What are the punctuation marks and how to use them?

4.1 Period?

4.1.1 The form of period is “.”. There is another form of period, which is a small dot ".", which is generally used in scientific literature. ?

4.1.2 Use a period for the pause at the end of a declarative sentence. For example:?

a) Beijing is the capital of the Republic of China. ?

b) Humility makes people progress, and pride makes people fall behind. ?

c) Asia is a vast territory, spanning cold, warm and hot zones. Due to the different topography and distance from the ocean, the climate is complex and diverse. ?

4.1.3 Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence with a soothing tone. For example: Please wait a moment. ?

4.2 Question mark

4.2.1 The form of question mark is "?". ?

4.2.2 Use question marks for pauses at the end of interrogative sentences. For example:?

a) Have you seen a golden monkey?

b) What is his name?

c) Is it better to go or not to go?

4.2.3 Question marks are also used at the end of rhetorical questions. For example:?

a) Don’t you know me yet?

b) How can you say that?

4.3 Exclamation mark?

4.3.1 The exclamation mark is in the form of "!". ?

4.3.2 Use an exclamation mark for the pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence. For example:?

a) Strive for the prosperity of the motherland!

b) How I want to see his old man! ?

4.3.3 Use an exclamation mark at the end of an imperative sentence with a strong tone. For example:

a) Get out of here! ?

b) Stop shooting!

4.3.4 Use an exclamation point at the end of a strong rhetorical question. For example:

How can I compare to him! ?

4.4 Comma?

4.4.1 The form of comma is ",". ?

4.4.2 If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate inside the sentence, use a comma. For example:

Most of the stars we can see are stars. ?

4.4.3 If there is a pause between the verb and the object within the sentence, use a comma. For example:

It should be noted that science requires a person to devote his life's energy.

4.4.4 If there is a pause after the adverbial inside the sentence, use a comma. For example:

He is no stranger to this city. ?

4.4.5 Commas are always used as pauses between clauses in a complex sentence, except sometimes semicolons are used. For example:

It is said that there are more than 100 gardens in Suzhou, but I have been to only a dozen. ?

4.5 The comma?

4.5.1 The format of the comma is “,”. ?

4.5.2 Use pauses between parallel words within a sentence. For example:?

a) The Amazon River, Nile River, Mississippi River and Yangtze River are the four largest rivers in the world. ?

b) A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles. ?

4.6 Semicolon?

4.6.1 The form of semicolon is ";". ?

4.6.2 Use semicolons to pause between parallel clauses within a complex sentence. For example:?

a) Language is used by people to express their feelings; words are used by people to record words and events. ?

b) In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a gate with a dangerous entrance; Wu Gorge is like a circuitous gallery, and every twist and turn is like an excellent landscape painting. , magical and beautiful; the water in Xiling Gorge is dangerous, with rapids and dangerous shoals everywhere. ?

4.6.3 For multiple repetitive sentences with non-parallel relationships (such as transition relationships, causal relationships, etc.), a semicolon is also used between the front and back parts of the first level. For example:

Citizens in our country who are over 18 years old, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family origin, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, have the right to vote and be elected; Exceptions are made for persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law.

?

4.6.4 Semicolons can also be used between items listed on separate lines. For example:

The administrative regions of the People's Republic of China are divided as follows: (1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities; (2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, City;? (3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, ethnic townships and towns. ?

4.7 Colon?

4.7.1 The form of colon is ":". ?

4.7.2 Used after a salutation to indicate the following. For example: Comrades, friends:

The meeting is now open. ......?

4.7.3 Used after words such as "say, think, be, prove, announce, point out, reveal, for example, as follows" to indicate the mention of the following. For example:

He was very surprised and said: "Ah, it's you!"?

4.7.4 Used after a general utterance to indicate that it will cause the following discussion. For example:

There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Meridian Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate. ?

4.7.5 Used after words that need explanation to lead to explanations or explanations. For example:

Foreign language book fair?

Date: October 20 to November 10?

Time: 8 am to 4 pm?

Location: No. 16, Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing?

Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation?

4.7.6 General discourse You can also use a colon before it to summarize the above. For example:

Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry; Li Ping entered a secondary technical school and majored in mechanical manufacturing; I worked as a salesperson in a department store: we all have bright futures. ?

4.8 Quotation marks?

4.8.1 The form of quotation marks is double quotation mark """ and single quotation mark "' '". ?

4.8.2 If quoted directly in the text, use quotation marks. For example:?

a) Einstein said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, and imagination summarizes everything in the world, promotes progress, and is the evolution of knowledge. Source."?

b) The motto "fullness brings losses, modesty gains benefits" has been circulating for at least two thousand years.

c) The horses painted by the modern painter Xu Beihong are, as some critics say, "both spiritual and physical, full of vitality

".

4.8.3 The objects that need to be discussed are marked with quotation marks. For example:

The ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which is called "things in order". "To have things" means to have content, and "to be orderly" means to be organized. ?

4.8.4 Words with special meanings are also marked with quotation marks. For example:

a) Looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw many torches arranged in a zigzag shape, all the way to the sky, connected with the starlight, and it was impossible to tell whether they were torches or stars.

b) It’s better to have fewer such “smart people”.

4.8.5 When there are quotation marks inside quotation marks, use double quotation marks on the outer layer and single quotation marks on the inner layer. For example:

He stood up and asked: "Teacher, what does the word 'organized' in 'orderly' mean?"?

4.9 Brackets?

4.9.1 The commonly used form of brackets is parentheses "( )". In addition, there are square brackets "[ ]", hexagonal numbers "[ ]" and square brackets " ". ?

4.9.2 Annotative text in the text should be marked with brackets. When annotating certain words in a sentence, the parentheses are placed immediately after the words being annotated; when annotating the entire sentence, the parentheses are placed after the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. For example:?

a) The discovery of Chinese ape-man (full name "Chinese ape-man Beijing species", or simply "Peking man") in my country is a major contribution to paleoanthropology. ?

b) Writing research articles is different from literary creation. You cannot spread out the manuscript paper and engage in "improvisation". (In fact, literary creation also requires literacy in order to have "improvisation".

)?

4.10 Dash?

4.10.1 The form of dash is "--". ?

4.10.2 Statements that explain in the text are marked with dashes. For example:?

a) Step through the golden door, pass through the wide entrance hall and cloakroom, and arrive at the central hall, the hub of the General Assembly Hall building. ?

b) For the happiness of the people of the whole country - including ourselves of course -, each of us must be conscientious and work hard. ?

4.10.3 Sudden changes in topic are marked with dashes. For example:

"It's so hot today! - When are you going to Shanghai?" Zhang Qiang said to Xiao Wang who had just walked in. ?

4.10.4 To extend the sound, use a dash after the onomatopoeia. For example:

"Woo--" The train is starting to move. ?

4.10.5 When items are listed and shared, use a dash before each item. For example:

According to different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches: --Environmental acoustics; --Environmental optics; --Environmental thermal science; --Environmental electromagnetics; --Ambient air dynamics. ?

4.11 Ellipsis?

4.11.1 The form of ellipsis is "...", six small dots, occupying the position of two characters. If an entire paragraph or line of poetry is omitted, twelve small dots can be used to indicate it. ?

4.11.2 The omission of quotations is indicated by ellipses. For example:

She gently hummed "Lullaby": "The moon is bright, the wind is quiet, the leaves cover the window lattice..."?

4.11 .3 The omission of an enumeration is indicated by an ellipsis. For example:

In the flower market in Guangzhou, peonies, bells, narcissus, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, camellias, ink orchids... flowers in spring, autumn and winter are all crowded together! ?

4.11.4 If you speak intermittently, you can use ellipses to mark it. For example:

"I...I'm sorry...everyone, I...didn't...complete...the task."?

4.12 Emphasis?

4.12. 1 The format of the emphasis symbol is “.”.

4.12.2 Words, words, and sentences that require readers to pay special attention are marked with emphasis. For example:

Career comes from people, not from people.

4.13 Connection number?

4.13.1 The connection number is in the form of “-” and occupies one character. There are three other forms of hyphens, namely long horizontal "--" (occupies the position of two characters), half-word line "-" (occupies the position of half a character) and wave-shaped "~" (occupies the position of one character). Location).

4.13.2 Two related nouns form a unit of meaning with a hyphen in between. For example:?

a) The area north of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in my country belongs to the temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperatures and rainy summers and cold and dry winters.

b) Compound sodium chloride injection, also known as Ringer-Locke solution, is used for medical treatment and mammalian physiology experiments.

4.13.3 Use connecting numbers between related times, places or numbers to indicate the beginning and end. For example:

a) Lu Xun (1881-1936) was a great modern Chinese writer, thinker and revolutionary. His original name was Zhou Shuren, his courtesy name was Hencai, and he was a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. ?

b) "Beijing-Guangzhou" direct express train. ?

c) The Kyoho grapes grown in Liyuan Township have entered a peak production period this year, with a yield of 1,000 to 1,500 kilograms per mu. ?

4.13.4 Use connecting numbers between relevant letters, Arabic numerals, etc. to indicate the product model. For example:

In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine optical cables that have been built and put into use, the TPC-4 submarine optical cable is also put into operation.

4.13.5 Several related projects indicate progressive development, with connecting numbers in between. For example:

Human development can be divided into four stages: ancient ape - ape man - ancient man - new man.

?

4.14 Spacer?

4.14.1 The spacer is in the form of “·”. ?

4.14.2 The boundaries between the various parts of the names of foreigners and certain ethnic minorities are marked with spacers. For example:

Leonardo da Vinci Aisin Gioro Nurhaci?

4.14.3 The distinction between the title of the book and the title of the chapter (chapter, volume), Marked with spacers. For example:

"Chinese Encyclopedia·Physics" "Three Kingdoms·Shu·Zhuge Liang Biography"?

4.15 Book title?

4.15.1 The form of the book title They are the double book title “《 》” and the single book title “〈 〉”. ?

4.15.2 The title of a book, article, newspaper, publication, etc., shall be marked with the book title number. For example:?

a) The author of "A Dream of Red Mansions" is Cao Xueqin. ?

b) Have you read Lu Xun's "Kong Yiji"?

c) His article was published in "People's Daily". ?

d) There is a book "Chinese Language" on the table. ?

4.15.3 When a book title number is also used inside the book title number, use a double book title number on the outer layer and a single book title number on the inner layer. For example:

"Chinese Workers" was published on February 7, 1940. ?

4.16 Proper name?

4.16.1 The form of proper name is “______”. ?

4.16.2 Under proper names such as names of people, places, dynasties, etc., they should be marked with proper names. For example:

Sima Xiangru was born in Chengdu, Shu County, Han Dynasty, with the courtesy name Changqing. ?

4.16.3 Proper names are only used in ancient books or certain literary and historical works. In order to match the proper title, the title of the book in this type of work can use a tilde "~~~~~~~~". For example:

Qu Yuan was exiled, and it was Fu who lost his sight in Zuoqiu.

5 The position of punctuation marks

5.1 Periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, commas, semicolons and colons generally occupy the position of one word, are located lower left and do not appear on a line head. ?

5.2 The first half of quotation marks, brackets, and book title numbers do not appear at the end of a line, and the second half do not appear at the beginning of a line. ?

5.3 The dash and the ellipsis occupy the position of two characters and cannot be separated in the middle. Connection numbers and spacer numbers generally occupy one character. These four symbols are centered above and below.

5.4 Emphasis marks, proper title marks and wavy line book title marks are marked below the words and can move with the words. ?

6 The difference in punctuation marks between vertical and horizontal manuscripts

6.1 Periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, periods, semicolons and colons are placed below and to the right of the word. ?

6.2 Dashes, ellipses, hyphens and spaces are placed under the words and centered. ?

6.3 Use double quotation marks " " and single quotation marks " " instead of quotation marks. ?

6.4 The emphasis mark is marked on the right side of the word, and the proper name mark and the wavy line book title mark are marked on the left side of the word.