Jiangshan Ship is a great ship in the history of China.

1. Winged warship: the earliest warship of Wu and China in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the largest warship in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is 28 meters long and 3.6 meters wide, and can be equipped with 9 1 combat soldiers. It is driven by paddles and is mainly active in the Yangtze River basin. Technically, the large-wing warship has been ahead of the world, and it has become the cornerstone for China to dominate the world.

2. Crosshatch: It is a unique hull internal structure in China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The hull is divided into several compartments, which are not connected with each other by bulkheads. Even if the hull is flooded, it can avoid sinking. Europe really realized bulkhead technology, which was later than China 1300 years.

3. Thousand-Li Ship: Designed by Zu Chongzhi, a scientist in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it uses pedal principle to drive pedal to sail with human power, which is very fast. This ship was originally used as a fast assault boat in the water war. After several improvements in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became the main warship of China inland river in the Song Dynasty-"vehicle and boat", which made outstanding achievements in the Song and Jin Wars. The prototype of modern ship and the earliest propeller driving principle all evolved from this ship.

4. centipede ship: a warship originally used by Portuguese colonists to open up new routes and expand the eastern colonies. The Portuguese fought against the Ming navy in Panyu, Guangdong and other places. Although defeated by the Ming navy, its superior performance "shocked" the people at that time. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/6th century, this warship was copied on a large scale in the Ming Dynasty, and it was named because it looked like a centipede.

5. Fire dragon comes out of the water: one of the main battle firearms of China Navy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the embryonic form of modern ship-to-ship missiles, and the originator of secondary rocket technology, named after its appearance resembling a fire dragon. There is a powder keg at the leading end and a powder keg at the trailing end, which are connected by a secondary fuse. The trial flight of the Chinese aircraft carrier Varyag is not only of great military significance, but also marks a new stage in the development history of China ships. Looking back at history, China's ancient ships once dominated the world. In view of this, this newspaper invited Zhang Ying, a young scholar and writer of literature and history, to write an article about ancient ships in China.

In A.D. 1572, the Portuguese poet Camons made a ground-breaking sigh: "There used to be big ships like us. They came from far away from sunrise, and there were smart and brave people who shuttled back and forth on the Mozambican coastline." In fact, China's ancient shipbuilding technology was not "the same" as that of the West, but far ahead. Those ancient ships may have become cultural relics today, or they may only be in the form of written drawings. In the evolution of Yanhuang civilization, what customs did these big ships leave behind?

1. The great ship was the earliest large-scale ship used in China in the Spring and Autumn Period, which can be traced back to the attack on Zhou. At that time, 47 warships were used, mainly to transport food and materials. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China's largest ship "Da Yi" was only 23 meters long. Later, the "Dragon Boat" that Qin Shihuang cruised was only 30 meters long, and compared with the multi-layer paddle boat in Europe, the China boat at that time had only one layer of paddle and few sails. This is because the practical value is different. At that time, China people mainly lived in the Central Plains, even if they built ships, they lived in rivers. The battle is mainly on land. Western countries are different. They rely on the sea to eat the sea and compete for maritime hegemony. However, when western ships crisscross the Mediterranean, the technological potential of China people is doomed: China people in the Spring and Autumn Period have already established their unique advantages in architectural technology, smelting and even astronomical calendar. Just like a modern country has a technological advantage in electronic core technology today, it is only a matter of time before any high-tech industry blows out, and so is the blowout of China's ancient shipbuilding industry.

2. Ships: Warships in the Han Dynasty were as tall as buildings. In Han Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry in China "blowout". For example, American military historian Dupuy once said: "1 century to the 3rd century, with the decline of ancient Rome, the leading position of the world shipbuilding industry fell to China." Representing the role of China ancient ship as the "new champion" at this time, it is the famous Han Dynasty ship. A construction ship is a big ship as tall as a building, and its appearance is worthy of the name. In the Han Dynasty, the ship's hull was divided into three to five floors, and it was built on the ship, so it was called a ship. It is usually more than ten feet high. For example, Sun Quan's ship "Feiyun" can carry 3,000 soldiers. In front of this big ship, China, the so-called "paddle boat" in ancient Rome and Greece completely became a pediatrician. In terms of human drive, western warships paddle, while China ships paddle, and the efficiency and speed of rowing are far better than that of rowing, so the human drive speed of warships is much faster than that of western warships. In navigation control, westerners often use side oars, and China ships also start to use rudders, which saves time and effort compared with foreign ships. The bigger advantage is the hull and sail. China has a flat bottom and a rectangular hull, which can not only avoid stranding, but also has a larger hull capacity. In addition, China's sails are more resistant to wind and waves, and many masts are staggered, which can restrain sailing against the wind and improve the speed. The actual combat effect is also better than foreign countries. The weapons are mainly hard crossbows and trebuchets, and China is also the world leader in the patented technology of these two weapons. China's navy was invincible.

3. Dafu Ship: The most stable ship in the world during the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty, shipbuilders in China used their brains the most, and the problem was "impermanence of wind". If the ship is built too big, it will not move, if it is built too small, it will be towed, and if it is fast, it will be easy to overturn. In this "tangle", from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's shipbuilding industry made rapid progress. A lot of achievements. For example, Zu Chongzhi, the most outstanding scientist in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, developed a "thousand-mile boat" and tried to cancel the paddle and use a human pedal instead. This kind of marine pedal drive is the predecessor of modern ships. In the Song Dynasty, the China ship, which had been "tangled" for a long time, finally broke through the original range of activities and successfully sailed to the east coast of Africa. The most famous is the "Dafu Boat" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Compared with the transformation of various details in the evolution of ancient ships in China, the biggest change of the ship lies in two words: skeleton. During the Southern Song Dynasty, China's shipbuilding industry had the concept of "keel structure". To build a ship, we must first "set the keel", that is, we must support the hull with the keel running through the fore and aft, just as a person can stand firm only with bones, and a ship with bones will be stable. The lucky boat with bones became the most stable boat on the earth at that time. Sail design, using four-masted sailboats, is faster-all of which were realized by westerners hundreds of years later. This kind of ship sailing on the sea is safe, easy to handle and naturally unimpeded. From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, it was the golden age of China's "Maritime Silk Road" and also a contemporary Arab country, so there is a famous proverb: To do things for people, you should sail like a China ship.

4. Zheng He's treasure ship: the sea giant in Yongle period, easy to use and powerful. It evolved several times in Song and Yuan Dynasties and was successfully transformed into a treasure ship of Zheng He in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages to the West was refitted on the basis of Dafu Ship. The basic manufacturing principles come down in one continuous line, but the volume is larger, the technology is more detailed, and the ship's control uses a lighter balance rudder, which can be said to be effortless. In addition to the unprecedented 1 1 mast sail, the choice of canvas adopts the rigid sail structure, which can withstand stronger wind. Propelled by manpower, the tail rotors on both sides and tail of the ship are deep into the water, which is equivalent to the propellers on modern ships. At that time, people stepped on it with the strongest driving force. You can keep the speed even if there is no wind. At that time, it was a fully automatic control of the Big Mac class warship. The equipment on this giant warship is also extremely advanced, and the main battle weapon of Zheng He's treasure ship is artillery. Fast-moving giant warships, coupled with extremely lethal artillery, were difficult to have opponents in the world ocean at that time. During Zheng He's seven voyages to the West, apart from a few small-scale land frictions, he only encountered one real naval battle: the Battle of Giant Harbor. The opponent is the local pirate leader Chen Zuyi. This group of pirates have been entrenched in Southeast Asia for ten years, with a fleet of more than 10,000 people, and neighboring countries have paid tribute. Chen Zuyi, who felt good about himself, challenged Zheng He's fleet. As a result, the battle began in the middle of the night and ended in the early morning. More than 5,000 people were killed in Chen Zuyi's pirate fleet, and I was captured alive. All my warships were sunk and immediately wiped out.

Both Ming and Qing dynasties were forbidden by the sea. After Zheng He's death, in the Ming Dynasty, the fleet was abolished because it was too expensive to go to the Western Ocean. The world-beater Zheng He's treasure ship was demolished. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/6th century, the navy of the Ming Dynasty lagged far behind the west. Nan Juyi, a famous minister who fought against Dutch warships in the late Ming Dynasty, believed that the Ming navy was "more difficult to help the war" than Dutch warships. Although the "Penghu Water War" between the Ming Dynasty and the Netherlands for the Penghu Islands suffered heavy losses, 12 Dutch warships destroyed more than 70 Ming warships. Finally, he left safely under the siege of tens of thousands of navy divisions in the Ming Dynasty. The reason why the Ming Dynasty was forced to be occupied by the Netherlands in Taiwan Province Province was, in the final analysis, due to the naval strength. However, a fleet appeared, once again defending the dignity of China's warships-the Zheng family navy division. Its protagonist is the famous Zheng Chenggong, and its founder is Zheng Chenggong's father Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong, a pirate, actively studied Dutch shipbuilding technology. Ming officials said that his warships were "all made by foreign countries (Holland), tall and strong." He accepted Zhao 'an in the Ming Dynasty and became the deputy governor of Fujian. After that, he twice hit the Dutch fleet in the naval battles of Luosi Bay and Meizhou Island and established maritime hegemony.

At that time, ships from all countries had to buy Zheng's "Lingqi" to pass safely on the ocean route from Hokkaido, Japan to southern Indonesia. In the last fifteen years of the late Ming Dynasty, according to westerners, one third of the world's silver poured into China, and China's goods were exported to the world. The powerful Zheng fleet defended the last prosperity of China's ancient oceans. The demise of the Ming Dynasty made the prestige of Zheng Fleet reach the peak of history. Zheng Chenggong regained Taiwan Province on 166 1 and established the "Zhengming regime" there, becoming the "King of Yanping County" in Nanming.

In this era, there has been a kind of "ship" in Zheng's fleet, that is, a top gunboat with a length of 100 meters and hundreds of guns. This kind of warship is based on China's traditional Fu Ship and absorbs the advantages of western fire distribution technology. The "town" in its name is a giant cannon modified from western cannons, weighing 3000 Jin. On each ship, there are as many as 20 guns weighing more than 1000 kilograms. At that time, it was called the giant battleship of the world's oceans. With such a powerful fleet, the "Ming Zheng regime" not only inherited the maritime hegemony of Zheng Zhilong's era, but also became more navigable to the world. They established trade relations with the British in India. This is the second time that China Navy has entered the Indian Ocean Basin since Zheng He's voyage to the West. In addition to the war with the Qing Dynasty, the Ming-Zheng fleet also collided with the Dutch fleet twice. In A.D. 1668, the Ming-Zheng fleet, with a small boat as the pioneer, expelled the Dutch fleet that invaded Keelung, Taiwan Province. The following spring, a Dutch fleet of 20 warships came for revenge. As a result, after seeing the charm of Ming-Zheng fleet off Penghu, I was scared and fled.

After the Qing Dynasty recovered Taiwan Province Province, the Ming-Zheng fleet was either abolished or turned into an army, such as the famous Ming-Zheng fleet Lin, and later participated in the war against jaxa in Russia as an army. Later, the Qing dynasty closed its doors and abolished the navy. Before the Opium War in Qing Dynasty, the maximum length of China naval vessels was only 27 meters. During the Qianlong period, the British delegation from Mangane visited China, and after returning, they said arrogantly: One British warship can conquer the whole Sea of China. In less than half a century, they kept their promise.