What are fingerprints?

Printmaking is an important category of visual arts. Broadly speaking, printmaking can include that the graphics printed before printing industrialization are generally printmaking. The concept of contemporary printmaking mainly refers to artistic works conceived and created by artists and produced through plate making and printing procedures. Specifically, it is a picture carved or etched on pages such as wood, stone, hemp, copper and zinc with a knife or chemicals. Printmaking art has been accompanied by the invention and development of printing technology. Ancient prints mainly refer to woodcuts, but a few copperplate prints and overprinting are not allowed. The unique taste of knife and wood makes it have independent artistic value and position in the history of China culture and art.

Printmaking has experienced two stages in history, from copying to creation. In early printmaking, painters, sculptors and printers worked together, and the sculptor only carved plates according to the drawings, which was called reproduction printmaking. Later, painting and sculpture were all done by a printmaker, who was able to give full play to his artistic creativity. This kind of print is called creative print. China has copied woodcut prints for thousands of years, and his print creation started in 1930s, initiated by Lu Xun, and made great progress. In the west, in the 6th century/kloc-A.D., Diu Lei copied pen-and-ink painting with copperplate and woodcut. /kloc-In the 7th century, Rembrandt developed copperplate prints from engraving to etching, and entered the stage of creating prints. Woodblock prints entered the stage of creating prints in the19th century.

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origin

The origin of China prints can be divided into Han Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Six Dynasties and even Sui Dynasty. The earliest existing print in China, dated, is the world-famous "Xian Tong" version of "King Kong Prajna Paramita Sutra", which was written in 868 AD according to the inscription. The seal of "Zhide" unearthed from the Tang tomb in Chengdu, Sichuan Province is estimated to be about 100 years earlier than that of "Xiantong". Prints from the Tang and Five Dynasties were found in the northwest of China and wuyue. Most of the works are concise and handsome, and the knife method is magical. These are the origins of printmaking.

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history

Buddhist prints in Song and Yuan Dynasties developed further on the basis of Tang and Five Dynasties. The engraving method is perfect and the body rhyme is rich. At the same time, landscape graphics began to appear in the scroll. There are also a large number of prints on other subjects, such as books and atlases on scientific and technological knowledge and literature and art. Bianjing, Lin 'an, Shaoxing, Huzhou, Wuzhou, Suzhou, Fujian Jian 'an, Sichuan Meishan and Chengdu in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it became a unique engraving and printing center. At the same time, the Liao Dynasty overprint Siddhartha Gautama is the earliest color overprint discovered by China, which plays an extremely important role in the world cultural history. Due to practical needs, copperplate prints also appeared in the Song Dynasty, mainly used for printing banknotes and advertisements. The "Pinghua" printmaking in Yuan Dynasty is the predecessor of China's serial printmaking.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak of China's printmaking. With the joint efforts of many literati, booksellers and engravers, various schools of printmaking have emerged, and a large number of excellent works have been created, and printmaking has shown a prosperous situation. Not only did religious printmaking reach its peak in the Ming Dynasty, but also the appreciation of printmaking increased greatly in the Ming Dynasty. Paintings, novels, operas, biographies, poems, etc. Like snow, the list is endless. In particular, there are many versions of engraved illustrations of literary masterpieces, which are widely circulated and have far-reaching influence.

This period is also the prosperous period of various artistic schools of printmaking. Jian 'an School, centered on Jianyang, Fujian, mostly works by folk craftsmen, engraved with simplicity. Nanjing is the center of Jinling School, which focuses on operas and novels. Or rough and bold, or elegant and beautiful, with different styles. The Wuling School with Hangzhou as the center has a wide range of subjects and exquisite engravings. Huizhou School, with Huizhou as the center, has a far-reaching influence in the cultural history of China and plays a decisive role.

The development of printmaking has always been closely related to the book carving industry. The centers of Song and Yuan Dynasties were Jian 'an in Fujian and Hangzhou in Zhejiang, and moved to Nanjing and Beijing in Ming Dynasty. But what really makes the development of printmaking enter a new stage is the rise of Huizhou printmaking. Huizhou printmaking has been famous for its carving since the 0/5th century, with experts such as Lin, especially Huang Hewang's family. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Huang family in Xin 'an carved more than 200 books, and more than 65.438 million people could draw, forming a huge team. His representative works include Yang Zheng Tu Shuo and Biography of Ancient Lienv. When Huizhou prints are popular all over the world with elegant and exquisite styles, the illustrations of prints in Jinling (Nanjing), Wulin (Hangzhou) and Suzhou have also formed their own characteristics.

Ming dynasty prints are not only used as illustrations of books, but also as "painting spectrum" for painters to teach painting methods, "writing paper" for literati, "ink spectrum" for famous ink makers and "wine brand" for folk entertainment. The earliest painting spectrum is Gu Painting Spectrum published by Hangzhou Shuangguitang in 1603. The representative of ink spectrum is Ding Chengshu's Ink Garden in Wanli period. Chen Hongshou, a famous painter, is keen on the creation of wine brand prints, and his works "Leaves of the Water Margin" and "Leaves of Bo Gu" co-produced with Huizhou Huang have become excellent works. The earliest known ancient color-matching prints are Luo Xuan's Notes on the Ancient Times in Ming Dynasty, but the most influential ones are Dianzhuzhai's Paintings published by 1633 and Dianzhuzhai's Paintings published by 1644, written by Hu, a publisher and painter in Ming Dynasty.

In addition to the Hui school, Beijing's temple prints were also famous in the Qing Dynasty. Representative works include 1696 Jiao Bingzhen's Ploughing and Weaving Map published by Beijing engraver Zhu Gui, and Lengmei's Wanshou Festival Map published in 17 17. 1679, according to Li's manuscript, Jinling painters printed the first set of Biography of Mustard Garden with color separation watermark woodcut method, and then published two, three and four sets, which were widely circulated and became a painting textbook with great influence on later generations.

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Artistic feature

When appreciating a large number of works left over from the development of printmaking in the Millennium, the following artistic features are worth noting:

1. Try to use the true colors of objects to express wood flavor (woodcut).

2. Clever use of the technique of "leaving black" to treat the depicted characters specially, and obtain the unique artistic effect of printmaking.

3. Give full play to the characteristics of print watermark, so that large prints can produce strong artistic effects.

4. Through ingenious composition, the theme style is set off by different styles, such as fullness, density and simplicity.

To sum up, China ancient printmaking has its own development track and formed a unique art in the long history.

Mr. Zheng Zhenduo once said: "Lizao painting has made great contributions to promoting culture", which is an appropriate description of the artistic status of printmaking.

Printmaking has visual aesthetic plane modeling and its pure artistic function. Printmaking has the indirectness of artistic expression process, the multiplicity of artistic effects and the aesthetic characteristics of printmaking art. Printmaking "One Mountain, One Water and One Sage" by Chen Lei

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classify

abstract

According to the materials used, it can be divided into: woodcut, lithograph, copper lithograph, zinc lithograph, porcelain lithograph, paper lithograph, screen lithograph, paper lithograph, gypsum lithograph and so on.

According to color, it can be divided into black and white prints, monochrome prints, color matching prints and other prints in the new China period. According to the production method, it can be divided into intaglio, relief, lithography, hole plate, comprehensive plate and computer plate.

According to the production process:

Relief prints can be divided into: woodcut prints, woodcut prints, watermark prints and mimeographs.

Gravure printing can be divided into: intaglio engraving, etching and Merutin engraving.

relief printing

(Germany) On the plane of the relief of Diu Lei's Four Horsemen, the blank part of the draft was cut with a knife, leaving an image part; The part left by the layout (that is, the part that is not carved) is raised, so it is called relief. Relief prints are mainly woodcuts carved with other materials, also known as relief prints. There are many materials that can be used as relief, such as wood, stone, brick, hemp (or plastic) and so on. Wood used for wood carving varies from place to place, and it is generally appropriate to have moderate hardness and fine texture. Both ancient and modern woodcut prints in China carve longitudinal sections of wood, which is called woodcut. Some woodcuts in the west require fine carving, so the cross section of solid wood is called woodcut. Hemp offset was originally a building material for flooring. China printmakers seldom use hemp gum prints.

Create photos

(China) The engraving knives used in the letterpress printing of Tan Quanshu's "Meng Gen Zige" engraving include various large groups of triangular knives, round knives, flat knives and oblique knives. A big round knife and a flat knife are called chisels, and chisels are tools that strike hard behind the handle. As for wood carving, a special solid steel bar is used to make various blades. Wood carving must be done with a magnifying glass. Creating woodcuts with a knife instead of a pen is not like copying woodcuts with strokes. You should pay attention to the knife method, just as calligraphy and painting pay attention to brushwork. Depiction, contrary to painting, is to carve white lines (or blocks) on the black ground. Printmakers should master this feature to produce woodcut features different from strokes. Moreover, carving with a sharp knife on hard wood will naturally produce the smell of stone, which is called knife smell and wood smell in wood carving. Woodcarvers are good at using and exerting the characteristics of woodcut, which can be called creating woodcut prints. As for prints, they can only be completed after printing, and handprint prints have many printing skills and become an indispensable part of printmakers' artistic creation. Generally speaking, woodcut printing can be divided into mimeograph and watermark. The former uses oily ink and the latter uses water-based pigment; Printing water color is more difficult than printing oil color. The same is true of color matching woodcuts. Yang Zhongyi's prints have used the traditional China watermarking method for more than 300 years. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Hu invented version □, which pioneered the traditional watermarking technology. Different from the traditional methods, the watermark color matching method of modern woodcut creation no longer uses □ plates, but engraves various color plates on several plates of the same size, engraves the same color matching marks on each plate, and then overprints the marks one by one. This method can make the printmaker have the overall (whole picture) consciousness, lay out the color plates and create the final effect of overprinter. Therefore, printmakers need to consider all the conditions of overprinting when designing overprinting, and can't just see the plates alone. When printing, it is necessary to choose hand-made paper with good water absorption. Wet the paper with water first, which should be mastered by the printmaker with his own experience. Water Otawa is too dry to be good. The humidity of paper often directly affects the printing effect. The color can be transparent or opaque, and its transparency can be increased or decreased according to the thickness of the color used. As for one color, it can be printed in different shades on a printing plate, and two colors can be superimposed to produce a third color, which is very varied.

Watermark woodcut

(China) Luo's Storm on the Peak uses other materials as templates to carve relief prints. The basic method is the same as woodcut, except that chisel is used as an auxiliary tool when carving stones and bricks, and other materials except woodcut cannot be watermarked.

Gaozhou woodcut prints have a long history. Gaozhou woodcuts are simple and exquisite, and the materials are mostly "pine branches and boards", which can be divided into monochrome and color matching. In the Ming dynasty, Gaozhou woodcut prints, folk artists printed New Year pictures with ink on red paper. At the beginning of the Republic of China, some authors began to publish their works in newspapers and periodicals, which gradually became popular after liberation. The themes are mostly carp yue longmen, Fu Lu Shou Xing, Tianji Songzi, Door God and Fu Qian.

There were folk woodblock New Year pictures in the Ming Dynasty.

Gaozhou prints can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty, when folk woodcut artists carved New Year pictures on red paper and ink. Modern popular printmaking originated in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. The earliest prints were created by Huang Wenshan. Zhou Shi Danzao, with the theme of Gaozhou historic sites, was published in Gaozhou Republic Daily with the beginning of 1942. Huang Wenshan is the editor of the newspaper, and his anti-Japanese war prints published in the newspaper have influenced and guided a group of progressive young people in Gaozhou who love art to learn and create prints.

In the early 1950s, the creation of mass prints in Gaozhou developed rapidly. Cui, Zhang Zongjun, and a group of art educators have successively created a number of prints that reflect the socialist revolutionary construction and are full of life and the spirit of the times. Under their influence, mass printmaking activities became active. Not only educated youth, workers and farmers have also joined the ranks of studying printmaking. It can be seen that farmers' prints in Gaozhou have a certain historical accumulation.

At first, pine branches were used as carving boards, but after the 20th century, artists reformed and used plywood and plywood as carving boards.

The late 1950s and early 1960s were the heyday of farmers' prints in Gaozhou, whose unique artistic style and creative characteristics shocked the national art circles. Those simple and innocent woodcut prints used by farmers to express their true feelings, describe the harvest scene and praise the new life of the motherland were exhibited and published in the collections at home and abroad, making Gaozhou, an ancient city with profound humanistic history, once known as the "hometown of prints".

His representative works include Red Mountain, Flowing Cuisine in Zhuxiang, Adding Flowers and Walking on the Road of Mechanized Farming. It has the aesthetic function and research value of art and folklore. Representative authors include Sei Lem Lou and Zhang Zongjun.

Gravure carving

Gravure printing, in contrast to relief printing, engraves concave lines on the plane of the printing plate. When the ink rolls, it can print images of black and white lines. Polished metal plates do not absorb ink. The ink of copperplate can be gently wiped with a cloth, but if the layout is scratched, the ink will stay there. Modern gravure printing plates are mainly copper and zinc, and sometimes iron or steel. The carving method is as follows:

① Line carving is one of the oldest intaglio carving methods, which uses a strong and sharp knife to carve lines on copper plates. The carved lines are bright and sharp. The layout can be beautifully carved. In the past, banknotes were carved and printed in this way, and a few stamps were still carved in this way.

Gravure printing: (Germany) Korwitz's maternal love.

(2) Dry engraving method, in which the copper layout is directly engraved with a needle, and the carved lines are different from the line engraving method. The needle tip only passes through the layout, and there is a copper thorn next to the line. Therefore, when printing ink on the layout, the copper scraps also contain ink, and the edges of printed lines have light ink like fluff, which makes the visual effect soft and beautiful.

(3) Corrosion method, in which a preservative is coated on the layout of copper, zinc, steel and other materials that can be corroded by acid, and the main components of the preservative are asphalt, rosin and beeswax. Then use a needle to carve an image on it. Wherever the needle goes, the preservative is scraped off, exposing the page. Finally, it was immersed in nitric acid solution, and the exposed part was corroded. Because the etching time and concentration of nitric acid solution are different, the depth and thickness of etched lines are also different. Etched prints are generally etched in layers for many times, so the colors are very rich and the levels are very clear, which is the most commonly used plate-making method for gravure printing. Contemporary print works ④ piping, and the layout of piping must be made by shaking chisel. This is a round steel chisel with sharp and dense teeth. Hold it by hand and shake it, completely piercing the layout and covering the spot. The rolling ink printed velvet black. Then scrape the punctured page (that is, the page full of copper thorns) with a scraper, gently scrape it to dark gray, then scrape it to light gray, and repeatedly scrape it to white without scraping it all black.

⑤ The relief method causes a part of the page to be deeply corroded, and the corrosion area is large, but instead of rolling ink on it, it is directly imprinted on the gravure press, and the paper surface will present a relief colorless pattern. This method is usually only suitable for local use.

⑥ Flying dust method, flying dust corrosion is used to make various shades of gray surfaces. First, a flying dust box must be built, which is equipped with a hand fan, and then the polished copper plate is put into the box. There is a lot of rosin powder in the box. When the fan is turned off, rosin powder will fly in the box and fall on the page slowly and evenly. When the author thinks it is appropriate, take out the copper plate covered with rosin powder and bake it on the electric furnace. After heating, rosin powder melts, gathers into numerous small spots, and condenses into a film after cooling. After the copper plate with rosin film was immersed in nitric acid solution for corrosion, it was printed in gray composed of spots. The depth of gray depends on the thickness of rosin powder, the thickness of film and the length of corrosion time. According to the author's own artistic conception, the flying dust method is treated and the required effect is obtained.

⑦ Soft ground method: Fix the preservative made of asphalt, rosin and beeswax on the layout to form a hard film, and add a proper amount of sheep fat to the preservative to soften the film. After rolling the soft ground on the layout, cover it with a piece of paper, draw on the back of the paper with a pencil, uncover the paper, and suck the soft ground where there is a pen path. The copper surface will be exposed on the board, and the properties of its lines are exactly the same as those drawn by the pencil. You can also use some physical objects, such as textiles, mesh patterns, leaves, paper balls, threads and so on. It should be imprinted on soft ground, and the image of the object can be transferred to paper after corrosion.

(8) Photographing method: firstly, the photosensitive liquid is dissolved in the preservative and coated on the layout, then the black-and-white film is photographed and pasted on the layout, then exposed in strong light, and then cleaned in a special solution. At this point, the part of the floor covered by the black film gradually melts, exposing the layout, while the photosensitive part is reinforced and coated on the printed matter, and then normal corrosion can be carried out. Nitric acid solution can only corrode the exposed parts of the page, making it dark black. If the place left by the ground is not corroded, it will be white, which will be revealed by photography.

Pet-name ruby method, on several copper plates with the same size, several color separation plates are made by flying dust corrosion method. The printmaker decided to print that color channel first, and then print that color channel. When printing plates on the machine, first put a thick piece of paper under the copper plate, and then stick this paper on the machine. After printing, carefully take out the copper plate and leave the paper pad on the machine. At this point, the trace left by the first impression can be clearly seen on the note paper, and then the lustful second board is carefully embedded in this trace. At this time, the edge of the paper printed with the 1 th picture is still pressed under the upper cylinder of the printing machine, and only the part leaving the cylinder can be exposed. Then carefully put down the paper printed with 1 version, cover it on the second version, and shake the drum to accurately overprint the second version. All other versions are the same.

lithography

Mainly lithographs. Lithography was introduced to China in the middle of19th century, when it was only used to replace woodcut printing books. The method of making lithographs is relatively simple. The stone tablet used is a pure and delicate limestone with many pores, so it has water absorption. Based on the principle that oil and water repel each other, oil crayons are used to draw on the stone layout. After the painting is fixed, wet the page with a rag. The crayon drawing place is waterproof, which can absorb ink. Roll the ink to fill the painting place with ink, so that the painting can be printed on paper. Printed lithographs can be polished and reused. There are two ways to grind the plate: one is to grind it with grindstone and water to make the layout smooth as a mirror, which is called mirror plate. One is to add emery grinding to make the layout rough, such as drawing paper, which is called rough version. Due to the different requirements of the author, we can choose emery with different thickness to grind out different layout applications. Usually, No.320 emery is the finest and No.80 emery is the coarsest. There are three plate-making methods: landscape printmaking ① Medicine ink stick painting method, which is suitable for painting on rough stone tablets, and can also be replaced by drawing paper on glass, metal and ceramics with special aluminum pens. It takes exactly the same time as drawing on paper.

(2) Brush painting, that is, changing the medicine ink stick into water-soluble ink, dipping it with a brush and painting on the mirror plate, which is exactly the same as painting on paper.

(3) Copying writing: Prepare a special copy paper, draw a picture on it with a medicinal ink stick or brush dipped in medicinal ink, then stick it on a stone plate, and melt the mucosa on the copy paper with water to make the picture stick to the stone plate. All methods of making lithographs must be etched with dilute nitric acid, and the plate should be sealed with glue after painting, so that the medicine ink can be fixed on the page. When printing, first wet the layout, then roll the ink, then cover it with paper and print it with lithograph. Color lithographs are marked on the layout and overprinted one by one.

Single sheet printing

This is also a kind of lithography. The manufacturing method is simple. Draw on the glass (or stone) with thin oil paint or gouache, cover it with paper when it is wet, and print it on the back of the paper with the palm of your hand. You can only print one, so it's called single printing.

Hole carving

Carve a number on paper or iron, press it on the surface of the container, and then color it on the back, and the number can be printed. This is the hole board. Now the general copy printing machine is also a perforated plate. The main orifice on the printing is screen printing. The screen printing material is mainly nylon gauze. Silk was originally used, so it was called silk screen. There are three ways to make it:

(1) Cutting method: firstly, paper or plastic is used as the carrier, then shellac is coated on it, and 4-5 layers are coated repeatedly. After drying, cut the film hard according to the drawing. After completion, it is closely attached to the printed surface of the mesh, and the scraped surface of the mesh is ironed with an electric iron pad cloth to soften the film and adhere to the mesh. After the paper or plastic used as the carrier is uncovered, the perforated plate remains on the net. Cutting can't be carved too finely, but it has the taste of paper-cutting and woodcut, and is often used by printmakers.

(2) Drawing method: Draw on the surface to be scratched on the mesh with Arabic gum, dry it, coat it with shellac, and then clean the mesh with warm water. When gum Arabic melts, the grid there is transparent. You can also use a lithographic ink stick instead of Arabic gum to paint, coat it with shellac, and then clean the gauze with gasoline.

(3) photosensitive method: apply photosensitive liquid to gauze, thoroughly dry it in a dark room, stick the painted picture under the gauze, and move it to an exposure table for exposure.

Then wash it.

silk-screen printing

(2) Zhao Ruichun's Dressing Woman is a screen printing method for dressing women. The printing method is to put the screen printing surface of the perforated plate (i.e. screen down) close to the paper, then pour the liquid pigment on the scraping surface (i.e. screen up), and then scrape the pigment with a scraper, so that the pigment can be easily printed on the underlying paper through perforation to form a picture. The scraper is made of square flat rubber with wooden handle embedded. There are two kinds of pigments in screen printing: oily pigments and water-based pigments, which depend on the printed matter. Screen technology is widely used in light industry. Many patterns on textiles, glassware, leather, ceramics and plastics are screen printed. For convenience, the pigment used for screen printing can be diluted with turpentine. Waterborne gouache pigments and propylene pigments can be used. Printed nylon mesh can be cleaned with caustic soda before use. The nylon mesh used by the printmaker should be 29 meshes per square centimeter. Too thin, the mesh is easy to block; It's too thick and the image is not beautiful enough. In order to explore various forms of expression, modern printmakers sometimes mix various types of printmaking methods in a print according to the needs of the content. This kind of print is called comprehensive print. For example, the black master is printed with woodcut or copper plate, the color matching part is printed with color watermark, and the other parts are printed with photographic screen. The forms of modern printmaking are rich and colorful, and its development cannot be limited by the original classification.

Comprehensive printmaking

Deng's "Golden Pond Series" comprehensive prints can be made in two ways. One way is to combine all kinds of natural or man-made materials in a layout. There must be protrusions in the pattern and shapes in the protrusions. Then, a layer of paint film is coated on the layout, and the layout coated with paint film can be used for printing, as long as the ink is coated on it and wiped off with a soft cloth, while the ink remains in the depression, and then the paper soaked in water is left.

Another way is to apply the different techniques of copper plate, wood plate, stone plate and screen plate to a work, which is also called comprehensive plate.

Digital printmaking

Or digital photos, computer photos, computer photos. This is a new and controversial print. But many international printmaking exhibitions have accepted digital printmaking. Moreover, the combination of digital technology and traditional format has also brought new vitality to printmaking art.

manufacturing method

A picture carved or etched on wood, stone, linen, copper and zinc plates with a knife or chemicals. In the west, the word printmaking has a broad sense and a narrow sense: in a broad sense, it refers to all paintings except large-scale paintings such as easel oil paintings and murals, such as watercolor paintings, gouache paintings, chalk paintings, sketches, illustrations, posters and cartoons. In a narrow sense, it refers to the carved and printed pictures. The word printmaking commonly used in China is mostly in a narrow sense.

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develop

Printmaking has experienced two stages of development from copying to creation. Early prints were made for printing and publishing. Painters, sculptors and printers work together, and the sculptor carves plates only according to the painter's pictures, which is called reproduction printmaking. Later, printmaking won an independent position in art, and painters, sculptors and printers were all appointed by printmakers, so that printmakers could give full play to their artistic creativity. This kind of print is called creative print.

China has a history of 65,438+0,000 years of copying woodcut prints, which probably happened in Sui and Tang Dynasties at the earliest. Xian Tong's woodcut frontispiece painting of the Diamond Sutra in the late Tang Dynasty (868) now shows that in the middle of the 9th century, China's woodcut reproduction prints have reached a quite skilled level. As an independent artistic creation, printmaking has long existed in the west. In Europe, in the16th century, Diu Lei copied pen-and-ink painting with copperplate and woodcut prints. By Rembrandt in the17th century, copperplate prints had developed from carving to corrosion and entered the stage of creating prints. Woodblock prints were created by Bivic in the19th century with white lines as the main intaglio method, and got rid of the fetters of reproduction and entered the field of prints. China printmaking was initiated by Lu Xun in 1930s, and has made great progress in just over 50 years. There are four types and techniques: relief, intaglio, lithography and hole carving. From the material point of view, there are wood, hemp, stone, brick, paper, gypsum and so on. Among gravure prints, there are metal (mainly copper and zinc) prints, celluloid prints, paper prints and so on. In lithography, there are lithography, single-sheet printing and so on. Among the hole prints, there are screen prints and paper hole prints. Due to the different materials used, different carving tools and methods, the characteristics of various types of prints have been produced; Moreover, due to the creativity of various printmakers and the skills of block printing (mainly handprints), the forms of printmaking art are more colorful.