The full text of Cheng's From Literary Revolution to Revolutionary Literature?

From Literary Revolution to Revolutionary Literature —— Cheng

The Social Foundation of Literary Revolution

A social phenomenon must have its social foundation. So, where is the social foundation of our literary revolution in this decade?

According to my investigation, it should be like this:-

A. The Revolution of 1911, the failure of democracy to the revolution of feudal forces, and the rapid oppression of imperialism made some so-called intellectuals who had been in contact with the world trend devote themselves to the Enlightenment. (the so-called new culture movement)

B. This enlightened democratic thought movement will inevitably need a new way of expression. (China Literature Movement)

However, at that time, the "intellectuals" of the leisure class had neither a good understanding of the times nor a thorough understanding of ideas. Most of them are literary figures, so their achievements are limited to a shallow enlightenment, and their efforts are mostly in new literature. As a result, the new culture movement was almost integrated with the new literature movement, and was almost covered by the literature movement without a trace; In fact, as far as visible achievements are concerned, only literature has a faint luster.

Second, the historical significance of the literary revolution

The development of history inevitably adopts dialectical methods. Because of the change of economic foundation, the way of life and all ideologies of human beings have changed accordingly; Therefore, the old way of life and ideology have been sublated, and new ways of life and ideology have emerged.

The invasion of modern capitalism has already destroyed the foundation of our old economy. In the European War, we had the modern bourgeoisie and a part of the petty bourgeoisie's "India is more important than Asia", and the ideological revolution of literature was gradually inevitable, and the key to solve all this was the opposition between "literature" and "language".

There is no reason why ancient literature is different from the language at that time. Later, due to the efforts to revise words, the stubbornness of tradition, and the cooperation of specially created waste words (such as Qin Shihuang's "I", etc. ), "Wen" and "Yu" are gradually separated in terms of their differences. However, the composition of "language" and its influence beyond "ancient prose" are undeniable.

The translation of Buddhist scriptures is probably due to the relationship between question-and-answer method and popularization, which makes the style obviously mainstream. Later, due to the development of dictionaries and the prosperity of novels, the "qualitative change" here is only a slight "quantitative change" Other aspects. In the end, the style gradually developed, and the performance of new content became a kind of shackles, just waiting for the high ring of the clock-the moment when the style was "Overhoe changed" forever.

Finally, these small quantities came, foreign literature promoted new ideas, and the shackles were broken. The newly developed content adopts new forms and soars in the new world.

Third, the course of literary revolution.

The historical facts of the literary revolution need not be repeated here. I'll just give you a brief introduction of what happened. Compared with the New Culture Movement, the former is a branch of the latter in theory, so they have many similar trends.

The first job of the New Culture Movement is to deny old ideas, and the second job is to introduce new ideas. However, these two aspects have not achieved the expected results. This is because people engaged in these two jobs do not completely deny old ideas, let alone be responsible for the introduction of new ideas. As soon as we said that the movement began, the so-called sinology movement appeared. Liu just shouted a few times, as if he was exhausted and hoarse. He slammed the old bottle hard to gain some strength of life. The rest of the half-dead monsters also shouted together; We just need to look at Zhang's translation, a research institute, which won't do; We only need to look at Liang Shuming's "Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophy".

But most unfortunately, these "celebrities" know nothing about their times, their readers and their own things. This is why the New Culture Movement seems to have died out in three to five years. They didn't know that the enlightened youth at that time had rejected their ecstasy, and they should go to capitalist countries to beg with medicine cages on their backs!

The early literary movement and the new culture movement had roughly the same tendency. Hu Shizhi's old accent can't be changed, and the translation of the Literature Research Association can be comparable to that of the * * * Literature Society. On the other hand, there is a "new punctuation" school in the "Mandarin Movement", which is actually just random.

The creative efforts after the Tenth National Congress made the literary revolution not follow in the footsteps of the New Culture Movement. At this time, the creative society has officially entered the stage, constantly fighting against the harsh environment. Its writers, with their rebellious spirit, gave ordinary young people a lot of excitement. They guided the principles of the literary revolution and took the lead. They swept away all wrong literary criticism and expelled some poor translators. Their denial of old ideas and old literature is the most thorough, and they struggle for the whole literary movement with sincere enthusiasm and critical attitude.

Some people say that the creative society is characterized by romanticism and sentimentality, which is only a partial observation. According to my investigation, the Creation Society represents the bourgeois revolution. Romanticism and sentimentalism are the unique roots of the petty bourgeoisie, but they are still revolutionary in the bourgeois sense.

It is this creative effort that saved our whole literary revolution. With the spirit of resistance, sincere enthusiasm, critical attitude and continuous efforts, the Creation Society has completed our style. Encouraged by the creation society, the national "India is more interested in pursuing Asia" is often still struggling, and the fire of the literary revolution is still burning. Fortunately, the New Culture Movement retained a division.

Fourth, the present stage of the literary revolution.

What stage has our literary revolution reached now?

A. the current theme of our literary movement

Discipline-knowledge class

Our literary movement

Content-ideology of petty bourgeoisie (ideology is dvorak)

Media style, but far from the real language.

Form-novels and poems are the majority, and drama is rare.

This is the result of field analysis, so it should be in theory. This all stems from the roots of the petty bourgeoisie.

The Creative Society has been working hard to complete our style, and its writers have never forgotten their efforts in this regard. In fact, their success is due to their efforts in this regard, but their previous three principles are:

A: try to be grammatical,

B: Try to use idioms and increase vocabulary.

C: Try complex structures,

When they applied these three principles, they never dreamed that they would be so far away from the real language!

Aside from literature itself, there are several phenomena that can be noticed within the scope of literature:

A: Major bookstores still publish classical Chinese textbooks.

B: There are still many sentences in many Chinese textbooks that don't make sense.

C: The new punctuation marks are still popular or confusing.

There are some special phenomena in Beijing about the investigation of the current stage of the literary revolution. This is Zhou Zuoren's stuff, with thread as the center. Their slogan is "fun"; I once said that what they keep is "leisure, leisure and the third leisure"; They represent the idle bourgeoisie or the petty bourgeoisie sleeping in the drum. They are ahead of the times. They lived like this for many years. If the smog in Beijing was not exploded with 100 thousand smokeless gunpowder, they might live like this forever.

The future development of literary revolution

From the above historical investigation, can we decide the future process of the literary revolution?

No, it's absolutely impossible.

Literature is one of the superstructures in all social organizations; Without the whole, we can't understand every part. We must study this part of literature on the overall structure of society in order to get a real understanding.

If we want to study the future development of the literary movement, we must understand the present stage of our social development; To understand the present stage of China's social development, we must engage in all reasonable criticisms of modern bourgeois society (criticism of economic process, criticism of political process and criticism of consciousness process), master the dialectical method of materialism and understand the inevitable progress of history.

We can simply say:-

Capitalism has reached the final stage (imperialism), and the reform of the whole human society has reached the present. Under the double oppression of the whole capitalist and feudal forces, we also started to split with a limp-but we are still looking for the vague dreams of the past with our eyes open.

We are far behind the times. We take a class that will be "transformed by Owach" as the main body and its "meaning, morality and volodyssey" as the content, and create a "middle" style that is neither donkey nor horse, giving full play to the inferiority of the petty bourgeoisie. If we still provoke the revolutionary responsibility of "making India pay more attention to Asia", we will have to deny ourselves again (negative negation), we will strive to gain class consciousness, we will make our media close to the language of workers and peasants, and we will take workers and peasants as our goal.

In other words, our future literary movement should take a step forward. From literary revolution to revolutionary literature!

"India pursues Asia more" in conjunction with the sixth revolution!

Capitalism has come to the end, and the world has formed two battlefields, one is the fascist island left by capitalism, and the other is the United front of the workers and peasants all over the world. Every cell is organized for the purpose of fighting, and literary and art workers should be the dividing line. Forward! Didn't you hear that majestic voice?

No one is allowed to stand in the middle. Come here. Or go over there.

Don't just follow, let alone fall behind, and consciously participate in the historical process of social change!

Strive to obtain dialectical materialism, master dialectical methods of materialism, give you correct guidance and give you winning tactics.

Overcome the roots of your petty bourgeoisie, turn your back on the class that Owach will change, and start walking towards the dirty masses of workers, peasants and soldiers!

Work hard with a clear consciousness, expel the pernicious influence of the bourgeois "one virtue Voloki" among the masses, win over the masses, constantly give them courage and maintain their confidence! Don't forget, you are a division standing on the whole front!

Describe what you saw and heard on the battlefield with sincere enthusiasm. The fierce grief and indignation of the peasants and workers, their heroic behavior and the joy of victory! In this way, you can guarantee the final victory; You will build a special honor and you will be worthy of being a soldier.

The revolutionary "India pursues Asia more" unites, and Mochow loses your shackles!

Two, three, one, one and six are in Xiushan Temple.

-1928 February 1 Creative Monthly, Volume 1, Issue 9.