What are the representative figures and slogans of the Westernization Movement? What are military industry and civilian industry?

Westernization movement, also known as self-improvement movement and tongzhi reform, was an industrial movement developed by officials of Westernization School from the end of Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty on the basis of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". "Self-improvement by learning from foreigners' skills" and "Seeking wealth by learning from foreigners' skills" are the campaign slogans and goals in the early and late stages respectively.

Minister in charge of the central premier's yamen, Prince Gong? Wen Xiang and Shen Guifen became the representative forces of the Westernization School in the central government.

Among the local representatives, most of them are related to Zeng Guofan: Zeng Guofan (Han nationality, a scholar in the 18th year of Daoguang, the leader of Xiang army), Chonghou (Manchu aristocrat), Zuo (Zeng Guofan's colleague, a gentry of Han nationality, who led the army to recapture Xinjiang), Shen Baozhen (Zeng Guofan's subordinate, a scholar, established Fujian Shipping Administration after Zuo, and served as Minister of Southeast Asia Trade), and Li Hongzhang (Zeng Guofan's protege).

In the early days of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School took "self-improvement" as the slogan, and established new military industries in various provinces by introducing large machine production technology to strengthen military strength. Such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Anqing, Anhui, Zeng Guofan), Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau (Tianjin, Chonghou), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Shanghai, Li Hongzhang), Hanyang Arsenal (Hanyang, Hubei, Zhang Zhidong), Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau (Nanjing, Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (Fuzhou, left, Shen Baozhen) and An Machinery Bureau (Xi 'an, left). However, because the production management mode is bureaucratic and conservative, the products are only used by the government, regardless of the cost. Most of these military products are unprofitable, and few of them continue to invest to expand production.

Because the former military industry spent a lot of money, but there was no obvious effect, and the raw materials needed by the military industry were in short supply, the Westernization School decided to develop a number of civilian industries to raise funds with the slogan of "seeking money". Many products of these civilian industries are market-oriented and have the characteristics of modern capitalist industries. The products of these civilian industries have resisted the commodity export of foreign capitalist countries to a certain extent. (Kaiping Coal Mine, Hubei Woven Layout, Hanyang Iron Works, Lanzhou Manufacturing Bureau, Lanzhou Woven Bureau, China Merchants Bureau, Woven Layout)