Basic knowledge of dangerous goods handling

1. Basic knowledge of dangerous goods handling

Handling procedures: 1. The loading and unloading operation site should be far away from heat sources and well ventilated; Electrical equipment shall meet the requirements of relevant national regulations. Open flame lighting is strictly prohibited, and the lighting lamp shall have explosion-proof performance. Anti-static and lightning protection devices should be set up in the loading and unloading places of inflammable and explosive articles.

2. Vehicles transporting dangerous goods should enter the loading and unloading operation area in accordance with the relevant safety regulations of loading and unloading operation, and should be parked in a position convenient for leaving the operation site, and shall not block the safe passage. When parking the goods stack, you should obey the command of the business management personnel in the operation area and keep a safe distance between the vehicle and the goods stack.

The loaded and unloaded vehicles shall keep a sufficient safe distance from the loaded and unloaded vehicles. Three, before loading and unloading operations, should turn off the vehicle engine, and cut off the main power supply (except need to get power from the vehicle).

Effective measures should be taken to prevent vehicles from sliding down the slope when loading and unloading goods on the sloping site. Four, before loading and unloading operations should be compared with the waybill, check the name, specifications and quantity of dangerous goods, and carefully check the packaging of goods.

Goods whose safety technical specifications, safety labels, signs and marks are inconsistent with the waybill or whose packaging is damaged or does not meet the requirements shall be refused to be loaded. Five, loading and unloading operations should be based on the type, volume, weight, quantity of dangerous goods packaging and the requirements of packaging, storage and transportation graphic signs, take corresponding measures, handle with care.

At the same time, it should be: 1, neatly stacked, compact and reliable, and easy to count; 2. When loading and stacking, the barrel mouth and the box cover are facing upward, and the barrel mouth and the bag mouth of the bagged goods that are allowed to fall horizontally should face inward; When the stack is unloaded, the barrel mouth and the box cover should face upwards, and the barrel mouth and the bag mouth of the bagged goods that are allowed to fall horizontally should face outwards; 3. Loading balance; When stacking, both sides of the carriage should be staggered inward, which is higher than the parcel at the top of the fence, and the part of stacking beyond the baffle of the carriage should not exceed half the height of the parcel itself; 4. After the goods are loaded, they should be firmly tied with ropes; Easy-to-slip packages need to be covered with anti-dropping net cover and tied tightly with rope or covered tightly with felt cloth; When it is necessary to cover the goods with multiple pieces of felt cloth, the seam between the two pieces of felt cloth must be covered with an overlap of more than 15CM, and the felt cloth in the first half of the cargo hold should be pressed against the felt cloth in the second half; 5. Dangerous goods with a packaging volume greater than 450L that are easy to roll should be fastened; 6. Packages with vent holes are not allowed to be turned upside down or placed horizontally to prevent the contained goods from leaking or being mixed with impurities. Six, need to move the vehicle in the process of loading and unloading, should first close the door or guardrail.

If the door or tailgate cannot be closed at the same position, someone should be supervised before moving the vehicle under the premise of ensuring safety. Start slowly and stop steadily.

Seven, loading and unloading of dangerous goods tray, trolley should be dedicated as far as possible. Before loading and unloading, the loading and unloading machinery should be inspected.

When loading and unloading explosives, organic peroxides and dangerous drugs, the maximum loading capacity of loading and unloading machinery should be less than 75% of its rated load. Eight, when loading and unloading dangerous goods, the job site should be kept clean.

Vehicles and tools loaded with dangerous drugs and contaminated by dangerous goods shall be cleaned and disinfected according to the vehicle cleaning and disinfection method in Appendix E of JT6 17-2004. Dangerous goods leakage and pollutants should be sent to the place designated by the local environmental protection department for centralized treatment.

Transportation requirements: 1. Vehicles shall be equipped with running state recording devices and necessary communication tools. Second, the exhaust pipe of vehicles transporting inflammable and explosive dangerous goods should be equipped with a device for heat insulation and extinguishing Mars, and equipped with a device for conducting static electricity and a rubber support belt meeting the requirements of JT230.

Three, the vehicle should be cut off the main power supply and spark isolation device, cut off the main power supply device should be installed in the cab. Four, transport explosives, solid drugs, wet flammable substances, infectious substances and organic peroxides, should use van transport, transport should ensure that the door is locked; For vehicles transporting bottled gas, air circulation in the compartment should be ensured.

Five, the transport of liquefied gas, flammable liquid and highly toxic liquid, should use a fixed tank car, tank car or tank container, six, the transport of dangerous goods need to control the temperature of the vehicle, should have an effective temperature control device. Seven, the transport of dangerous goods should be carried with the car "road dangerous goods transport safety card".

Eight, the transport of dangerous goods should be based on the nature of the goods, take corresponding measures such as shading, temperature control, explosion-proof, anti-static, fire prevention, earthquake prevention, waterproof, antifreeze, dust flying prevention, leakage prevention. Nine, vehicles transporting dangerous goods are not allowed to park in residential areas, densely populated areas, * * organs, places of interest and scenic spots.

If loading and unloading operations or temporary parking are needed in the above areas, safety measures should be taken. Ten, transport explosives, flammable and explosive chemicals and toxic, radioactive and other dangerous goods, should be approved by the local public security department in advance, according to the specified route, time and speed.

2. Basic knowledge of dangerous goods transport vehicles

Road transport of dangerous goods must have transport equipment and loading and unloading equipment to ensure safety, as well as operators and drivers with professional dangerous goods performance to ensure the safety of dangerous goods transport.

Motor vehicle containers should use wooden floors to avoid sparks; If the iron floor is used, it should be protected by corresponding gaskets. Motor vehicle exhaust pipes must have heat insulation and fire extinguishing devices. According to the nature of dangerous goods, equipped with corresponding fire fighting equipment and binding, waterproof, anti-loss and other instruments.

The material of tank (tank) of tank car must be suitable for the nature of the goods, such as aluminum tank for nitric acid, glass fiber reinforced plastic and stainless steel for waste nitric acid. Equipped with two-way doors, breakwater, awning and other safety devices as required. Vehicles carrying containers, large gas cylinders and movable tanks (cans) must have effective solid equipment and corresponding wooden plugs.

Special transport vehicles and equipment for transporting radioisotopes must comply with the relevant provisions of the health and epidemic prevention departments. Vehicles, equipment, handling tools and protective articles should be regularly checked for radioactive pollution. When the radioactive intensity of pollution exceeds the standard, they must be cleaned and disinfected before they can continue to be used.

All kinds of loading and unloading machinery used require sufficient safety factor, and the general design requirement is more than one-third of the load capacity. For example, a crane with a rated load of 5 tons should have a lifting capacity of 6 to 7 tons. Transport machinery must have explosion-proof devices to eliminate sparks. It is forbidden to use tools that are easy to rub and generate sparks, and the tools used shall not be stuck with pollutants that conflict with the loaded goods.

3. Dangerous goods handling standards

Dangerous goods signs indicate the dangerous nature of the goods. Dangerous goods are dangerous in transportation. In order to make the relevant personnel engaged in transportation, loading, unloading, storage and safekeeping be able to identify the characteristics of dangerous goods on the outside of the package, the mark indicating the dangerous characteristics of the goods on the package is called the dangerous goods packaging mark. Countries are represented by specific special patterns and characters, which have remarkable characteristics. Dangerous goods are classified into nine categories in the international dangerous rules and the classification of China's national standards and commodity names: (1) explosives; (2), compressed gas and liquefied gas; (3) Flammable liquid; (4) Flammable solids; (5) Oxidizing substances (oxidants) and organic peroxides; (6) Poisons and infectious substances; (7) Radioactive substances; (8) Corrosive products; (9) All kinds of dangerous substances and articles. According to the nature and category of dangerous goods, packaging signs are divided into two types: main signs and auxiliary signs. All signs are displayed in an upright square with an angle of 45 degrees, except that the marine pollutant signs are displayed in a triangle. The main sign is a square sign with an upright angle of 45 degrees, which consists of four parts: patterns representing the characteristics of dangerous goods, text descriptions, background colors and dangerous goods categories. The difference between the main sign and the auxiliary sign is that the latter has no dangerous goods category number. The pattern in the sign is as simple and clear as possible, which can accurately show the dangerous nature of dangerous goods. For example, mines represent explosives and skeletons represent drugs. Skeleton plus X means drama drugs, torch means inflammables, and spilled liquid in the cup will hurt hands, indicating corrosive products, etc.

4. What are the safety precautions for hazardous chemicals loading and unloading vehicles?

1. Procedures for entering and leaving the factory.

Security personnel should strictly go through the formalities of entering and leaving the factory, register foreign vehicles, fill in the registration form clearly and in detail, and carefully record the types of goods and the time of entering and leaving the factory. Vehicles are strictly forbidden to bring inflammable and explosive articles with fireworks into the factory, and vehicles can only be released after entering and leaving the gate with the signature of our escort.

Second, the weighing of heavy vehicles.

After receiving the weighing notice, the unloading personnel should weigh the vehicles that need to be unloaded, and strictly abide by the duties of the weighing supervisor to ensure that the company's interests will not be lost. When weighing, carefully check whether the unloading list is consistent with the vehicle to ensure the quality of the unloaded products. After the heavy truck is weighed, follow the unloading immediately according to the principle of "whoever is in charge of weighing is responsible".

Three. Inspection contents of dangerous chemicals transport vehicles

1. Before loading and unloading the car, the inside of the tank car must be checked first, and there can be no floating animals that are not grounded.

2. The loading pipeline and tank car must be bridged and grounded.

3. When loading at the top, the loading device should be 200 mm deep into the bottom of the storage tank.

4. It is forbidden to transport light oil by tanker without baffle.

5. After that, let it stand for not less than 5 minutes, and then carry out sampling, temperature measurement, ruler measurement and grounding wire removal.

6. Don't change the tanker without cleaning it.

7. The exhaust pipe of motor vehicles must be equipped with effective devices for heat insulation and extinguishing Mars, and the circuit system should be equipped with devices for cutting off the main power supply and isolating sparks;

8. A signal flag with black words "Dangerous Goods" on a yellow background must be hung in front of the left side of the vehicle.

9. According to the nature of dangerous goods, equipped with corresponding fire-fighting equipment and binding, waterproof, anti-loss and other appliances.

Fourth, the safety requirements before loading and unloading vehicles

1. Personnel engaged in the loading and unloading of dangerous goods should master the chemical and physical properties of dangerous goods and emergency measures.

2. When loading and unloading operations, labor protection articles must be used correctly.

3. When entering the loading and unloading area, you are not allowed to carry kindling with you. When loading and unloading inflammable and explosive dangerous goods, you are not allowed to wear work shoes with nails and work clothes that are easy to generate static electricity.

4. Covering, strapping, moistureproof and other personal tools must be complete and effective.

5. Equipped with special labor protection articles and appliances, kept by special personnel, regularly overhauled and kept in good condition.

6. Direct contact with articles is prohibited, and eating and drinking in production or use places are not allowed.

7. Wear labor protection articles correctly. After work, you must change your work clothes and clean them before you leave the workplace.

8. A certain number of emergency detoxification drugs should be prepared in places with toxic substances.

5. What should I pay attention to when transporting and loading hazardous chemicals?

(1) Handle with care to prevent collision, dragging and dumping.

(2) Chemical dangerous goods that may cause combustion, explosion or other dangers due to collision and mutual contact, as well as chemical dangerous goods with conflicting chemical properties or protection and fire extinguishing methods, shall not be mixed in violation of loading restrictions. (3) Thermal insulation and moisture-proof measures should be taken for chemical dangerous goods that are easy to burn, explode or produce toxic gases when exposed to heat and moisture.

When loading dangerous chemicals, passengers and goods shall not be mixed. Trains, ships and aircraft cabins carrying passengers are not allowed to carry dangerous chemicals.

Passengers are prohibited from carrying or carrying dangerous chemicals on the above-mentioned vehicles. Irrelevant personnel are prohibited from riding in carriages, cabins and aircraft cabins carrying dangerous chemicals.

When vehicles carrying dangerous chemicals (except trains) pass through urban areas, they shall abide by the driving time and route stipulated by the local public security organs and shall not stop at will. A small amount of inflammable and explosive hazardous chemicals or reagents urgently needed for quality inspection or scientific research can be consigned by express mail according to relevant regulations under the condition of ensuring safety.

6. What are the safe operations for handling hazardous chemicals?

Safe handling of hazardous chemicals (1) Before handling hazardous chemicals, make preparations in advance, understand the nature of the goods and check whether the handling tools are firm. If they are not strong, they should be replaced or repaired.

If the tool is contaminated by flammable materials, organic substances, acids, alkalis, etc. , must be cleaned before use. (2) Operators should wear corresponding protective articles according to the dangerous characteristics of different materials, and pay more attention to toxic, corrosive, radioactive and other items.

Protective equipment includes overalls, rubber aprons, rubber sleeves, rubber gloves, rubber boots, gas masks, gas masks, gauze masks, gauze gloves and goggles. Before operation, a special person should check whether the appliance is suitable and properly worn.

After the operation, it should be cleaned or disinfected and stored in a special cabinet. (3) Handling hazardous chemicals should be handled with care to prevent collision, friction, collision and vibration.

When liquid iron drums are packed and stacked, it is not allowed to slide off quickly with a springboard. Old tires or other soft objects should be placed on the ground and next to the pile, and loaded slowly. Don't turn the items marked "Not Inverted" upside down.

If the package leaks, it must be moved to a safe place for repair or replacement. Tools that may cause sparks should not be used in decoration.

Dangerous chemicals are scattered on the ground, and the car has fallen, so it should be cleaned up in time. For inflammable and explosive articles, soft objects should be cleaned after soaking in water. (4) Don't drink or smoke when handling dangerous chemicals.

After work, wash your hands, wash your face, rinse your mouth or shower in time according to the work situation and the nature of dangerous goods. When loading and unloading toxic substances, the air circulation at the site must be maintained. If you find nausea, dizziness and other poisoning phenomena, you should immediately rest in fresh air, take off your work clothes and protective equipment, clean the contaminated parts of your skin and send them to the hospital for treatment.

(5) When loading and unloading explosives, Class I inflammables and Class I oxidants, no means of transport without explosion-proof devices such as iron unicycle and battery car (battery car without Mars control device) shall be used. Personnel involved in the operation shall not wear shoes with nails.

It is forbidden to roll iron drums and trample on dangerous chemicals and their packaging (explosives). When loading the car, it must be as smooth as possible and not piled too high. For example, it is not allowed to bring a trailer after loading the car with potassium chlorate (sodium chloride). General loading and unloading should be carried out during the day and avoid direct sunlight.

Operation should be done in the morning and evening in hot season, and explosion-proof or enclosed safety lighting should be used for operation at night. When working in rain, snow and ice, anti-skid measures should be taken.

(6) When loading and unloading highly corrosive articles, check whether the bottom of the box has been corroded before operation to prevent the bottom from becoming dangerous. When carrying, it is forbidden to lift the shoulder bar, carry or hug with both hands. You can only pick, lift and lift the car.

When stacking, do not turn upside down, tilt or vibrate, so as not to spill liquid. Clear water, soda water or acetic acid should be available on site for emergency use.

(7) When handling radioactive materials, it is forbidden to shoulder, carry or hug. And try to reduce the contact between the human body and the packaging of articles, and should handle it with care to prevent the packaging from being damaged.

Wash your hands and face with soap and water after work, and take a bath before eating and drinking. Protective equipment and tools used must be carefully cleaned to eliminate radiation infection.

The sewage contaminated by radioactivity cannot be scattered casually, and should be introduced into deep ditches or treated. Waste should be dug deep and buried.

(eight) articles with conflicting nature shall not be loaded and unloaded at the same place, but shall be transported on the same car (ship). For items that are afraid of heat and humidity, heat insulation and moisture-proof measures should be taken.

7. What are the precautions for dangerous goods transportation?

All articles that are corrosive, natural, flammable, toxic and explosive and need special protection are dangerous goods.

Dangerous goods have special physical and chemical properties. If it is not properly protected during transportation, it is easy to have an accident, and the consequences caused by the accident are more serious than ordinary vehicles. Therefore, in order to ensure safety, we should pay attention to the following eight points in dangerous transportation: 1.

Pay attention to packing dangerous goods in a safe way according to their nature, transportation distance and road conditions along the way before shipment. Packaging must be firm and tight, and there should be clear, standardized and easily recognizable marks on the packaging.

2。 Pay attention to roads, lights, signs, fire control facilities, etc. In the dangerous goods loading and unloading site that must meet the safety loading and unloading conditions.

When loading and unloading dangerous goods, cars should be parked in the open air, and loading and unloading workers should pay attention to their own protection and wear necessary protective articles. Strictly abide by the operating rules, light and light, no bumping, collision, rollover, heavy pressure and inversion. Goods that are afraid of being wet should be covered with tarpaulins, and the goods must be neatly stacked and securely tied.

Dangerous goods with different properties cannot be mixed in the same car, such as detonators and explosives. 3。

When transporting dangerous goods by car, pay attention to the use of suitable vehicles. Explosives, class I oxidants and organic oxides are not allowed to be transported by full-trailer trains, three-wheeled motor vehicles, motorcycles, human tricycles and bicycles. Do not use tractors to transport explosives, class I oxidants, organic peroxides and class I inflammables. Except for the second kind of fixed dangerous goods, other dangerous goods shall not be shipped by dump trucks.

4。 Pay attention to fire prevention when transporting dangerous goods to avoid fire. When loading and unloading dangerous goods, tools that do not generate sparks should be used. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the carriage, and vehicles should not be near open flames, high temperature places and exposure places.

The tank car loaded with oil should be equipped with grounding wire when parking, loading and unloading, and the grounding wire should touch the ground when driving to prevent fire caused by static electricity. 5。

Pay attention to driving vehicles loaded with dangerous goods, and set the signs specified in GB 13392-92 "Vehicle Signs for Road Dangerous Goods Transport". Cars must strictly abide by traffic, fire protection, public security and other laws and regulations, control the speed, keep a distance from the car in front, slow down in advance in case of any situation, avoid emergency braking, and strictly prohibit overtaking in violation of regulations to ensure driving safety.

6。 Pay attention to the leakage of dangerous goods during shipment and handle them properly according to their different properties.

When the explosives are scattered, they should be moved to a safe place and the packaging should be repaired or replaced. The leaked explosives should be soaked in water in time and treated by local public security firefighters. When the tank storing compressed gas or liquefied gas leaks, it should be moved to a ventilated place, and the leaked steel cylinder should be watered to cool down; When liquid ammonia leaks, it can be immersed in water. Other highly toxic gases should be soaked in lime water.

When inflammable solid articles are scattered, the scattered packaging should be quickly transferred to a safe place. After the yellow phosphorus is dispersed, it should be immediately immersed in water, and metal sodium and potassium must be immersed in an iron drum filled with kerosene or anhydrous liquid paraffin. When flammable liquid leaks, the leaked part should be moved upward in time, and it should be moved to a safe and ventilated place for repair or replacement of packaging, and the leaked part should be covered with yellow sand and dry soil and cleaned up.

8. What should I pay attention to when handling dangerous goods?

Article 1 Before loading and unloading, the safety management department shall formulate safety protection measures according to the nature of loading and unloading dangerous goods and the working environment, and issue a notice of safety precautions to the operation department. No operation can be arranged until the safety measures are implemented.

Article 2 Vehicles and ships shall be ventilated and cleaned before loading and unloading dangerous goods. No residue shall be left after loading and unloading, and cars and trucks loaded with toxic substances must be washed clean after unloading.

Article 3 The loading and unloading of dangerous goods must be undertaken by trained loading and unloading teams and instructors, and the operation department must do a good job of safety protection in accordance with the requirements of the Notice on Safety Precautions for Loading and Unloading, equip with effective protective articles, and strictly prohibit illegal operations. Article 4 The stevedores of dangerous goods shall wear corresponding protective articles according to the nature of the dangerous goods shipped. Handle with care when loading and unloading, to prevent collision, heavy pressure, dragging and dumping, not to damage the packaging container, pay attention to the signs, and stack it correctly and safely.

Article 5 Loading of goods with damaged packages is strictly prohibited, and the loading and delivery departments should carefully check them. Article 6 When transporting explosive, highly toxic, radioactive, flammable liquids, flammable gases and other articles, vehicles that meet the safety requirements must be used.

It is forbidden to transport explosives by battery cars, dump trucks and bicycles; Forklifts and forklifts are prohibited from carrying inflammable and explosive liquefied gas and other dangerous goods. .