Introduction to Chongwenmen

The metropolis in Yuan Dynasty was rammed with earth (called "Banlou" in ancient times), with a wide bottom and a narrow top, and stood tall. It was founded in 1267 (four years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty) and completed in 1276 (thirteen years from Yuan Dynasty) for ten years. Because it is tamped with soil, the problem of how to prevent rain from washing away urban soil arises. Later, thousands of households Wang Qingrui (official name) suggested that "weaving with reeds should be from bottom to top". It is covered with reed curtain from bottom to top, just like people wearing hemp fiber, which is called Weicheng or Kuncheng for short, and a shady field is set up outside the gate of civilization. "Golden Branch Analysis" contains that it is necessary to "harvest reeds to harvest cities" every year, reaching "millions" (burden). Today, there are ten headlines about grass plants in Chongwen District. The names of South, North and Middle Reed Grass Gardens (formerly known as Reed Garden) are all related to the reed harvesting field in Yuan Dynasty. Later, due to the battle for the throne in the Yuan Dynasty, the guarding city side was afraid that the other side would attack the city with fire, so it removed the reed curtain.

Open eleven doors

Why the Yuan Dynasty opened eleven gates, three in the south, two in the north, three in the east and three in the west, is not recorded in the official history. Written at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty (the author is unknown), Yu Hua in Farmland said that Yancheng was customized for Liu Taibao, and all eleven doors were made into Nezha with three heads, six arms and two feet. Later, Changyu also wrote: "Most of them are surrounded by eleven gates, and Nezha City is built of grass and soil." Like this, the Eleven Doors are the symbol of the legendary image of Nezha. The three gates into the city are "three heads", the two gates in the north city are "two feet" and the three gates in the east and west are "six arms". "The narrowest eleven doors, horses and chariots like clouds" (Qing Naixian's "Golden Platform Collection"), it can be seen that most of them are very lively. As for the "Liu Taibao" who designed most of the city gates into eleven gates, it was Liu Zhongbing. He used to be a monk named Cong Cong. After becoming an official, he changed his name to Liu. The supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty believed in Buddhism. Liu Jing was introduced by a monk named Haiyun, and met Kublai Khan, who had not yet succeeded to the throne. Liu Heng followed Kublai Khan in attacking Yunnan and the Southern Song Dynasty, and was highly valued by Kublai Khan. After Kublai Khan won the throne, he was appointed as Liu Wei Pacific Insurance and participated in state affairs. Although Liu is a Buddhist, he has carefully studied Taoism and relished Tai Chi, Two Instruments, Four Elephants and Eight Diagrams, as well as the "innate image number" in Shao Yong's Book of the World in the Song Dynasty. He was one of the main leaders in the construction of Dadoucheng, especially in planning and design. Therefore, in order to cater to the arrogance and superstition of the supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty and show his theory and ambition, it is entirely possible for him to popularize the unfounded "Shinto" from the design of the number of city gates. Liu was buried in Lugouqiao after his death.

Wenmingmen

The gate of civilization in the Yuan Dynasty was also called Hadamen. Textual research on old news under the sun quoted Xijin annals as saying, "Hadafu is in the gate, hence its name." It is impossible to test why King Hada promised people. Hada was misinformed as Hada and Hade, and there were Hada brand cigarettes before liberation. In the Yuan Dynasty, Hadamen's name had surpassed Wenmingmen's. When writing, some intellectuals think that "Hada" and "Hada" are not elegant enough. On the one hand, they use their own homophones. On the other hand, they use the geographical location of Wenmingmen at the eastern end of Chengnan to write "Haidaimen". "Chang 'an Hakka Dialect" written by Amin Jiang Yikui says: "Mount Tai and Bohai Sea are both in the east of the city. In Yuan Dynasty, it was occupied by the famous "Haidai" family. "The sea, namely the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea; Dai, that is, Daizong, Daizong is Taishan. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote such a poem: "Mount Tai is the top of the mountain, magnificent! Qi and Lu have high terrain and lush greenery. "In Wang Yue there. These two places are in the east, which makes sense. When I arrived in Qingganlong, Yang Congqing's "Overview of the Situation in Beijing" added: (Chongwenmen) "It is also called Haidai, saying that mountains and seas are all tributes, and the tax department is not there. This is just a sentence from Xuan Shi's "Old Beijing Legacy" in the Ming Dynasty. "The nine divisions in the capital are all taxed, and Yu Chongwen is unified by one division." Since Chongwenmen has a general tax department, it is extremely far-fetched to interpret "Haidai" as "the mountains are full of splendor". However, no matter how to interpret the word "Haidai", scholars and even the supreme rulers in Ming and Qing Dynasties often use "Haidai" instead of "civilization" and "respect for literature". For example, the poem "Climbing Chongwen Building" by Amin poet Zhuo Mingqing said: "The first night of the city was full of pure atmosphere. Haidai clearly opened her eyes. When the purple air was in the air, she sat down, and Wan Li took the stage in autumn. "Boarded the Shanghai Daimen, where the autumn is crisp, the oriental purple, the Wan Li sky, how magnificent! The History of Tang Dynasty in Bai Hua written by the Qing Dynasty: "Hai Dai looks at the door, and the dust is bitter. "Start with your own" body base "and sing praises to the towering sea injury door. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, many dignitaries lived in Chongwenmen area. For example, in A Brief Introduction to Chen Yuan, Wang Yan, an adviser to the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, built a villa in the southeast of Wenmingmen, and even a "Shui Mu Tsinghua Pavilion", which was particularly prominent. At that time, Youren Xu wrote a cloud: "climb this pavilion, look north (city gate), five clouds are hazy;" Look at the ferns in the west (referring to the ships on the Tonghui River), which are generally between the vast smoke waves and the uneven clouds and trees. "It can be seen that the grand occasion near Wenmingmen at that time. After his death, Yongzheng awarded posthumous title, a scholar of "Zheng Wen", Liu Tongxun, a scholar of Dongge, and Taibao (according to posthumous title of Qing Dynasty, "Zheng Wen" was the most difficult and least). Yongzheng gave him the imperial poem "Hai Dai Gao Men", which means that Liu is a famous family living in Hai Dai Men. " "Water Plants Clear Shu Lu" also records that the famous calligrapher Zhang Zhao also lives outside Chongwen Gate. The exhibition is grand and profound, with Nanmu Hall, which is very particular. However, Chongwenmen in Qing Dynasty was no longer the southern city site of Yuan Dynasty and the southernmost capital of early Ming Dynasty, but became a more lively inner city.

The story goes like this: Judy, the king of the Ming Dynasty, was originally sealed in Beijing. After seizing the throne of his nephew Wen Jian, he decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. So from 1406 (the fourth year of Yongle), on the basis of Yuan Duyi, Beijing City was rebuilt. It was completed in 1420 (the 18th year of Yongle). After the reconstruction of Beijing City, the site of Chengnan City in Yuan Dynasty was first moved to the south by 0.8 km. Initially, the site of Dacheng Nancheng was located in the northern section of Tiananmen Square today, and it became what it is today after moving south. At the same time, the north city was demolished, and the east and west cities were also demolished, and the north city was built. Outside Andingmen and near Jimen Bridge, there are also relics of Tucheng in Yuan Dynasty. Second, turn a earthen city into a brick city. Although the earthen city in the Yuan Dynasty was covered with hemp fiber, the reed curtain could not stop the rain, so some "city collapses" often occurred in the Yuan Dynasty, only eight times in the twenty to thirty years of Kublai Khan's era. Every repair costs manpower and money, and it doesn't cost anything. The brick city rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty is also slightly trapezoidal, with a wide bottom and a narrow top. Between each row of bricks, there is a slight upward depression to facilitate the downward flow of rainwater. Third, the eleven gates in the Yuan Dynasty were changed to nine gates, while the three gates in Nancheng remained unchanged, only the name of the city gate changed, such as Wenming Gate changed to Chongwen Gate, until today. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, it followed the system of the Ming dynasty in urban construction. In order to regulate the income of Manchu officials in Beijing, it "taxed all nine capitals and unified the First Division of Yu Chongwen" (see Ming Xuan Shi's Legacy of Old Beijing). Initially, the customs tariff stipulated that luggage was not taxed. "However, foreigners usually have taxable items, such as silk and satin. "So" private money is considered as tax-free capital "and even" even if there is no commodity, it must be levied. " Customs officials "patrol again, which means tax evasion and double punishment" (for the above, see Tian Zhiou Wen). Chen Kangqi's Tale of Langqian in Qing Dynasty said: "Wu Zhongcheng was impressed by Shandong envoys. Customs officials (referring to Chongwenmen Tax Bureau) have too many demands, but the public can't meet them. Instead, they put their clothes and quilts outside, took their servants up and said, "I have ears, why should I pay taxes!" " When I went in, I borrowed a mattress from my old friend, and then I left. "There are many taxes, many procedures, and cross-examination is prepared, which wastes time. Ordinary vendors also have to wait in line. Over time, the peddler came up with a way; According to the quantity of their goods, put the tax on the brim and walk to the gate, and the customs officials will accept the money and release it immediately. In the Qing Dynasty, Cha Sitang once wrote a poem: "Nine roads and one specialty are connected by clue cars. The internal envoy pays his own fees and taxes and steals twice as much money from the temple. "Money to the customs officials. Chongwenmen tax bureau earns a lot of money. In order to prevent other officials from being jealous, it is held every March in the name of "providing fresh food". Yellow croaker was sent to the emperor and ministers, and bamboo shoots and whitebait in October became trophies in disguise. At that time, it was also stipulated that "cooking pots" were not allowed in the city. All foreign wines are sold by officially designated wine merchants, and 18 wine shops have been designated in Chongwenmen, which collect and pay taxes centrally, commonly known as "eighteen hotels". The tax on wine is very heavy. In order to make a living, ordinary small brewing workshops often hang pig urine neck full of wine on their chests at night and secretly climb over the city walls to avoid paying high taxes. This is "bootlegging". It is hard and dangerous to carry illicit liquor. They stick their backs on the city walls, push and scrape the slightly protruding parts of each row of city bricks tightly with their feet and hands, "climb" up bit by bit, and then tie their bodies with ropes when they get to the city. The severe exploitation of feudal rulers forced the people to struggle for survival. So at that time, Chongwen Taxation Bureau was called "the gate of hell".

Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chongwen Gate has been quite lively, with a lot of vendors, big and small, and traffic. The moat is clear, there are bridges on the river, boats in the middle reaches of the river, and trees and flowers are planted on both sides. Green willows are facing the wind, and red flowers invite the bright moon, which is beautiful. Amin poet Dong Xuan wrote a poem entitled "The Gate of Civilization in Midsummer": "Outside the Gate of Civilization, there are shadows of Liu Yin, and hundreds of voices send each other." Looking back at Yugou (moat), Fengge is five clouds deep. "Not far from the bridge is the city of Wall. "There is a market every four days, and there are many daily necessities and farm tools. Its northern four hutongs are all needed for boudoir decoration, and the jade feathers are bright, and the fake flowers belong to righteousness and have many rooms "(see" Tian Zhiou Wen "). To the east along the moat, there is Taiping Palace, commonly known as Flat Peach Palace. Every March, "Everyone is called by the people, and Qi Fei swims here", "People sleep in the fragrant grassland" and "Sprinkle an arrow (throwing a pot game)" (see Pan Rongbi's "Counting Victory" when Jingdi was old in the early Qing Dynasty). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, people also said that "the temple market in Taiping Palace is the most prosperous", "the land is close to the river ridge, and there is no market. The spring waves are green, the soft soil is covered with red, and many plays compete for the past. The levee is in the song, and the clothes are fragrant and shocking." In winter, there is another scenery on the moat: "It's freezing in winter, and the bed is made of wood with steel bars embedded under it. One person pulls the rope in front, and three or four people ride like flies on the ice. This is called dragging the bed. " With snow and clouds, the scenery is more beautiful. Those who skate on ice have iron teeth on their shoes. They are very popular on the ice. They compete to win the championship like lightning. This is called skating. Everyone is under the moat, gathering and sliding, dragging the bed. Even the mopping bed is connected to one place, which is convenient to take care of, and it is also convenient to drink and sing. Two or three people pull it. Compared with riding a horse, it is far better than riding a car "(see Ji Sheng at the age of Emperor Jing). Later, the moat water gradually silted up, and the Qing government and the warlords of the Republic of China did not redouble their efforts. The scenery of the past is gone forever. The traffic from Chongwenmen to Pantao Palace was changed to riding donkeys; Donkeys know the way, don't walk around, don't need someone to lead them, they will pick up pedestrians at their destination without making mistakes. This situation continued until the eve of liberation.

Chongwenmen city wall was demolished.

Now, Chongwenmen city wall has been demolished, and the moat water has been changed to underground ditch circulation. Along the ruins of the city wall, a wide and neat asphalt road is paved on the ground, and people walk around the clock. On both sides of the road, tall buildings stand tall, and thousands of families live in embroidered curtains. There is a ring railway underground, which extends in all directions and is very fast, handling hundreds of thousands of people every day. Compared with the Yuan Dynasty 700 years ago, it is a world of difference.

Buildings near Chongwenmen

Chongxi Community Renfa Building Xinyi Home New World Huizhitong Building Taihua Apartment Baoding Center (Baoding Plaza) City Xinyuan Xinzhongyi Jin Lun Building (Souxiu City) Inner Mongolia Building Beijing Huijie New World Home Tainan Building Zhengren Building Dakang Building Haicheng Business Club Guocui City Renjie Business Building Huacheng Building

Brief introduction of Chongwenmen Inner Street

Chongwenmennei Street is located in the southeast of Dongcheng District. It starts from Jianguomen Inner Street in the north and reaches Chongwenmen West Street in the south. Because it is located in Chongwenmen, it is called. Chongwenmennei Street was called Chongwenmenli Street in Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Xuan Tong, Chongwenmen Street did not have the word "inside". According to the Republic of China. Renamed after 1949.

In the south of the construction site of Chongwenmen Neijie Road East Metro Line 5, several worn-out dark blue metal plates are surrounded by ruins. Residents who come in and out next to it all know that it used to be the Beijing Office in Inner Mongolia, and a more than ten-story Mengtai Building will be built in the future.

Chongwenmennei Street and Xuanwumennei Street are two main urban roads running through the east and west sides of the inner city. They are the longest streets in the north-south direction of the inner city. They were called Dongdashi Street and Xidashi Street in ancient times.

Scenic spot one

Chongwenmen Christian Church is located in Hougou Hutong on the east side of Chongwenmen Inner Street Road, also known as Yasi Auditorium. It is the largest Christian church in Beijing. The architecture of the church is antique, the courtyard is shaded by trees and the environment is beautiful. Mass is held in Chinese and Korean every day. American President Bill Clinton 1998 came here to attend mass when he visited China. It is also a cultural relics protection unit.

Take the subway and get off at Chongwenmen Station, or take buses 106, 108,10,1/807 and get off at Chongwenmen Station, on the east side of the road.

Location of scenic spots in Dongcheng District, No.2 Hougou Hutong, Chongwenmennei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing

Scenic spot 2

County where Beijing Post Museum is located: Dongcheng District Scenic Area Location: No.7 Xiaopingfang Hutong, Chongwenmennei Street, Beijing Ticket Price (RMB): 3 yuan Self-driving route: Take No.39, No.8, No.3, No.4 1 16, 165438,/.

Attractions: Beijing Post Museum is located in the tabloid hutong on the west side of Chongnei Street. 1905- 1907 This used to be the office of Daqing Post Beijing General Administration. 19 14 was renamed as the first post office. 1996 restored the original appearance of the "First Post Office Sub-branch" and established the Postal Museum. 65438+1On February 20th, 997, Beijing Post opened to the outside world on the occasion of its centenary birthday.

traffic

29, 103, 104, 104 express, 204 internal night, 204 external night, 208 night, 209 night, 2 1 1 night, 434,673.

living conditions

Nearby buildings: Xinyi Home, Guoruicheng, Xinjing Home, Guancheng Mingdun Road, Xinyu Home, Peony Garden, etc.

Property price: 65438+ ten thousand to ten million.

Transportation in the area: Bus 108, Rail Transit 1 1, Chongwenmen Station (Line 5 and Line 2) and dongdan station (Line 5 and 1).

Peripheral facilities: University: Chongwen Branch of Beijing Institute of Education

Primary and secondary schools: Xinyi Primary School (Qianmen Primary School Branch), Huimin Primary School, xin jing Primary School, No.96 Middle School, 1 16 Middle School, No.50 Middle School, Huiwen Middle School and Dongjiaominxiang Primary School.

Kindergartens: Mill Kindergarten, Qianmen Kindergarten, Huimin Kindergarten, Dida Kindergarten and Dongjiaominxiang Kindergarten.

Shopping malls: New World Shopping Mall Phase I, New World Shopping Mall Phase II, Souxiu Shopping Mall, Chongwenmen Vegetable Market, Lotte Mart and Shuntianfu.

Post Office: Chongwen Post Office and xin jing Post Office.

Banks: China Industrial and Commercial Bank, China Bank of Communications, China Construction Bank, China Merchants Bank, Minsheng Bank, China Agricultural Bank and Huaxia Bank.

Hospitals: Puren Hospital, Beijing Hospital, Tongren Hospital and Tongrentang Chinese Medicine Hospital.

Others: New World Marriott Hotel, Xinqiao Hotel, Chongwenmen Hotel and Capital Hotel.