Details of the Battle of Feishui

The Battle of Feishui, which took place in 383 A.D., was a decisive battle in a series of battles launched by the former Qin Dynasty against the Southern Eastern Jin Dynasty during the Sixteen Countries Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The former Qin Dynasty sent troops to attack Jin, and fought in Feishui (southeast of Shouxian County, Anhui Province). In the end, the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated more than 800,000 former Qin Jun with only 80,000 troops.

The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China. The pre-Qin Dynasty, which had absolute superiority, was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the country declined and perished. All ethnic groups in the north broke away from the pre-Qin rule and split into several regimes dominated by post-Qin and post-Yan. The Eastern Jin Dynasty used this Northern Expedition to push the border line to the Yellow River, and there was no foreign invasion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for decades.

Name of Basic Introduction: Battle of Feishui Location: Near Feishui, Huainan County, Yuzhou, Eastern Jin Dynasty Time: A.D. 383 10 165438+ Participants: Eastern Jin Dynasty and former Qin Dynasty Results: Jin Dynasty won a great victory. The number of participants is 80,000.

There were 300,000 soldiers in the former Qin Dynasty and 500,000 casualties in other troops: 5,000 in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The direct forces of the former Qin dynasty were completely eliminated, and other forces rebelled one after another. Main commanders: Eastern Jin Dynasty: Xie An, former Qin Dynasty: Fu Jian's influence (former Qin Dynasty): the country was destroyed, and Fu Jian was killed by rebels (Eastern Jin Dynasty): generals who recovered some lost land and lived in peace for more than 40 years (former Qin Dynasty): Fu Jian, General Rong (Eastern Jin Dynasty): Xie Xuan, Xie Shi. Campaign process, pre-war preparation, the first stage: the battle of Huainan, the second stage: the battle of Feishui, campaign results, historical impact, analysis and evaluation, the reasons for the failure of the former Qin Dynasty, the reasons for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, historical relics, historical allusions, hanging whip, fear of things, tooth collapse, resurgence stage and campaign background. The corrupt politics in the late Western Jin Dynasty caused great social unrest. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D., and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. The map of the Battle of Feishui is in the north, and ethnic minority regimes are constantly arguing. The pre-Qin established by the Miao people successively destroyed, replaced Liang and other separatist countries, and unified the Yellow River basin. In June (357), the former Qin Shouguang three years, the Lord of Qin wanted to get rid of Fu Jian, and Fu Jian took the lead, killed him and became the King of Qin (not called the emperor). After Fu Jian reused Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, his national strength increased greatly. In 373 AD, he captured the Eastern Jin Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), annexed Tuoba, the representative country of Xianbei, to the north, and made an expedition to the western regions to unify the north. Wang Meng stopped Fu Jian's southward policy before he died, and advised Fu Jian not to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because he thought that the national strength of the former Qin Dynasty was stronger than that of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, since the former Qin Dynasty had just unified the north and the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, the time was not yet ripe. Seven years after Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian thought the time was ripe and decided to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Taiyuan (376), Sima Zhi, the emperor of filial piety, took charge of the government, and was promoted to be the supervisor of the Chinese Book, in charge of the minister's government affairs. Chen became the last "big official" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the same year, Fu Jian unified northern China, and the war between the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was approaching. At that time, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were controlled by the Huan family, while the lower reaches belonged to the Xie family. Xie An tried his best to reconcile the relationship between Huan and Xie and prepare for the coming war. In 377, two years before the war, the Eastern Jin court appointed Huan Chong's son Huan Si as Jiangzhou secretariat. Wang Yun, the minister of the five armies, was appointed as the military commander in the south of the Yangtze River and the secretariat of Xuzhou. Xie Xuan, who was appointed as the secretariat of Yanzhou and the commander of Guangling, was appointed as the secretariat of Yanzhou and the military supervisor north of the Yangtze River. Later, Xie An recommended his nephew Xie Xuan to defend the northern territory. Xie An personally supervised the military affairs in Yangzhou, Yuzhou, Xuzhou, Yanzhou and Qingzhou, and was in charge of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Huan Chong is the secretariat of Jingzhou, defending Jingxiang area; Xie Xuan guarded Guangling and defended Huainan with Xie An. In order to strengthen the central military power, Emperor Jin Xiao ordered Xie Xuan to recruit people from northern Huainan, select elite soldiers in Guangling, train elite soldiers, select Liu Laozhi and others, and form the Beiyang government army. Analysis of the Battle of Feishui in the first stage: the Battle of Huainan: the victorious country in 378: the defeated country in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: Taiyuan in the third year of the former Qin Dynasty (378). In February, Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, sent a general to the south to conquer the military, defend the Shuling and Changle Palace, and led 70,000 troops and cavalry to invade Xiangyang. General Lu led ten thousand elite cavalry out of Luyangguan; General Jing Yao Chang and Yang Wu led fifty thousand soldiers out of Nanxiang. Gou Jian, Mao Dang, the right general, and Wang Xian, the strong crossbow general, led 40,000 soldiers out of Wudang to jointly attack Xiangyang. Xiangyang is surrounded by three roads, with a total investment of 6.5438+0.7 million troops. Map of the Battle of Feishui In April, the former Qin army reached the north of Mianshui. Zhu Xu, the secretariat of Liangzhou, thought that the former Qin army had no ship and was unprepared. When he led five thousand cavalry across the Hanshui River, Zhu panicked and stuck to the city. Shi Yue occupied his outer city and captured more than 100 ships to transport the rest of the soldiers. Fu Cha, the Duke of Changle, led people to attack Midtown. Take Nanyang, capture Zheng alive, and meet Fu Pi in Xiangyang. Zhu Xu, the prefect of Xiangyang, was captured in February of the fourth year of Taiyuan (379). Fu Jian sent Peng Chao to besiege Pengcheng, and the battle of Huainan in Qin Jin broke out. Xie An in health protection, and Xie Xuan rate of 50000 north government soldiers, from Guangling arise, Xie Xuan won all four wars, adowa the enemy. Xie An was awarded the titles of Jianchang County Duke and Dongxing County Hou in Xie Xuan. The second stage: the decisive battle at the water: August 383 AD. Location: beside the Feishui River. Commander-in-chief and strength of both sides: 250,000 heads. Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry and * * *1120,000 troops. Xie Xuan, Xie An's nephew, was a pioneer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After seven years of training, he led 80,000 "Beifu soldiers" with strong fighting capacity to meet Qin Jun's main force along the Huaihe River. Results: The Eastern Jin Dynasty won. After the defeat of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian was killed and the north split again. In May of the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Huan Chong sent 100,000 Jingzhou soldiers into the State of Qin to contain Qin Jun and reduce the pressure on the downstream. On the second day of August, Fu Jian sent Yang Ping soldiers, others and * * * cavalry as pioneers, and made Yao Chang, the secretariat of Yanzhou, the general of Longxiang, the governor of Yizhou and Liangzhou. On the eighth day of August, Fu Jian sent his troops to Chang 'an, led by 600,000 infantry and 270,000 cavalry, and began to invade the south on a large scale. In September, Fu Jian arrived in Xiangcheng, Liangzhou's army arrived in Xianyang, Zitong prefect Pei Yuanlve led 70,000 navy troops down the river from Bashu, and troops from Youzhou and Jizhou also arrived in Pengcheng, east and west Wan Li, hand in hand with water and land. Yangping Gongrong and other 300,000 troops arrived in Yingkou ahead of schedule. Facing the siege of the army, the imperial court of the Eastern Jin Dynasty issued imperial edicts, appointing ministers as generals to levy Lu and viceroy, appointing Xu and Xie Xuan, the secretariat of Yanzhou, as former viceroy, and commanding 80,000 troops to resist the former Qin Dynasty together with the assistant general Huan Yi. And let Hu Bin, the general of Longxiang, lead 5,000 water troops to help Shouyang. * * * Three military forces went north to meet Qin Jun before October, and former Qin Yangping and Gong Rongrong attacked Shouyang. 18, Shouyang was conquered and Pinglu general Xu Yuanxi and others were captured. Mu Rongchui occupied Yuncheng. Fu Rong led troops to attack Shi Xia, and Hu Bin retreated. Liang Cheng, a former Qin and Wei general, and others led 50,000 troops stationed in Luo Jian and deployed along the Huaihe River to contain the troops in the east. Fu Jian thought that he could make a quick decision, so he sent Zhu Xu, a former Qin minister, to surrender to Xie Shi, but Zhu Xu privately suggested that Xie Shizhi take the initiative to defeat the former Qin pioneer. He said: "Although there are millions of people in Qin Jun, they are still marching. If the troops are concentrated, the Jin army will be difficult to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's failure to arrive in full and launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break Qin Jun's million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong, and he planned to hold his ground and wait for the enemy to fight back when he was tired. After listening to Zhu Xu's words, he thought it was very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defending to attacking and take the initiative to attack. The Battle of Feishui In November, Xie Xuan sent Guangling Liu Xianglao to Luo Jian, which started the Battle of Feishui. Liang Cheng, the Qin general, guarded the mountain stream and deployed troops to meet them. Liu Laozhi won a great victory in Luo Jian, killing Liang Cheng and Yiyang prefect Wang Yong, while Qin Jun lost ten generals and fifty thousand main troops. He also sent troops to block the Huaihe River ferry, annihilated the former Qin army 1.5 million people, and captured Wang Xian, the former Qin Yangzhou secretariat, and others. Jin marched west and confronted Qin Jun at the water's edge. /kloc-in October/February, someone suggested to Fu Jian to retreat for a decisive battle. General Qin Jun thinks it is safer to stop the enemy on the waterfront, but Fu Jian thinks that fighting halfway can take the initiative. When retreating, the Jin army crossed the water and made a sudden attack. After the war in Qin Jun, Zhu Xu shouted: "Qin Jun at the front line lost!" Qin Jun was in chaos, and the Jin army went all out to defeat Qin Jun. Xie Xuan and Huan Yi led the 70,000 Jin army, defeated the150,000 former Qin army commanded by Fu Jian and Fu Rong, and jointly attacked Fu Rong. Because of the battle of Feishui, the battle of Feishui ended in the overall victory of the Jin army. History influenced the Battle of Feishui. More than 700,000 people in Qin Jun were completely annihilated, and only 30,000 troops of Mu Rongchui Department of Xianbei were intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, the temporary reunification of the north has also disintegrated, and it has once again split into more local ethnic regimes. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries respectively. Two years later, Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. During the Battle of Feishui, the situation of China's north-south division continued. The Eastern Jin Dynasty recovered its homeland south of the Yellow River by the Northern Expedition. However, due to the death of Prime Minister Xie An and the retirement of front-line coach Xie Xuan, the Eastern Jin Dynasty quickly turned to the defensive. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South and created conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. The Battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, and it has been recorded in the history of military affairs, which has had a long-term impact on the war concept and decisive battle thought of later militarists. The result of the Feishui War was to stabilize the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, effectively curb the intrusion of northern minorities into the South, and provide the necessary opportunity for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. In the long run, the most important role of the Battle of Feishui is to continue and develop the Central Plains culture of the Han nationality who fled south, and directly affect the spiritual essence of the unified dynasties such as Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that the Battle of Feishui preserved the core part of China culture and gave it a chance to breathe and rise again after the "Five Chaos". Analysis and Evaluation of the Reasons for the Failure of the Pre-Qin Dynasty First of all, the Battle of Feishui was fought in 1967 after Fu Jian unified the north. At that time, the former Qin Dynasty was only unified militarily, with unstable internal rule and lack of solid material foundation. In addition, Fu Jian has been fighting for years, and the people are tired of fighting. The morale of the army is not high and there is a lack of popular base. As Engels said, "Years of war will exhaust even the most powerful country". Before the Southern Expedition, Prince Fu Hong told Fu Jian that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was going to cut down, but the main task at present is to "try to accumulate chestnuts for the violent Lord". Fu Jian should have accepted this opinion, continued to restore and develop the northern economy, and established the unstable unified regime of military and political union on a deeper foundation, thus unifying the whole country. However, Fu Jian, who was more and more proud of his sudden victory, regardless of subjective and objective conditions, hastily launched the war of attacking Jin, and recruited millions of soldiers, which brought a heavy burden to the people of all ethnic groups in the north, so that he was unpopular and had low combat effectiveness, so that the local contact with the troops of the Eastern Jin Dynasty led to the complete defeat of hundreds of thousands of troops of the former Qin Dynasty. Second, Fu Jian and Fu Jian's defeat in the battle of Surabaya is another important reason why he chose fools instead of wise men and rewarded the blind. Before the surrender, Fu Jian was very fond of the elites of the ethnic minorities in the Qin Dynasty, and shared loyalty and betrayal. However, he was wary of Han officials who were loyal to him wholeheartedly and did not pay attention to them. Even Wang Meng, although Fu Jian said that their relationship was "if Liu Bei met Kong Ming", was wary of it. After Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian considered himself a master of English, and he was even more proud. He didn't choose virtuous and stupid people. His ministers' stern suggestions were no longer listened to, but he was doubly appreciative of flattery. On the issue of attacking Jin, he didn't listen to all the useful dissuasions of his liegeman, but listened to the slanders of ambitious people and others, and went his own way, "remonstrating to hinder his plan" and "not rewarding merit and not punishing crime", which prevented him from forming a strong and United leading group, and his failure was foreseeable. Third, Fu Jian's exultation, lack of objective analysis, lack of careful strategic deployment before the war, and a series of mistakes in tactical command before the war, which is also an important reason for the failure of the former Qin Dynasty's Feishui War. Regardless of subjective and objective conditions, Fu Jian only relies on its own military strength of "a million soldiers and a mountain of sticks" and its military strength of "whipping the river enough to cut off its flow". He thought that the conquest of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was "like the autumn of commercial wind, and he rashly started the expedition. He reported that he was lucky to win, that he was strategically proud and despised his enemies. The morale of the 50,000-strong army led by the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was greatly damaged after it was destroyed. Fu Jian was shocked by this and began to have the idea of fearing gold. Therefore, when he and the commander-in-chief of the vanguard army, Te Rong, boarded the Shouyang Building, they saw that the Jin army was "well-organized, with elite soldiers, and looked at the vegetation on Bagong Mountain in the north, all of which were human. Gu said, Rong said,' this is also a strong enemy, what is less! Worry is terrible. "As a result, Fu Jian changed from underestimating the enemy to fearing the enemy, from being aggressive to being defeated and fleeing, and finally ended up with a tragic ending of' being nervous' and' being nervous'. Fourth, the fighting forces of the two sides are equal, but the fighting capacity of the northern government soldiers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is far better than that of the former Qin army. The reason for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is 1. Xie An, the main warring faction in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is fearless in the face of danger, resolutely resisting the war, and has a firm attitude and will. 2. The army has strong fighting capacity, and the commander is capable. If the commander is determined, the soldiers will work together with Qi Xin in Qixin, and the morale will be available. 3. The people also organized military forces to fight against the former Qin Dynasty, which won the hearts of the people. 4, beautiful scenery, occupying the best geographical position, fully prepared, and giving full play to the advantages of our army. 5. Proper tactics, using the internal instability of the former Qin Dynasty, alienating the internal relations of the former Qin Dynasty and disintegrating the morale of the former Qin Dynasty. 6. Inspire the enemy with wisdom, lure the enemy into chaos, and then cover up the enemy while taking advantage of the gap; Resolutely implement strategic pursuit and expand the results. Located in the north and south, Shouxian, a historical relic, is known as "the barrier of the Central Plains and the throat of the south of the Yangtze River" and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Wars have often happened here in history. In 383 A.D., the battle of Qin Jin at the foot of Bagong Mountain and Shouyang City took place. This war not only once again created a famous war case in China's military history, but also left some meaningful historical anecdotes and cultural relics for future generations. When Fu Jian decided to invade the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, he was protested by North Korean ministers, pointing out that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded by the Han people and was supported by the people of China. Moreover, there is a natural barrier along the Yangtze River, which is difficult to capture, but Fu Jian responded disdainfully: "I have a million troops. As long as I give the order, all the soldiers will throw whips into the Yangtze River, which is enough to cut off the Yangtze River. What is there to be afraid of in the Yangtze River natural barrier? " Later generations used "whipping off" to describe the heyday of the military lineup, or there were strong institutional talents. Source: "Take my journey and throw a whip at the foot of the river to interrupt its flow." Canon "Book of Jin, Volume 114, Fu Jian" is recorded. The former Qin vanguard troops were ambushed by the Jin army nearby and fled in defeat, which not only hit the morale of Chi, but also shook the confidence of Fu Jian, who had always been proud. He learned that the Jin army was advancing to Shouyang, so he boarded Shouyang Chengtou with Fu Rong to observe the movement of the Jin army. He saw that the Jin soldiers on the other side were neatly arranged and the warships were dense, and he felt that the Jin soldiers were well trained. Looking at Bagong Mountain in the north, the mountain is covered with countless vegetation. The north wind blows, and the vegetation shakes, just like countless soldiers are moving. He immediately said to Fu Rong in shock: "What powerful opponents Nomads are, how can you say they are weak?" "Later, people used" all plants and soldiers "to describe people's nervousness and paranoia. Source: Book of Jin (volume 1 14) "Fu Jian's Note": "Jian and Furong climb the city to see that the army is neat and the soldiers are elite. Looking north at the vegetation on Bagong Mountain, all of them are humanoid. Gu said,' This is also a slap in the face! What is less? I'm scared. Before the jitters, Jian's army was defeated in the Battle of Feishui, and Fu Rong died. Fu Jian was shot by an arrow and led the remaining soldiers to flee to the north desperately. When they heard the sound of the wind blowing and the chirping of cranes, they all thought that Jin soldiers were still chasing them, so they fled day and night, hungry and cold. As a result, when they returned to the north, the million-strong army had lost 78% of the total. Later generations used the word "trembling" to describe that people's hearts become fragile after suffering from * * *, and they can't stand the slightest trouble, or they can describe a precarious situation. Source: The Book of Jin Volume 79 Xie An Biography was published. After the Jin army recovered Shouyang, Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to give good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he was expressionless, so he put the good news aside and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The children finally defeated the Qin people." The guest was very happy after hearing this and didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken tooth". Source: The Book of Jin Volume 79 Xie An Biography was published. In August 383, Fu Jian personally led 870,000 troops from Chang 'an. When the news reached Jiankang, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin and civil and military officials in Beijing panicked. The military and civilians of the Jin Dynasty did not want Jiangnan to fall into the hands of the former Qin Dynasty. Everyone hoped that Prime Minister Xie An would make up his mind. Xie An is a native of Yang Xiachen Jun (now Taikang, Henan Province). He was born as a gentry, and he often traveled around Dongshan in Huiji, reciting poems and talking about articles. He was very famous among the literati at that time, and everyone thought he was a very talented person. But he would rather live in seclusion in Dongshan than be an official. At that time, there was a saying among the literati: "What will the people do if Xie An doesn't come out to be an official?" It was not until he was in his forties that he came out to be an official again. Because Xie An lived in seclusion for a long time, he later called it a "comeback" and came out as an official again. Source: The Book of Jin Volume 79 Xie An Biography was published.