people * * and the United States, the United States 9) Used in front of nouns indicating musical instruments: She plays the piano. 10) is used before the plural nouns of surnames to indicate a family: the Greens (or the Greens) 1 1) is used in idioms: in one day, in the morning (after noon, in the evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the day (water, fields, countries. ; 2) General plural nouns, when expressing a class of people or things, do not need definite articles; They are teachers. They are teachers. 3) When abstract nouns represent general concepts, generally no articles are added; Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success. 4) When material nouns express general concepts, generally no articles are added; When they express a specific meaning, they need to add definite articles; Without water, human beings can't live. Without water, people can't live. 5) No articles are added before nouns indicating time, such as season, month, festival, holiday, day and week; We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have classes from Monday to Friday. 6) Don't put articles before nouns that address or represent official titles and positions; The guards brought the American to General Lee. The soldiers sent the American to General Lee. 7) No articles are added before the names of three meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as eating breakfast and playing chess. 8) When two or more nouns are used together, the articles are often omitted. I can't write without a pen or pencil. I can't write without a pen and pencil. 9) When 9)by is used with trains and other means of transportation, there is no article in the middle; Take the bus and train; 10) Individual nouns do not use articles; Individual nouns such as: school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, desk, class, town, church, court, etc. Directly after prepositions to express the deep meaning of nouns; Go to the hospital to go to the hospital (not for medical treatment, but for other purposes) 1 1) ordinal number without articles; A. Possessive pronoun of ordinal number B. Ordinal number as adverb He is the first to arrive in the race C. In fixed phrases, at (the) first, first of all, from the first to the last 2.4 articles and adjectives+noun structure 1) have articles, which mean two different things. He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat. The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his. 2) If the last adjective has no article, it refers to something. He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat. 2.4 Both the article and the adjective+noun structure 1) have articles, indicating two different things. He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat. The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his. 2) If the last adjective has no article, it refers to something. He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat. 2.5 article position 1) indefinite article position indefinite articles often precede nouns or noun modifiers. Note: A. After the following adjectives: such, what, many, half, I have never seen such an animal. Many people are suitable for this job. B. When the adjective before the noun is used as an adverbial, such as so, too, how, how, the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective: this is the most enjoyable day I have ever spent. Such a short time. It's too far. C.quit, rather is used with singular nouns, followed by articles. But there are adjectives before rather and quite, and the indefinite article can be placed before and after it. For example, in the adverbial clause guided by as, Through, when the slogan is a noun modified by an adjective, the indefinite article is followed by an adjective: although he is a brave man, he trembles at the sight of a snake. Brave as he is, he still trembles at the sight of a snake. When nouns are modified by comparative adjectives, indefinite articles are usually placed after comparative adjectives. 2) Definite articles are usually placed before nouns or noun modifiers, but after all, they are both, double, half, two, three times and nouns. All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out. 2.6 Numerals indicate that the number or order of words is called numerals, which are divided into cardinal words and ordinal numbers. Numerals representing numbers are called cardinal words; The number indicating the order is called ordinal number. I. Cardinal number 1) Writing and reading of cardinal number: 345,345; ; 2) The original word is generally singular, but in the following cases, the plural is often used: a. It is used with the phrase of to indicate approximate numbers, and cannot be used with specific numbers, such as the score of people indicates many people; B in some phrases that mean "a row" or "a group"; They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes. C. it means "dozens of years old"; D, for "year", use in+the+ number as a plural number; E in a representation of multiplication, such as 3x5 = 15, three to five is (yes) five. Second, the abbreviated form of ordinal number: first- 1stsecond-2nd 31st -3 1stsen, the usage of numerals 1) multiplication representation A. Subject+predicate+multiple (or fraction) +As+adj.+As I have three times as much as you. I have three times as much money as you. B. Subject+predicate+multiple (fraction)+size (quantity, length …) The size of the earth is 49 times that of the moon. The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. Subject+predicate+plural (fraction)+adjective (adverb) comparative +than … The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year. This year's grain output has increased by 8%. You can also multiply+times to show that the grain output has increased fourfold this year. 2) Composition of fractional representation: the base number represents the numerator and the ordinal number represents the denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, the ordinal number of the numerator is singular, and the denominator ordinal number is plural: 1/3; 3/37 Three and three-sevenths.