What is the slogan of the Boxers?

One of the slogans of the Boxer Rebellion:

God helps boxing, the Boxer Rebellion, only because the Japanese invaded the Central Plains.

I urge you to follow the teachings, have faith in God, disbelieve in God, and forget your ancestors and immortals.

If a man is incestuous and a woman commits adultery, all ghost children are the product of their mother.

If you don’t believe it, if you look carefully, the devil’s eyes will turn blue.

There is no rain in the sky, the earth is parched and dry, but the church stops the sky.

The gods were angry and the immortals were angry, so they went down the mountain together to preach the Tao.

It’s not evil, it’s not white lotus, it’s mantras and mantras.

Sign up the yellow table, offer cigarettes, and invite all the gods in the caves.

The immortal comes out of the cave, the god comes down from the mountain, attaches himself to the human body and delivers the fist.

If you have learned all the art of war, it will be easy to defeat the Japanese.

Demolish railway tracks, pull out wire poles, and destroy large ships in an emergency.

Great France is frightened, and Britain and Germany are all gone.

After all the foreign devils have been eliminated, the Qing Dynasty will unify Jingjiang and Shanxi.

The second slogan of the Boxer Rebellion:

God helps boxing, the Boxer Rebellion, only because the Japanese invaded the Central Plains.

To urge people to follow religion is to deceive heaven and disrespect gods and Buddhas and forget their ancestors.

Men are incestuous, women are incestuous, and devils are not born from humans.

If you don’t believe it, look carefully, the devil’s eyes are blue.

It doesn’t rain, the ground is dry, and the church blocks the sky.

The gods are angry and the immortals are annoyed, so I wait to go down the mountain and preach the truth.

It is not a rumor, it is not a white lotus, it is a spoken mantra to learn the truth.

Raise the yellow watch, burn incense, and invite all kinds of gods and goddesses.

The gods come out of the cave, and the immortals come down from the mountain to help the world play with fists.

The art of war is easy. If you learn boxing, it will be easy to destroy the Japanese.

Choose the railroad, cut the wire, spin it and destroy the big ship.

Great France is frightened. Britain, the United States, Russia and Germany cried again and again.

All the Japanese were killed, and the Qing Dynasty celebrated peace.

The Boxers first emerged in the border area between Shandong and Zhili (now Hebei). It is an anti-imperialist and patriotic mass organization developed on the basis of the Boxer Boxing and other private anti-Qing secret societies. Its members are mainly farmers, handicraftsmen and other working people, and there are also many unemployed people. The name of the Boxers was first seen in the memorial of Zhang Rumei, the governor of Shandong Province in June 1898. Starting from the autumn of the following year, the Qing government also began to use this name in official documents. After that, the term "Boxer" gradually replaced "Boxing" or was used together with "Boxing".

The church power in Shandong is extremely rampant, and the anti-foreign religion struggle of the people is extremely fierce. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1888-1894, the northwest region of Shandong where the imperialist military rule was relatively weak, after long-term preparation, the masses rose up to resist Christianity and finally became the main birthplace of the Boxer Rebellion anti-imperialist and patriotic movement. By 1899, Boxing in Guan County led by Yan Shuqin and Zhao Sanduo, and Boxing in Chiping, Yucheng, and Pingyuan led by Zhu Hongdeng and Monk Benming (also known as Monk Xincheng) were already quite active. , with great momentum. They supported each other in the struggle against foreign religions and effectively attacked the aggressive forces of the church, shocking the imperialists and the Qing government.

For a long time, the people of Zhili have been resisting the oppression of the church, and a wide range of people participated in the struggle. After Zhao Sanduo, Yan Shuqin and others set up a flag uprising in Guan County, Shandong Province, Boxer activities soon appeared in the border area of ??Zhilu and southern Zhili, and they attacked churches from time to time.

After the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, many anti-imperialist slogans were put forward, such as "Support China and drive away the foreign countries", "Support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreign countries, and do justice for heaven" ① and "Promote the Qing Dynasty and destroy religions", "Foreigners Can be destroyed" ② and so on. During the struggle, the Boxers also posted anti-Qing slogans, such as "Destroy the Jesus religion, kill the Japanese ghosts, and then make trouble with the Qing Dynasty" ③ and so on.

The Boxer Rebellion combined religion and military as its organizational form. The basic units are altars (also called factories, furnaces, fields, and regiments). The number of people in each altar varies, ranging from more than a hundred to as few as fifty or twenty-five. Several or a dozen altars form the main altar (general group). The various general forums are independent of each other and do not belong to each other. During combat, they are divided into sentries and squads. Each sentry has fifty to one hundred people. The person in charge is called the sentry commander (or captain, hundred commander). The sentry is divided into squads, with ten people in each squad, and a squad leader (or ten commanders).

Generally speaking, the Boxer Rebellion was a loose organization without a unified leadership and command structure. It mainly relied on gatherings by posting posters. When something happened, "as soon as a leaflet came out, thousands of people gathered together" ④ and then dispersed as soon as the matter was over. There are also similar organizations for young women, called Red Lantern Zhao, Blue Lantern Zhao, etc. They usually perform service duties and sometimes participate in combat.

The leader of the boxer group is called the teacher or the ancestor, and the leaders of each group are called the senior brother and the second senior brother. The eldest brother is in charge of various affairs in the altar during normal times, and is responsible for leading the team and commanding operations during wartime. The Boxer Rebellion in Shandong area has various titles such as general office, commander, scout, patrol camp, front enemy, urging formation and sub-organized outposts⑤. Some Boxers also have titles such as general marshal, deputy marshal, grand vanguard, military advisor, and general manager of grain stores⑥. Among them, the general office and commander are usually served by prestigious teachers; the front enemies and the leaders are brave and capable warriors (they take the lead on horseback during the battle and supervise the battle). The Boxers mainly used cold weapons such as broadswords and spears, as well as a small number of firearms such as shotguns, gun lifts, and cannon lifts.

The Boxers had strong feudal superstitions, such as preaching Shinto help and invulnerability. However, certain group rules and precepts formulated by the Boxers, such as "It is not allowed to avenge private revenge, use the rich to suppress the poor, rely on the strong to bully the weak, and take right as wrong"①, "No greed for money, no lust"②, etc., embody the Boxers' opposition to evil and The virtues of working people such as resisting oppression and protecting kindness have won the support of the people.

The Boxer Rebellion directly attacked the aggressive forces of imperialism. The Qing government was frightened by the power of imperialism and ordered many times to "quickly eradicate and...strength to suppress" ① and "effectively suppress and not cause trouble." ②, "Severe punishment to stabilize the local area" ①. However, the Qing army's forceful suppression could not shake the Boxer Rebellion's determination to fight against imperialism, so they continued one after another, and "suppression" was incomparable to "suppression". Therefore, some officials believe that if they blindly "revere teachings and suppress the people", they will inevitably "provoke changes and take risks"②, and advocate "turning private associations into public organizations and transforming boxing and bravery into militia" and "let them defend themselves and their property, and watch and help each other"③. Seek peace among the people. The Qing government's policy of changing "suppression" to "fu" and forcing the Boxers to recognize the Boxers as a legal group gave the Boxers favorable conditions for public activities, which made them more powerful and more powerful against the ferocity of missionaries and believers. .

In early October 1899, in Lizhuang, Gangzi, Pingyuan County, Shandong Province, the Boxers attacked the local church because the church members were oppressing the masses. The county magistrate Jiang Kai sent troops to suppress it. Zhu Hongdeng led two to three hundred people (some say nearly a thousand people) in his regiment to fight against the Qing army and defeated it. In mid-October, Zhu Hongdeng commanded the Boxers to repel the attack of hundreds of Qing cavalry, and then advanced to Senluodian, only eighteen miles away from Pingyuan County. Soon, Zhu Hongdeng led the crowd to break out of the siege and moved to Chiping. In November of the same year, Zhu Hongdeng and monk Benming were arrested by the Qing guerrilla Ma Jinxu Department and later killed in Jinan. After that, the Boxers in northwest Shandong continued to fight under the leadership of Gaotang County native Wang Liyan and others.

Under the pressure of imperialism, the Qing government was determined to suppress the Shandong Boxers. On December 6, 1899, Yuan Shikai, the right minister of the Ministry of Industry, was appointed as the acting governor of Shandong to lead troops to suppress the rebellion. On December 25, Yuan Shikai led a well-equipped 7,000-strong armed guard right army to Jinan. He saw that "the people's sentiments in Shandong were strong" and that the Boxer Rebellion people were "in many places", so he "distributed his troops to suppress them everywhere." ④ By the beginning of the summer of 1900, "all the boxing factories had been closed down", and some were "hiding in remote places and giving private lessons." ⑤ Wang Liyan and other leaders died one after another, and the surviving regiment members, under the leadership of Yan Shuqin and others, either turned to secret activities or entered Zhili to continue the struggle.