National emblem of China.

National Emblem of the People's Republic of China consists of the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears and ears of grain (the national flag and Tiananmen Square symbolize the country, the gears symbolize the working class, and the ears of grain symbolize the peasant class), symbolizing the new democratic revolutionary struggle of the China people since the May 4th Movement and the birth of the new China of the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. 1950 in June 18, the second session of the first national Committee of the China people's political consultative conference adopted the pattern of the national emblem of China and its explanation. On September 20th of the same year, President Mao Zedong ordered the announcement of the national emblem of China. 1954 In September, the first session of the First National People's Congress and the subsequent constitution were confirmed. 19912 March, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the National Emblem was adopted at the 65438th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh NPC, promulgated by President People's Republic of China (PRC), and came into effect as of 19965438+. 1 In July, 949, in order to welcome the establishment of the new China, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Preparatory Committee published a notice on soliciting the national flag, national emblem and national anthem in People's Daily, and clearly put forward the design requirements of the national emblem:1,which has China characteristics; 2. It has the characteristics of political power; 3. The form should be solemn and rich.

People from all walks of life all over the country have devoted themselves to this historic work. At the same time, under the order of the Central Committee, the Tsinghua University Construction Department and the National Beiping Academy of Art (1950 changed to the Central Academy of Fine Arts), which are responsible for collecting the drawings of the national emblem, both set up the national emblem design team. As of August 20th, 1949, * * received a total of 1 12 national emblem manuscripts from Chinese at home and abroad, with 900 design schemes. Although these manuscripts and patterns have their own characteristics, they all have shortcomings, so they have not been adopted. Therefore, at the plenary session of the CPPCC in late September, 1949 only adopted the national flag scheme and the lyrics of the national anthem, but did not announce the national emblem scheme.

Later, the first CPPCC decided to invite the Department of Architecture of Tsinghua University and the Central Academy of Fine Arts to organize manpower to design the national emblem respectively. Among them, the National Emblem Design Group of Tsinghua University Architecture Department is headed by Professor Liang Sicheng, a famous Chinese architect and head of the Department of Architecture, and its members include Mr. Liang Sicheng's wife, architect Lin, oil painter Li Zongjin, China architecture expert Mo, architects Zhu, Hu Yunjing, and Luo who studies ancient Chinese architecture. The National Emblem Design Group of the Central Academy of Fine Arts consists of famous artists and professors, Zhou and Zhou. In order to hang the new national emblem on the National Day of 1950, the experts and scholars of the two design groups carefully scrutinized and repeatedly studied various ideas and ideas. Liang Sicheng and Lin both fell ill and took part in the design work. With great excitement, everyone is determined to come up with the best design and win glory for the motherland. According to the requirements put forward by the National Flag and National Emblem Examination Group of China People's Political Consultative Conference and the opinions put forward by people from all walks of life, the two national emblem design groups have compared all the design schemes, and finally determined that the national emblem pattern has the following contents: taking gears, ears of wheat and ears of rice, five stars and ribbons as the theme, reflecting the great unity of the workers and peasants alliance regime under the leadership of China * * * Production Party and the people of the whole country. Tiananmen Square is designed as a part of the theme to represent the birthplace of the May 4th Democratic Movement and the birthplace of New China, and Tiananmen Square is a symbol of the national spirit.

Who proposed to draw the ears of wheat and rice on our national emblem into the design of the national emblem? /kloc-in the winter of 0/942, a cold wind blew in the mountain city of Chongqing. Comrade Soong Ching Ling held a tea party in her apartment to send Comrade Dong back to Yan 'an. Comrade Zhou Enlai and Comrade Deng were also invited to attend. On the coffee table stood two strings of full ears sent by farmers in the suburbs of Chongqing, which were red by the fire. At this time, some people praised the ears of grain as gold. Soong Ching Ling said, "It is more precious than gold. Eighty percent of the population in China are farmers. If there is a bumper harvest every year, the people can have plenty of food and clothing. " Comrade Zhou Enlai stroked the full ears of grain and said meaningfully, "When the whole country is liberated, we will paint the ears of grain on the national emblem." Sure enough, after the national liberation, he did not forget his speech at the tea party. When designing the national emblem of China, he suggested drawing ears of wheat and rice.

In addition to determining the above contents, two national emblem design teams, Tsinghua design team, also decided to use red and gold in the design color based on the requirements of "China characteristics": red reflects the national color tradition of auspicious birthday and celebration in China, and gold reflects luxury and wealth. Gold and red alternate with each other and set each other off, adding to the magnificent color of the pattern. In order to make the national emblem more solemn in form, the Tsinghua design team decided to draw Tiananmen Square as the front elevation, cover the motherland with the five-star red flag symbolizing the China regime as the sky background, and erect it on the central axis of the national emblem pattern, which is symmetrical from left to right, so as to reflect the majestic temperament of the Chinese nation. In terms of modeling, the two design teams also referred to the national emblem patterns of various countries in the design process, and studied and used for reference the decorative patterns and technological effects of China's ancient ceremonial cultural relics such as bronze mirrors, jade jade and Yuhuan. After nearly half a year's efforts, the two groups of experts and scholars repeatedly compared and carefully studied dozens of design patterns, and each completed a pattern that they thought was the most satisfactory. Comparing the schemes of the two groups together, the styles are quite different. The national emblem designed by Liang Sicheng's team, the core content of which is a piece of jade, has the symbol of the national apparatus, and also symbolizes the reunification of the motherland, which belongs to Zhao intact and has a strong literati atmosphere. However, Premier Zhou believes that this plan does not reflect the political characteristics of the new China. The plan of Zhangding Group clearly puts forward: the red gear and golden harvest symbolize the workers-peasants alliance, and the five-pointed star symbolizes the leadership of the working-class political party-China * * * Production Party; The lower part of the gear Jiahe is tied with a red belt, which symbolizes the great unity of the whole country and the prosperity and well-being of the country; Tiananmen Square is the main body. At that time, the central government was more inclined to the plan of Zhangding Group, and held meetings between the two groups, and the responsible persons expressed their opinions respectively. Zhang Ding believes that his original theme was Tiananmen Square, and the idea of the workers' and peasants' alliance came from Zhou Enlai. In the design description, he made it clear that Tiananmen Square is a symbol of China's splendid culture and long history, and also the place where China's new-democratic movement began. 19 19 The May 4th Movement took place here, and the new China was proclaimed here. Therefore, it goes without saying that Tiananmen Square is the main body of the national emblem. Finally, the Central Committee conveyed the opinion that the national emblem must have the image of Tiananmen Square, and accepted the suggestion of Zhang Ding's group. Zhou Enlai gave Liang Sicheng the task of further improving the design of the national emblem. (At that time, Liang Sicheng was from party member and Zhang Ding was from the Liberated Area. Zhou Enlai said to Zhang Ding, "You should cooperate." The national emblem is hung on Tiananmen Square. It is said that eight people, including Liang Sicheng, Lin, Gao Zhuang, Zhou, made meritorious deeds, and each person was rewarded with 800 Jin of millet. Liang Sicheng also suggested giving more to Gao Zhuang, because he made meritorious service and made corrections. At that time, Gao Zhuang suggested that all the bonuses should be donated to the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, which was unanimously adopted. Zhong Ling tells the truth: Zhou Enlai is the chief designer of this national emblem. Only he knows the chairman's opinion and how to arrange when and where to make Mao Zedong interested in making a decision. This is a typical collective creation.

1950 On September 20th, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central People's Government issued an order to announce the national emblem to the whole country. From then on, the solemn and beautiful national emblem of China was born. The national emblem of our country clearly shows the nature of our country. It marks the victory of the China people's new-democratic revolutionary struggle since the May 4th Movement and the birth of the new China of the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class based on the workers-peasants alliance. China's new-democratic revolution began in the May 4th Movement and won a great victory in 1949, establishing People's Republic of China (PRC). Tiananmen Square is the birthplace of the May 4th Movement, and it is also the place for grand gathering when New China was founded. It is very appropriate to use the Tiananmen pattern as a symbol of the new national spirit. The ears of wheat and rice symbolize the working class and the peasant class, and the five stars on the national flag represent the great unity of the people of China under the leadership of China, which clearly shows that the nature of the new China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship based on the alliance of workers and peasants led by the working class. The national emblem is a national symbol, representing the dignity of our great socialist motherland, the people of China and the country. Therefore, we must respect and cherish the national emblem. The design and completion of the national emblem is the crystallization of collective wisdom and the embodiment of the people's will. Condensed the efforts of many designers; Full of their love for China * * * production party, their yearning for socialism and their deep affection for new China. Everyone who participates in the design of the national emblem will live in the beautiful memory of the people of China forever.

1On August 28th, 949, when the State Council called experts and scholars from all walks of life to discuss the design of the national emblem, Gao Zhuang, who participated in the design of the national emblem, said at the meeting: "When shaping the national emblem, I have a wish, that is, to make our national emblem more solemn, clearer, healthier, stronger, more stylized and more unified, and to give it a higher national spirit and the spirit of the times.

Gao Zhuang's ardent desire represents the voice of all the people in China. 1950 The national emblem pattern officially promulgated on September 20 fully reflects the wishes and aspirations of the people of the whole country. It is not easy to make a three-dimensional model of a plane national emblem sculpture that has been deliberated and approved by the CPPCC General Assembly. The design of the national emblem of this aircraft is based on hundreds of design schemes publicly collected by the Preparatory Committee of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, through consultation by all parties, and through the design competition of experts and scholars from two national emblem design groups, Tsinghua University and Central Academy of Fine Arts. In the end, the design scheme of Tsinghua University Design Group (including Liang Sicheng, Liu Yi, Liu Yi and other designers and arts and crafts design rookies who had great influence at home and abroad at that time) passed the evaluation of the CPPCC evaluation group. It is of course an arduous and glorious task to use Gaozhuang sculpture as a three-dimensional model of the national emblem for this plane pattern that has condensed the painstaking efforts of countless people.

After Gao Zhuang accepted the task, he first carefully studied the pattern of the national emblem of the aircraft and found that there were still many shortcomings. For example, in the original picture, the rice straw bends outward and hangs messy; The ribbon of the red ribbon lacks context and has the feeling that the city wall is not straight. Gao Zhuang believes that giving the national emblem a higher national spirit and spirit of the times is the guiding ideology of the revision work, and the materials that constitute the national emblem, such as the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears, rice and wheat, and red ribbons, are all stipulated by the central government. How to use these materials to form patterns and use them to express spiritual images and artistic effects can be fully utilized by artists.

With this belief, Gao Zhuang repeatedly conceived and carefully compared. He put rice and wheat side by side on the branches, giving them different personalities of combining rigidity with softness, symbolizing the unity of all ethnic groups in China and the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Red ribbons are regularly inserted in it, echoing the Tiananmen Wall, giving people a strong and steady impression. Other places have also made some changes, such as the size of Tiananmen Square, the position of China's watch, the distance between the five-pointed stars on the national flag and so on. In a word, the revised national emblem pattern is unified with local changes, solemn in form, natural and beautiful, and fully embodies the spirit of the Chinese nation and the spirit of the times.

In the process of modifying the pattern of the national emblem and shaping the three-dimensional model of the national emblem, Gao Zhuang consulted a lot of materials and bought a Buddha statue and several bronze mirrors of Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties as reference. In order to make the national emblem more perfect and spectacular, he put the plaster model of the national emblem together with the original plane pattern, so that people could compare comments, listen to opinions and constantly modify it to perfection. Gaozhuang still treasures the plaster national emblem model made that year.

Gao Zhuang has made great achievements in arts and crafts, and his woodcut and sketch skills have won the appreciation of Mr. Xu Beihong, a master of fine arts. For decades, he has trained a large number of artistic talents with both ability and political integrity for the motherland and made due contributions to arts and crafts education in China.

When Professor Gao Zhuang was eighty years old, he wrote poems to express his ambition:

The old ox is willing to work hard step by step without asking for anything in return.

The grass is growing, and the bones are willing to enter the hands of artists.

This poem reflects the endless valuable spirit of this artist who has made outstanding contributions to the people. The national emblem pattern was adopted by the eighth meeting of the Central People's Government Committee on June 28th, 1950, including the national emblem pattern and its explanation: "The contents of the national emblem are the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears and ears of wheat and rice, symbolizing the new democratic revolutionary struggle of China people since the May 4th Movement and the birth of a new China under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the workers' and peasants' alliance."

The design of the national emblem in Design of the National Emblem is plain (without color), which is almost omitted by books, newspapers, television, internet and other media. This design was published in People's Daily 199 15 on March 5th, and in People's Republic of China (PRC) NPC Standing Committee Bulletin 15 in the same month. National defense education > * * * national flag, national emblem and national anthem exhibition (figure) > the first exhibition hall: historical trust (figure)] can also be seen.

The production instructions were issued by the General Office of the Central People's Government Committee on September 20th, 1950. Explain that Article 5 reads as follows: "The national emblem is painted in gold and red: Maimi, Wuxing, Tiananmen Square, the gear is gold, and the foundation and vertical line in the ring are red; Red is red (like the national flag), and gold is big red gold (bright and shiny gold). "

It can be seen that the second paragraph of Article 2 of the National Emblem Law stipulates that the national emblem should be made according to the national emblem pattern and the production instructions of 1950, which cannot guarantee the unification of the colors of the national emblem.

The design of the national emblem states that "the contents of the national emblem are the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears, ears of wheat and rice", and the coloring of the national emblem is inseparable from "yellow and red". This is because the national flag of China is a five-star red flag (the national flag is red and there are five yellow five-pointed stars on the upper left). See the Note on Making the National Flag published by the Presidium of the First Plenary Session of the China People's Political Consultative Conference on September 28th (1949), and its color is "yellow-red". The national emblem made by the portal website of the Central People's Government is based on the national emblem pattern (see the homepage of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the portal website of the Central People's Government >: General Situation of China > National Emblem). The "golden yellow and red" mentioned in the production instructions are obviously different from "yellow and red". "Wheat and rice, five stars, Tiananmen Square and gears are golden, and the foundation and suspension in the ring are red; The statement that red is true red (the same as the national flag) and gold is big red gold (shining gold) shows that only red is the same as the red of the national flag (the surface of the national flag), and gold is big red gold (shining gold), which is different from the yellow of the national flag (five stars). Therefore, the color of the national emblem made according to the production instructions must be different from that made according to the national emblem pattern.

Because the production instructions published by the General Office of the Central People's Government Committee are different from the national emblem patterns adopted by the Central People's Government Committee, there is no "standard answer" to the color of the national emblem, and people can only color the national emblem according to their own opinions when making the national emblem. In this way, the national emblem of "golden red" and "yellow red" came into being.

It can be seen that the color of the national emblem should be the same, and the national emblem law should be revised and improved. No matter whether the revised national emblem law stipulates that the color of the national emblem is "yellow red" or "golden red", the national emblem law should draw the color pattern of the national emblem. After all, it is difficult to explain the color of the national emblem only by words. Take "gold is pure red gold (shiny gold)" as an example. Because people have different understandings of it, the "gold" produced is also poor. The colors of the national emblem are different, which is related to the provisions of the National Emblem Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the National Emblem Law).

199 1 On March 2nd, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) enacted the National Emblem Law. On the 4th of the same month, People's Daily published the Law of the National Emblem (Text), and on the 5th, it published the annex of the Law of the National Emblem. On June 5th, the General Office of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) published the Bulletin of the NPC Standing Committee of People's Republic of China (PRC), which published the national emblem law in full.

There are fifteen articles in the text of the National Emblem Law, and the second article is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph is "China People and National Emblem, Tiananmen Square in the middle is illuminated by five stars, surrounded by ears of grain and gears." The second paragraph reads: "The China National Emblem and the National Emblem shall be made in accordance with the Pattern of the National Emblem of China adopted by the Central People's Government Committee 1950 and the Instructions for Making the Pattern of the National Emblem of China by the General Office of the Central People's Government Committee."

The national emblem law has annexes I and II. Annex I is the Design of the National Emblem of China (hereinafter referred to as the National Emblem Design) and the Description of the Design of the National Emblem of China (hereinafter referred to as the Description of the Production), and Annex II is the Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on Punishing the Crime of Insulting the National Flag of the National Emblem of China. Public trust. Com Shenyang 65438+1 October1(Tang Long) 1950 The first national emblem of new China was manufactured by Shenyang No.1 Machine Tool Plant.

On September 30th, 1950, the reporter came to Tiexi Foundry Museum in Shenyang for an interview. There is not only a model of the first national emblem, but also a group of wax figures, which vividly reproduces the scene when the foundry workers made the first national emblem.

1950, on the eve of the National Day, the first batch of national emblems of New China was made and arrived at Shenyang No.1 Machinery Factory (now a large national emblem factory). Faced with this glorious and arduous task, the factory leaders attached great importance to it and quickly formed a special task team of more than a dozen people in the foundry.

The national emblem is made of aluminum. Before that, they seldom cast aluminum parts. Moreover, in the early days of the founding of New China, there was a heavy workload and a shortage of equipment, and the casting work faced many difficulties from the beginning. However, when they think that the national emblem made by themselves will be hung on the Tiananmen Gate and the state organ building in Beijing, the workers' masters are filled with incomparable pride.

If there is no aluminum melting tank, use other tanks instead. If you are not familiar with the aluminum casting process, you will try to improve it again and again. They didn't lose heart when the first batch of castings failed. They accumulate ideas, study and analyze, and rally. In order to ensure the full and clear pattern of castings, sand and sand molds were specially shipped from Dalian and Inner Mongolia. In order to overcome the problem of casting shrinkage, they used water to accelerate the cooling of aluminum parts. At that time, the foundry workshop was crowded with people, and many workers ate and lived in the workshop. Finally, the task of casting the national emblem was completed before September 20, 1950, and 70 national emblems of different specifications were cast. Every Sultan of the Ottoman Empire will have its own badge, called Hua 'an, which will be regarded as the national emblem.

/kloc-in the late 20th century, the modern national emblem came into being (refer to the design of European arms).

Sultan Abdul Hamit II adopted the final design on April 65438, 0882.

It includes two flags: the moon with a red background and the flag of the stars, which is the flag of the Ottoman Empire, and the flag with three moons on it is the flag of the caliph with a green background.

In the Ottoman national emblem, there are some geometric elements in today's Turkish national emblem, such as the oval in the center and the vertically placed stars and moon. The national emblem of the United States is actually the design on the national seal of the United States. Seal exists in the State Council, USA, and was first used in 1782. In fact, the United States has not designated the national emblem pattern. But the image on the front of the coat of arms has actually become a symbol of the United States, and it often appears on official documents, such as passports. What is discussed below is the most commonly used color version of the national emblem pattern; The pattern of the real seal on the paper is monochrome.

The main image of the front pattern of the American national emblem is a vulture (often mistaken for a vulture), which symbolizes strength, courage, freedom and immortality. The wings of the vulture spread out (heraldry calls it "exhibition"). The left and right paws hold an olive branch and an arrow symbolizing peace and force respectively (see the olive branch petition). The eagle's head looks to the right, symbolizing the hope for peace. The Latin motto "E Pluribus Unum" is written on the ribbon held by the eagle's mouth. The blue background above the eagle head, which symbolizes the aura of a sovereign new country, is inlaid with 13 five-pointed stars symbolizing the first 13 states in the United States. The eagle has an unsupported shield on its chest. Confusingly, there are two main differences between this shield and the American flag: one is that there are no stars in the blue part of it (although there are some other heraldry; The coat of arms representing the US Congress has 13 stars, and the blue part of the coat of arms used by 9. 1 1 committee has 50 perforated stars. Second, unlike the national flag, the outermost red and white stripes are white stripes instead of red stripes. The whole coat of arms is often described as blue as the background color, which is divided into 13 stripes on average. The description of white and red is technically inaccurate, because the shield type cannot be vertically divided into odd numbers; Other descriptions of similar mistakes include: dividing six stripes with red on a white background ... but all these descriptions point out that the stripes represent the original thirteen primitive colonies in America.

The main body of the reverse picture of the American national emblem is an unfinished pyramid, and the date 1776 is engraved in Roman numerals at the bottom of the pyramid. At the top of the pyramid, the so-called celestial eye observes everything. There are two inscriptions on the left and right: annuity c? Ptis: It means that someone (probably providence or God) "recognizes our beginning". Novus Ordo Seclorum: This is a poem by Virgil, which means "the new order of the times". France has no official national emblem, but traditionally it adopts the coat of arms of the Great Revolution as a national symbol. The coat of arms is oval, and it is painted with one of the symbols popular during the Great Revolution-the bundle of sticks, which is an authoritative symbol used by senior law enforcement officers in ancient Rome. Both sides of the bundle are decorated with olive branches and oak branches, and the ribbon wrapped between them reads "freedom, equality and fraternity" in French. The whole design is decorated with ribbons with Roman legion medals.

The symbol of the French government, the head is Joan of Arc; The fine print on it is: freedom; Equality; The letters of fraternity are: French * * * and China. The national emblem of Russia is the coat of arms. 1993165438+1October 30th, Russia decided to adopt the double-headed eagle pattern national emblem of Ivan the Beagle before the October Revolution: there is a golden double-headed eagle on the red shield, with three crowns of Peter the Great on its head, and a scepter and a golden ball symbolizing imperial power on its claws. The eagle's chest is a small shield with knights and white horses on it.

The origin of the double-headed eagle can be traced back to15th century. The double-headed eagle was originally the emblem of Constantine I of Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire once spanned two continents: Europe and Asia. It looks at the west and the east, symbolizing the unity of the two continents and the unity of all ethnic groups. 1453, the once glorious Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Byzantine emperor Constantine Xi died heroically. His two younger brothers, one surrendered to the Ottoman Empire, and the other fled to Rome with his two sons and daughter Sophia Gulog. Later, two sons and a daughter were raised by the Pope after their father died. In order to resist the Turks with the help of Russian military power, Roman politicians at that time betrothed Sophia to the Russian Ivan III of Russia, the Grand Duke of Moscow. Sophia came to Russia wearing the majestic double-headed eagle emblem of Byzantine Empire. Sophia assisted her husband, Ivan III of Russia of Russia, and basically unified the land of Russia, forming a vast and unified country. 1497, the double-headed eagle first appeared on the Russian national seal as the national emblem. 1882, czar Alexander II fixed the national emblem of the double-headed golden eagle until 19 17 was abolished by the October revolutionary Soviet government.

1993165438+1October 30th, this two-headed eagle symbolizing the unity of the Russian nation "flew" back to the Russian national emblem. At the end of the 20th century, the State Duma legally determined that the double-headed eagle was the national symbol of Russia. The central pattern of the national emblem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a magnificent dam and power station. The rolling pale blue mountains surround the quiet lake, and the blue-white lake pours down from the sluice to form a spectacular waterfall, and a high-voltage transmission tower stands under the dam. Just above the red five-pointed star, golden light shines and produces fireworks to show strength. The hydropower station on the national emblem represents the modern industry and working class based on heavy industry, and the golden ears of rice with red ribbons on both sides represent agriculture and farmers. Mountains and lakes symbolize North Korea's "three thousand miles of beautiful mountains and rivers".

1992, the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK revised the 1972 version of the Korean Constitution, adding the words "revolutionary sacred mountain Baitou Mountain" in Article 169 of the Constitution, and changing the peaks in the national emblem to the pattern of Baitou Mountain.