How to deal with the bad loans that the bank can't collect? What are the rules?

First, how to deal with the non-performing loans that banks can't collect? What are the rules?

Non-performing loans are basically a headache for every bank in reality, but the occurrence of non-performing loans does not mean losses. For example, the reported balance of non-performing loans of Guiyang Rural Commercial Bank is about 654.38 billion yuan, and the non-performing rate is nearly 20%. It takes 20 years to cover non-performing loans with only one year's profit of Guiyang Rural Commercial Bank, but China Chengxin International still gives Guiyang Rural Commercial Bank an A-level rating, because non-performing loans do not necessarily mean that it is an A-level. (Individuals and enterprises have similar disposal methods, so enterprises are introduced in a unified way). For overdue loans, after investigation, it is confirmed that the enterprise is only in a phased or temporary operation difficulty, and it is still able to repay the interest at present, but it is temporarily unable to repay the principal. Therefore, banks generally take the way of borrowing new loans to repay the old loans (issuing new loans to repay the old loans) or extending the loan repayment period (extending the loan repayment period) to reduce the pressure on enterprises. For enterprises with big problems, it will be solved through restructuring. For example, another entity with normal operation (such as the original guarantor) will undertake this loan. Loan restructuring requires that borrowers and guarantee methods should not be weaker than the original borrowers and guarantee methods. If the above methods can't solve the problem, the general bank will seal up, freeze and detain the assets under the enterprise name, and return the bank loan by transferring the funds in the enterprise bank account or auctioning the enterprise assets (of course, in reality, many enterprises' assets are mortgaged to different banks, so banks often can only auction the assets mortgaged to banks). If the enterprise's account balance or the assets being auctioned are not enough to pay all the loan amount, then the business has a guarantor. At this stage, if there is collateral, the recoverable loan principal is generally above 90% (because the collateral is mortgaged at an interest rate below 0.7%); If there is a guarantee, the loan principal can be recovered above 70%. Some loan transfers are difficult to handle, such as the remote location of collateral, or the guarantor's uncooperative, and only a little return at a time. If banks don't want to spend too much time and energy dealing with them, they will package them and sell them to non-performing loan collection companies. After that, no matter whether the recovered funds are higher or lower than the amount sold by the bank, the NPL collection company has nothing to do with the bank. After the loan write-off is handled by the second and third methods, there is still a gap, such as the loan of 6,543,800,000 yuan, and only 9,000,000 yuan is finally recovered by the above methods. Then the remaining 6,543,800,000 yuan is indeed a non-performing loan, and the bank confirms that it cannot be recovered, so the bank will write off the difference. However, it should be noted that write-off is only a way for banks to make accounts. Summarizing personal non-performing loans is the same as the enterprise's solution, but because the amount of personal loans is relatively small, banks generally skip the first step and start directly from the non-performing collection stage. Banks are not charitable organizations. They will not easily accept the loss of non-performing loans and will take all measures to minimize the loss.

Second, what is the credit gap?

Economists of the Bank for International Settlements define the credit "gap" as the difference between the ratio of credit to GDP and the historical long-term trend. Credit gap, also known as credit output gap, refers to the degree to which the ratio of private sector credit to GDP deviates from its long-term trend value. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is the main institution leading the credit gap research, which has been included in the Basel III framework drafted at the end of 20 10, as a trigger for the banking supervision authorities to increase and issue countercyclical capital requirements.

Judging from the existing research results, among the commonly used early warning indicators (including real effective exchange rate, stock price, real estate price and credit gap, etc. ), the credit gap has the best effect. The latest research of this institution shows that when the credit gap is greater than 10%, the signal-to-noise ratio is the lowest (signal-to-noise ratio refers to the probability that a crisis will not occur when there is an early warning signal). For policy reference, the lower the ratio, the better).

The concrete conclusion is that when the credit gap is greater than 10%, the probability of bank crisis within three years is 72%. At the same time, one of the five early warnings (the credit gap is greater than 10%) will fail. This result may be the basis for some people to regard the credit gap greater than 10% as an important crisis warning signal.

3. What is the NPL gap?

Non-performing loans mean that the money you lent to others may not be recovered. Non-performing loans mean that the money you lent to others has been confirmed to be unrecoverable.

The so-called bad debts and bad debts in banks are called bad loans or bad assets.

The non-performing loans and bad debts of banks are folk sayings, and the real name of the banking field is non-performing loans or non-performing assets.

According to Article 3 of the Guiding Principles for Loan Risk Classification (200 1 Edition):

Bank loans are divided into five categories: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss; The latter three categories are collectively referred to as non-performing loans.

Secondary: The borrower's repayment ability has obvious problems, and it is unable to repay the loan principal and interest in full by relying entirely on its normal operating income. Even if the guarantee is implemented, it may cause certain losses.

Suspicious: the borrower can't repay the loan principal and interest in full, even if the guarantee is implemented, it will definitely cause great losses.

Loss: After taking all possible measures or all necessary legal procedures, the principal and interest can still not be recovered, or only a very small part can be recovered.

At the same time, there are two indicators to judge the quality of bank loans, namely loans overdue for more than 90 days and loans with interest arrears for more than 90 days. If the credit in loans overdue exceeds 90 days and the mortgage in loans overdue exceeds 180 days, it is a subprime loan. It is necessary to be prepared.

4. What do you mean by gap?

The gap between the gaps is the result of the worsening trend.

When the gap between the market and individual stocks falls the next day, if the bottom gap is not covered on that day, it means that the trend is not good and it is possible to consolidate or fall below the gap in the future.