When did kindergartens in China come into being? Thank you for your questions.

19 1 1 year, a famous Manchu aristocrat was beheaded and his head was sent to the Shanghai Museum for exhibition. Being reviled by countless people every day. It is said that the sound of "good, good" is everywhere at the exhibition site, and the people applauding are "mostly soldiers". This noble who didn't get a good death is called Duan Fang. He was ordered to put out the railway agitation in Sichuan, and he didn't want to be killed by his uprising soldiers and die in his own hands. In the history books full of jokes, Duan Fang has always been a buffoon. However, what we see is not necessarily the truth of history, or rather, not the whole truth. Like this end. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng commented: "Cen Chunxuan did not learn (know) and had no skills (politics), Zhang Zhidong learned without skills, Yuan Shikai learned without skills, and Duan Fangxue had skills." The late Qing government sent five ministers abroad to inspect constitutionalism, and Duan Fang was one of them. Empress Dowager Cixi passed away. At the funeral, Duan Fang went to Dongling Avant-garde to take photos for the photo sending team. This unruly behavior really angered Regent Zai Feng, who was fired. Duan Fang is also a collector. There is an anecdote that he doesn't know how to collect. At a bureaucratic gathering, when people talked about antiques, he joined in the excitement and was ridiculed as "what do you know!" " Faced with such a great shame, he made great efforts to study the traditional culture of the Han nationality, especially in Shaanxi, where he collected antiques and finally indulged in the past. A few years later, the country really looked at him with new eyes. However, Duan Fang's photo shoot and his achievements in collection are not as impressive as his achievements in modern education in China. During his tenure in Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan and other provinces, he was keen on the New Deal and eager to promote his studies. There are many students in Hunan who have been sent abroad to study. They have a strong hospitality and reconcile the old and the new. Hunan people praise them. " Duan Fang is really "eager to learn". He is the founder of Jinan University. He also knows that education should start with dolls. 1903 Established a kindergarten in Wuchang, Hubei Province in September. 1904 was officially named Wuchang Mengyang Hospital in Hubei Province, which is the first kindergarten in China. 1905 When he was governor of Hunan, he set up a foster family in Hunan. This is the first kindergarten in Hunan. Why run a kindergarten? Of course, running a kindergarten is not like taking pictures of Cixi's funeral. It's a doomsday whim. 1837, Froebel, the "father of preschool education" and a German preschool educator, established the world's first social preschool education institution named "kindergarten" in Brandenburg, Germany. "Kindergarten" means "children's garden", which embodies human recognition of children's value. The desire for children's happiness has gradually attracted the attention of the world. German politicians introduced it to Britain, introduced it to the United States through the British Expo and brought it to Japan by missionaries. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, in order to save the motherland in distress, China students introduced the Floppel Kindergarten with Japanese characteristics to China. In order to implement the contents of the "New Deal" and "promoting learning and educating talents", the Qing government ordered all counties and States to "run more schools for children" in the "imperial edict" of August190/kloc-0. 1903 promulgated "Guimao Academic System", taking Mongolian nursing homes as a part of national basic education. In the same year, the Qing government promulgated the Constitution of Children's Home and the Constitution of Family Education Law, which made many specific provisions for Children's Home. Since then, Mongolian sanatoriums have been established all over the country, first in Hubei and Hunan, then in Shi Jing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Guangdong. The word "nurturing" is a traditional expression in China. The so-called "nurturing by education" means paying attention to the origin of life, being cautious, and advocating to exert positive influence in the enlightenment of infants' wisdom, developing their wisdom and promoting children to become better adults. The establishment of foster families, according to the "Teaching Outline of Foster Families in Hunan" formulated in the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), aims at "cultivating children from poor families with beautiful materials, and parents from rich families should not care about their children getting into bad habits in the same place; With this feeling, no matter rich or poor, primary schools can educate together in the future. As one of the five ministers who went abroad to inspect constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, Duan Fang believed that "the prosperity of eastern and western countries does not come from education", so he became the first person to establish a kindergarten in China. What kind of kindergarten? The Children's Home and Family Education Law promulgated in the 29th year of Guangxu reign (1903) made detailed provisions on the "hardware facilities" in Children's Home: the houses in Children's Home should be built on the flat ground, and no buildings that may cause danger to children should be built. Nursing homes should be equipped with nursery rooms, game rooms and other necessary rooms. This nursery is big enough to accommodate five children and covers an area of six square feet. The area of the garden is so large that the smallest garden should be 6 square feet for a child. The Law of Conservation stipulates that games can be divided into casual games and fan games. Random games allow children to exercise independently, and players of the same person join their children in various sports and make chorus songs to save them from a dilemma; Let them be happy, lively, healthy and safe, and cultivate children's habit of loving many music groups. In addition, plants and flowers are planted on the ground and in the hospital near the nursing home, and water and fertilizer are infiltrated to observe their self-growth and flowering and fruiting. At the moment of nursing and teaching young children, it is not allowed to pass four o'clock every day (including the time for eating and drinking). In addition, you can listen to yourself, but you must take precautions at any time when you are injured. Regarding the curriculum, according to the Teaching Introduction of Hunan Mongolian Nursing College, the college has set up seven courses: conversation. There are two kinds of cultivated words and ordinary words. The former shows "the way to be a man" and must be simple and interesting. "For example, the story of China's twenty-four filial piety is quite interesting"; The latter means "the name of the thing", and the teacher simply explains its general meaning to the child. " For example, a dog can watch the house and a chicken can watch the morning, which naturally makes children feel something in their hearts. "Line instrument. Choose appropriate and interesting behaviors for children to imitate, and teachers should guide them in time. Reading club. That is literacy. Several parties. Teach children to learn odd and even numbers, addition and subtraction, etc. Hand skills. In other words, children can grasp the weight, size, length and develop their thinking by inserting "kindness". There are eleven kinds of "rites", including "woodwork" (the shapes of houses, boats and bridges are piled up with wooden squares according to the drawings, which is a bit like building blocks today), "board arrangement" (the shapes of various appliances are arranged with wooden boards, and there are styles to be imitated in the initial arrangement) and "chopsticks arrangement" (the shapes are arranged with bamboo sticks, such as "one" and "two"). Why do these eleven "gifts" best develop children's minds? Their respective functions can answer this question. For example, "wood products" can satisfy children's curiosity to explore the interior of things, arouse children's scrutiny of the unique shape of things, inspire their concepts of "whole" and "part", and cultivate their ability to create things. Pie can develop children's imagination, produce various patterns of their new organization, make children form the outline of various things, and make them secretly find out the patterns they have constructed. Wait a minute. Music songs. Accompanied by singing and dancing, it not only cultivates aesthetic feeling, but also cultivates temperament; You can strengthen your limbs through gymnastics. For example, we can "make simple lyrics of famous scenic spots, rural sages and officials and various plants in our province, so that students can sing them happily." "Music songs" seemed to have the function of "spiritual civilization construction" at that time. Introduction to the Teaching of Mongolian Nursing Hospital in Hunan pays special attention to "music songs", saying that "cover is related to people's loyalty to thinkers, so is education", and that "any school without music songs is a teaching without teaching and a teaching without morality", which is very important. Games. Carry out indoor and outdoor games to activate children's interest in life and regulate their temperament. Introduction to Teaching in Mengyang College of Hunan pointed out that speaking and acting are the starting bases of moral education, reading, counting and hand skills are the starting bases of intellectual education, and music, songs and games are the starting bases of physical education, emphasizing the organic combination and mutual penetration of all subjects. Related links [the first kindergarten in Hunan] 1905, Duan Fang, the governor of Hunan, founded the Hunan Mongolian nursing home in Hunan. The Mongolian nursing home appointed Feng Kai (Sanfenshui Garui) as the dean, and hired two Japanese ladies, Yukiko Chunshan and Sato, as nannies (that is, teachers) to recruit children aged 3 to below school age (4 to 6 years old). [Pre-school education in the past] In the late Qing Dynasty, there were only two preschool education institutions in Changsha, one was the Hunan government-run foster home founded by 1905, and the other was the private Zhou Family School affiliated kindergarten founded by 1907. These two preschool institutions were closed by 19 1 1. After the Revolution of 1911, Hunan Guanying Mongolian Sanatorium was renamed as the kindergarten affiliated to Provincial No.1 Women's Normal School, and was restored in Changsha Ancient Paddy Field on 19 12, and Huang Guohou, a graduate of Japanese Women's Normal School, was hired as the director. Later, the hospital was renamed as the affiliated kindergarten of the second middle school of the province and the affiliated kindergarten of Changsha women's middle school of the province with the first normal school of the province. In August of the same year, Jiang Baoren (female, Hui nationality) founded a private kindergarten in Shetan Street, Changsha. By 19 15, it was named as a kindergarten affiliated to kindergarten primary school. This kindergarten remained until after liberation. This is a private kindergarten with the longest history, the largest scale and the greatest influence in Changsha. From 19 13 to 1934, private primary and secondary schools such as Hengcui, Nan Zhou, Chuyi, Xiangya, Yu Ying, Minben, Fuxiang, Yilao, Hanguang, South China, Mingxian and Weinan have successively resumed or established kindergartens (groups). [Teacher] Kindergarten teachers were called nannies in the late Qing Dynasty and teachers in the Republic of China. Although the Regulations on the Appointment of Teachers promulgated in the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty did not stipulate the qualifications of teachers in nursing homes, they were generally implemented with reference to the regulations of primary schools. At that time, the nursing home was just established and there was a shortage of teachers, most of whom were hired from Japan. In the spring of the thirty-first year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, Zhu founded the Zhoujia School Teachers Department, which trained preschool teachers for the first time. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu, the first batch of graduates Jiang Baoren (later studying in Japan), Dai Jiang and Yang Qiquan served as nannies. During the Republic of China, the qualification for kindergarten teachers was: graduated from primary school or secondary normal school. As people born in the 1970s, we didn't enjoy the "treatment" of going to kindergarten. The reason is simple: it is not necessary. In those days, housing was free, although it was a little small; Furniture doesn't cost money, just take it from the logistics management department, although the style is a bit poor; Mom and dad entrust people to take care of their children and put them in the nursery run by the unit, although the memories brought by the nursery to the children are a bit dark. Our brothers and sisters spent several years in the nursery run by the company. There is no playroom or nursery in that nursery. It seems that there is only one big room, and the little brothers and sisters who can't walk (it's just that he is my brother) have even more poor room-give you a big wooden bucket and you can sit in it standing up if you want. There is almost no impression of playing games, except for the old lady in the nursery who tells us ghost stories when she is interested, which makes us feel inexplicable fear of dark places from now on. There are no nutritious meals. What impressed me most was that once the nursery cooked a small bucket of paste in order to brush some slogans. Finally, the unused bucket of paste became a "dessert" in our stomachs. At that time, what we feared most was being locked in a dark room. Anyone who is disobedient and naughty will be locked up by an old woman. The room was dark and there was nothing. What is "extreme helplessness"? We realized it early in the dark room. Kindergartens in China are said to have existed since the end of Qing Dynasty, and the concept and method of education are still very humanized. Why did it replace what it had taken over decades later? Modern kindergartens advocate the so-called "Montessori Education Law". In fact, the Montessori Education Law was a hundred years ago. Fortunately, this old thing is lucky. After being replaced for a while, I finally succeeded in fighting back. However, we see that there are still many old things hovering around us, dead and alive, alive and dead, which is really confusing.