Specific skills in group work for the elderly

Specific skills in group work for the elderly

(1) Staff should make sufficient preparations before group activities. Especially for the first group activity, the staff must give careful consideration in advance, including the use of language, the choice of game types, ways to get everyone familiar with each other, etc. The first activity should make the group members feel relaxed, natural, happy, and interesting. You can let group members take turns to introduce themselves to enhance understanding among group members, and you can also promote interaction among group members by looking for the same "zodiac signs." A good start is half the battle.

(2) The activities or games organized must be simple and easy to learn, so that the elderly can understand them as soon as they listen and read them. To make the games interesting, remember not to make them too difficult, otherwise the elderly will fail because they cannot do it. Feeling incompetent. Staff should explain the rules slowly, clearly and loudly to ensure that every team member understands the rules.

(3) Staff should seize the opportunity to appreciate the abilities of team members. "Increase the self-confidence of team members through appreciation, so that they can actively participate. Remember, those appreciations are sincere encouragement, not exaggerated promises." At the same time, staff should guide, regulate, and even criticize individual self-centered and authoritarian team members so that they will not affect the completion of the team's work goals. However, care should be taken not to impose too strict responsibilities.

(4) Staff members should be concerned about how each group member feels about the activity. When they find that some group members are indifferent to the activity, they should adjust the activity program appropriately to avoid a cold moment. It is necessary for the members of the group to spontaneously form a "hill". Once discovered, the staff must skillfully use random sampling methods to organize group activities and naturally break them up to achieve the purpose of interaction among all group members. (5) When the group activity is halfway through, the staff should assist the group members to truly express their feelings about the group activities, identify problems and summarize experiences, so that the next stage of activities will be more in line with the interests and hobbies of the group members.

(6) When the group is about to end, the staff should evaluate the success or failure of the group activities and the development of each group member.

Code of communication

1. Maintain a respectful, friendly and sincere attitude.

2. Be patient, have enough time, and avoid making hasty explanations.

3. You should be careful when analyzing the old man's words, and do not make random judgments when the old man has not completed his expression. 4. Avoid arguing with the elderly, as this will prompt the other person to become silent and self-defensive.

5. Try to choose a location with less interference to talk to the elderly.

The art of talking with the elderly

1. How to start the topic?

- What are your living habits here? What activities do you usually do? How is your health lately?

2. How to elicit the feelings of the elderly?

- What do you think about this? What do you think? Why do you think so? Do you think??

3. How to break the silence of the elderly?

- When the old man finishes speaking, answer "Uh huh" and then wait for the old man to continue.

- Repeat the last words or a few words of the old man and wait for the old man to continue.

Communication skills with the elderly (required)

1. The conversation should be brief, listen more and speak less, and take certain notes.

2. While talking, pay attention to the tone, expression and non-verbal messages of the elderly person, and listen to understand the elderly person

3. When you don’t understand what the elderly person is saying , should be asked frankly.

4. Use non-verbal methods to communicate with the elderly. For example: pat the elderly person on the shoulder, nod to express approval, hold the elderly person's hand, etc.

5. Give the elderly appropriate appreciation and encouragement.

6. When the elderly are talking, do not look around. Instead, pay attention to the elderly and show that you are willing to listen to what they have to say.

7. After the conversation, the content of what the old man said should be properly organized so that the next conversation can take the initiative and learn from the experience of the old man.

Sentences that offend the elderly (don’t)

1. Imperatives such as “Don’t cry” and “Try harder” will make the elderly resist, evade and defend themselves, because the elderly In the past, it was customary to call the shots.

2. Preaching "You should be like this" will make the elderly feel ashamed, guilty and dissatisfied.

3. Argumentative "This is the fact", "This is wrong for you"? will make the elderly self-defensive, refute and dare not express their true feelings.

4. Criticism "You destroyed it yourself"? It will make the elderly feel inferior and resist.

5. Analytical "You do this because you are afraid of your wife"? It will make the elderly angry, uneasy and self-defensive.

6. The evasive "Let's not talk about this anymore"?... will make the elderly feel rejected and afraid to speak frankly.

7. Questioning "Why didn't you do this"? It will make the elderly feel that you do not trust and respect him or her.

Preparations for voluntary workers before visiting the elderly

1. Clearly understand the purpose, content and target information of the visit;

2. Maintain good understanding before the visit Be in good health, be cheerful, maintain a stable mood, and be mentally prepared to deal with problems and emergencies that may arise during the visit. If there are any incidents before the visit that cause the service provider to feel emotionally uneasy or physically unwell, they should contact the organizer to discuss the matter.

3. If there is a rainstorm warning or severe weather before the visit, please contact the organizer first to ensure that the visit will be carried out as scheduled.

4. Keep your instrument clean and tidy

Precautions

1. Due to the reduced number of nerve cells, the elderly have poor adaptability and respond slowly to hot and cold stimuli. , are afraid of cold, should pay attention to avoid burns and scalds, and arrange a comfortable and quiet sleeping environment. 2. The elderly are less likely to fall asleep and wake up easily, so they should arrange a comfortable and quiet sleeping environment

3. Due to changes in digestive tract function, tooth loss, and reduced saliva secretion, the elderly's digestion of food is affected. , absorption, so choose foods that are easy to digest and eat small amounts frequently (or prepare snacks between meals), avoid fried, rough and irritating foods, and drink plenty of water to avoid causing urinary tract stones.

4. As blood circulation slows down, it is easy to cause orthostatic hypotension, so the elderly should change their posture slowly.

5. The elderly are gradually losing bone mass. In addition to supplementing calcium, they should move carefully to prevent falls and fractures.

6. Due to reduced secretion of sebaceous glands and dry skin, the bath water temperature for the elderly should be appropriate and less soap should be used to avoid skin inflammation caused by scratching

and you can use moisturizer after bathing Wipe skin with lotion.

Regarding the deterioration of vision and hearing of the elderly, the following matters should be paid attention to in life care:

1. Speak to the elderly, slow down and use gestures to help the elderly understand.

2. In terms of intonation, do not shout at a high pitch, as it is difficult for the elderly to receive it. If necessary, ask a doctor to use a hearing aid. 3. Lights must be installed at the corners of the corridor, and handrails should be provided on both sides to assist the elderly in walking. Suitable lighting should be maintained at night. 4. Each step of the stairs should have different color bands to prevent the elderly from falling due to poor eyesight and unable to distinguish the steps clearly. 5. In the bathroom, you should pay attention to the fact that the floor is not too slippery, and the toilet is preferably a sitting type, and there should be handrails around it.

6. The elderly have reduced vision, so indoor lighting should be sufficient, commonly used items should be placed in fixed locations, wear appropriate glasses, choose larger fonts when reading books and newspapers, or use a magnifying glass to make up for the lack of vision.

Activities suitable for the elderly

1. Drumming and passing flowers. Organize the elderly into a circle. One of them holds the flowers, and the other carries everyone or blindfolds them and plays music or drums. The sound is passed among the flowers. Stop flowering. Whoever has the flower in his hand wins the lottery. If the bouquet happens to be in the hands of two people, the two people can decide the loser through guessing or other methods. Through games, the atmosphere among the elderly is activated, the talents of the elderly are discovered, and the characteristics of the elderly in the institution are understood. By organizing activities suitable for the elderly that involve the elderly and are rich in communication, we can promote exchanges and communication among the elderly, create a sense of belonging, and maintain a healthy mentality.

2. Trap the treasure: Arrange the cans in three rows, and the old man will use the iron hoop to trap the cans at a certain distance. The one who catches the can will get extra points. Enrich entertainment life through games, improve the enthusiasm of the elderly, strengthen communication and interaction among the elderly, make the elderly have fun and enhance their physical and mental health.

3. Riddle guessing meeting: The old man takes the answer to the riddle and looks for the answer, and the one who finds the right answer gets extra points.

This is an intellectual game in which the elderly use their brainpower and actively participate in activities to slow down aging and reduce the probability of Alzheimer's disease.

4. Origami flowers and send blessings: In the activity of origami flowers, the elderly's initiative and patience are improved, their hands-on ability is exercised, the rate of aging is slowed down, and the incidence of various diseases is reduced. Origami flowers, because the steps are more complicated, some elderly people are slow to learn, so the elderly who learned it first can teach the elderly who have not learned it yet, and in the process of helping each other, the emotional connection between each other is strengthened.

5. Indoor goalball: Place a stool at a certain distance and the old man hits the ball. If the ball can pass under the stool, he will score. Enrich entertainment life through games, improve the enthusiasm of the elderly, and strengthen communication and interaction among the elderly. In the game, the elderly can not only play the game, but also play other active roles: ball picker, scorekeeper, scorer, etc. These are all within the scope of the elderly's ability. In the process of playing different roles, the old man experienced a sense of accomplishment, believed that he could still do many things, faced others more positively, and lived optimistically.

6. Simulated bowling: Arrange the cans in a row, and the old man throws the ball at a certain distance, knocking down each can for a certain number of points. Through games

enrich entertainment life, improve the enthusiasm of the elderly, strengthen communication and interaction between the elderly, make the elderly have fun and enhance their physical and mental health.

7. Draw a nose: Draw a portrait on the whiteboard without a nose. The old man walks blindfolded at a certain distance, with workers assisting him, and draws the nose of the portrait on the whiteboard. Bonus points will be given based on the accuracy of the location. This activity is an interaction between workers and the elderly. During the interaction, mutual trust is increased

What difficulties will you encounter in the process of providing social work services? In response to these difficulties, what service methods or coping strategies will you adopt?

1. Language

Language communication is the biggest and most common obstacle. In addition to not being able to understand Cantonese, there are also people who come to Shenzhen for retirement with a strong local accent.

Countermeasures:

1. Listen to the accent and find people who can understand, such as community workers, volunteers, co-workers, people around the elderly, etc.

2. Learn Cantonese by yourself

3. Roughly judge the elderly person’s intentions based on gestures, expressions, etc.

2. Service resources

Many resources need to be used in services. For example, venue, funds, personnel, etc. Countermeasures:

1. Make good use of the implicit power of social workers. For example, when introducing the grassroots, you can temporarily introduce them as those sent by the superior department to carry out the work.

2. Maintain close contact with grassroots units such as communities.

3. When support from the community and others is needed, be good at identifying the needs of the community and skillfully integrate this work into the community's achievements and political achievements.

4. Be good at finding public resources, such as public event venues, squares, etc.

5. Look for sponsorship from businesses, etc.

6. Look for support from professional institutions, such as hospitals, social welfare centers, education and training institutions, etc.

7. Be kind Use the elderly's own resources

3. Responsibility for accidents during activities

Since the service targets are the elderly, accidents will inevitably occur. How to determine the responsibility.

Countermeasures:

1. Put safety first, do enough homework during the preparation stage

2. Check for safety hazards at the event venue, post safety identification slogans, etc.

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3. Inform the service recipients in advance to pay attention to safety, and sign a verbal or written responsibility agreement

4. Find co-workers or volunteers to assist, so that more eyes can notice the service recipients

4. Guarantee of enthusiasm and continuity in activities

Especially for group activities and other activities that require long-term participation

1. Agreement before the activity

2. Notify and ask for leave before the activity

3. Do not wait for the elderly who are late, otherwise it will be a disguised punishment for the elderly who are on time

4. It is not easy for group activities to have too many sessions or delays for too long. The interval between each session can be shortened appropriately

5. When recruiting, use more people so that even if someone leaves, the number will not be too small

6. Encourage and create institutions to allow The elderly participate in it and improve their sense of responsibility

5. Different types of elderly service strategies (1) Disabled elderly

1. Make good use of body language

2. Give encouragement and response with facial expressions and words

3. Assistance from co-workers/volunteers (2) Military retired elderly people

1. Make good use of elderly leaders and use elderly leaders to manage and lead the elderly

2. Respect the special characteristics of the elderly and allow the elderly to identify their own needs independently

3. The role of social workers is positioned as coordinators and organizers, rather than practitioners of specific affairs

(3) Community Elderly

1. When the street community has some services for the elderly, social workers need to intervene and cooperate with relevant service units to increase the effectiveness of the activities by incorporating social work elements. At the same time, it also reduces unnecessary duplication of services

2. Explore the needs and potential of the elderly, and social workers serve as resource coordinators, organizers and coordinators

3. Provide timely guidance The elderly recommend more innovative social work services and concepts, such as elderly cognition, emotion management, life review, etc., which are currently less developed services.

What should we pay attention to when contacting the elderly?

1. Safety: always come first! Slide carefully, support the elderly well, and master the correct supporting method; when the elderly sit on the wheelchair, be sure not to let the wheelchair move and cause the wheelchair to sit empty. Push the wheelchair slowly, put down the elderly's screams, and put your hands on the thighs. Go up and don't leave the range of the handrail!

2. Most elderly people have poor memory. They avoid asking: "Do you still remember me?". The elderly don't want others to say that they have a poor memory. Instead, they say: "I'm here to see you again!" The elderly will feel much happier if they feel valued.

3. Respect the habits of the elderly: Do not touch the furnishings and other items in the elderly's room. For example, the mother-in-law in the nursing home likes to put scissors and medicated oil on the bed to remind her to pay attention to safety. There is a My mother-in-law likes to put money in newspapers and so on.

4. Don’t give anything you bring to the elderly casually: for example, people with diabetes should have low sugar, and patients with kidney disease and high school pressure should control salt.

5. Prepare before leaving the home for activities in the nursing home: let the elderly go to the toilet; prepare a few more paper towels for the elderly; in air-conditioned environments and winter, bring an extra coat for the elderly. A small towel quilt for wheelchair users.

6. Always pay attention to changes in the elderly, such as cold, heat, cough, thirst, convenience, etc., so that timely treatment can be provided.

7. Don’t look down on the elderly, treat them as your own relatives and show utmost care.

8. Cooperation among volunteers is also very important. Of course, there are many tasks that need to be adapted according to the actual situation.

I hope that everyone’s adaptability will be stronger. I also hope that everyone will continue to explore and accumulate experience in future actual activities, and have more and more Share your good experiences with us!

Simulation questions:

1. The old man does not take medicine - we must first find out the reason why the old man does not take medicine: is it because of the pain? Because it's hard to swallow? Because there is a lack of food to eat after taking the medicine? Is it because I am tired of taking medicine for a long time or is it for other reasons? After finding the cause, slowly and patiently coax the old man to take medicine.

Remember, it’s coaxing!

2. The elderly complain of dizziness - it is also necessary to first understand the patient's history of the elderly, such as whether they have neurological headaches or migraines. If the dizziness is caused by poor rest or a cold, You can use Fengyou essence and cooling oil to apply to the "temple" and "Renzhong acupoints" of the elderly, and use your thumb to press the "Neiguan acupoint" on the inside of the elderly's wrist; if the dizziness is caused by hypoglycemia, immediately make a cup of glucose water. The elderly drink it, and then let the elderly slowly eat some other digestible food; if the dizziness is caused by the hot house or the weather, ventilate it first and then apply medicated oil?

3. The elderly collapses - —Never help the old man up right away! I want to ask where the old man fell? After checking that there are no falls or fractures, carefully lift the old man up. For general epidermal injuries, disinfect them with light salt water or alcohol and then apply some kaleidoscope or gentian violet lotion. Do not apply mercurochrome! If there is a fracture, don't move the old man. If you are not skilled in fixing the fracture, why not call for help as soon as possible?

4. The old man is crying - you must also find the reason first, and you must know the old man Why are you sad, and then slowly and patiently enlighten you?

5. The old man doesn't eat - still looking for the reason, is it because of poor appetite? What if the food doesn't suit your taste? Or is it because you have something on your mind? Then let the old man eat slowly. Don't force the old man to finish a meal. How many mouthfuls can he take?

6. If you have a mental disorder or autism, you must understand the "heart knot" of the old man. " and "Achilles' heel", spend a lot of time, patience, love, and care to melt the hearts of the elderly, until one day the elderly speak?

7. Be sincere and treat each other sincerely, and the elderly will understand you. , will like you, will love you equally - just maybe they express it in different ways?

The theme of group activity planning should be clear, the idea should be novel, and it can arouse the interest of the elderly. Due to their physical and mental conditions, the elderly like to be alone, do not like to talk, and do not like to participate in anything, thinking that they are just joining in the fun. In the planning stage of group activities, it is necessary to visit the elderly in advance and solicit their opinions so that the elderly can feel valued and respected. With the joint efforts of social workers and the elderly, a distinct theme can be determined, such as a welfare home. The gathering between the elderly and children in kindergarten was named "Baby Fun" activity. Since the elderly have participated in the design of the activity theme in advance, they generally show a strong interest in subsequent group activities and have a high sense of participation. But the elderly tend to forget things, so before the event, the elderly should still be invited one-on-one to participate, and at the same time, posters of the event should be posted in conspicuous places. The posters should be colorful, with large and full characters, and concise content so that the elderly can easily see and understand them.

After the theme of the activity is determined, social workers must make sufficient preparations. For example, design the process of the entire group activity, how many times the group activity will be conducted, and what is the specific content and focus of each activity. For example, during the August 1st period, group activities for veterans in the welfare home were carried out four times. The first time was "Looking back on my military career"; the second time was "The most unforgettable thing in my military career"; The third time was when the military songs were loud and old songs were sung again; the fourth time was when we returned to the military camp and visited the anti-aircraft artillery division. For every event, social workers must carefully consider the use of language, selection of game types, contact with event sponsors, time control, and response to emergencies such as the onset of illness among the elderly. Activities should make the elderly feel relaxed, natural, happy, and not too tired.

The activities or games carried out among the elderly must be simple and easy to learn, so that the elderly can understand them as soon as they listen and read them. Since most elderly people have weak audio-visual abilities, social workers must use slow, clear, and loud language, and use easily identifiable words and pictures when explaining activity rules and demonstrating game content. The mini-games interspersed with the activity must be simple and interesting, which can not only arouse the atmosphere of the activity, but also be simple and easy to learn, so as to prevent the elderly from feeling incompetent because they cannot do it. In the long-term process of carrying out group activities for the elderly, we have found that the following small games are deeply loved by the elderly, such as picking beans with chopsticks, stringing names together, nose and lips passing

Gram cards, quizzes, two People cooperate to blow up balloons and so on. These mini-games do not require too much physical effort, but can also achieve the effect of using the hands and brain, and pleasing the body and mind.

Social workers should seize the opportunity to appreciate the abilities of team members and increase the self-confidence of the elderly through appreciation. In particular, appropriate appreciation should be given to the elderly who take the initiative to speak or those who overcome difficulties and complete certain mini-games to increase their confidence. Confidence is particularly effective and can be good enough to motivate him to participate in the next group activity, but appreciation is genuine encouragement, not exaggerated words or flattery. Sometimes an encouraging look or a supporting action is more powerful than thousands of words of praise. For some introverted elderly people, you can ask them to help social workers notify other group members to participate in activities, be responsible for signing in and taking roll before the activities, and give them more opportunities to speak and perform during the activities.

Some elderly people suffer from chronic diseases such as cerebral thrombosis, respond slowly and chatter endlessly, and other team members will show indifference or disdain to their speeches. At this time, the social worker should care about the feelings of each participant, adjust the activity program, interrupt the elderly person's speech appropriately, and summarize its content, such as "What did you mean by what you just said?" We all know it. Now we have a request. The next team member will speak, okay?" Applause to thank the old man for his speech and invite other old people to speak. When interrupting the elderly person's speech, the attitude should be kind and the tone should be tactful, otherwise the elderly person will feel "abandoned".

During the activities, social workers should help the elderly express their feelings about the group activities, discover problems and summarize experiences, so that future activities can be more in line with the interests and hobbies of the elderly. The expression of this feeling is not only verbal but can also be expressed in words and pictures. For example, you can ask the elderly to write down their feelings about participating in the activities on paper, and draw the people and things that participated in the activities most profoundly. Social workers collect the elderly's works and make a display board, which can not only give participants a sense of belonging and accomplishment, but also attract the attention of non-participants, thereby effectively promoting the group activities and increasing the participation rate of the activities. For example, the group activity "My Experience of 30 Years of Reform and Opening Up" held at the Social Work Station exhibited old items and photos collected by the elderly, as well as works by the elderly about their personal experiences of reform and opening up, including articles and paintings, which aroused It has attracted strong interest from the elderly in the welfare home. After dinner, we often gather in small groups to talk about the great changes that have taken place in the past 30 years of reform and opening up. All of them express emotion - life is getting better and better, and life in old age is not only secure, but also becoming more and more exciting. This feeling is undoubtedly beneficial to the elderly. their physical and mental health.

It is almost common knowledge that the elderly are prone to nostalgia. How to use this characteristic to better serve the elderly has always been a problem that elderly social workers are constantly exploring. Based on the author's more than 3 years of social work practice for the elderly in Shanghai No. 1 Social Welfare Institute, this article attempts to discuss the practical application of social work nostalgia techniques in elderly care institutions.

The so-called nostalgia technique is to allow the elderly to review the most important and unforgettable events or moments in their past lives and tell the story of the experience. In this process, the elderly re-recognize themselves and reconstruct their relationships with others. Through self-shaping, they can keep their lives consistent with their self-feeling, and emotionally gain a way to re-experience happiness, achievement, dignity, etc. A variety of emotions that are beneficial to physical and mental health, and find your own self-esteem and glory.

As far as individual cases are concerned, the use of nostalgic techniques provides social workers with important clues about the past lives of the elderly and analysis of the meaning and continuity of their lives, so it has become an important method for carrying out many caseworks. . However, in addition to using nostalgia as an important technique for background data collection and analysis, nostalgia can also be used as a major therapeutic technique in some typical cases.

One is the depressed old man. There are some retired cadres in elderly care institutions. When they were young, they had outstanding achievements in their jobs. After retirement, they often cannot accept the current situation that they are relieved of social responsibilities and need the services of others. As a result, they become pessimistic and depressed, and have no hope for the elderly care institutions. Most of the activities have lost their sense of satisfaction. For such elderly people, social workers can help them regain their self-esteem and self-confidence, have the courage to face their current actual situation, relieve psychological pressure, and focus their attention by letting them review the proud events and moments in the past years. Move into new experiences and goals.

The second is the self-contemptuous and self-accusing elderly. This kind of old people have extremely low self-esteem because they encountered many setbacks in their youth and have certain shortcomings in their career and family.

It usually manifests as constantly blaming oneself, thinking that everything one does is unsuccessful, and immediately placing all the crimes on oneself whenever one makes any mistakes. Through nostalgia, social workers reminisce with the elderly

the unpleasant events in the past years, and guide the elderly through discussions to understand that these events were largely determined by the background and social environment of the time, so as to To a certain extent, it alleviates their self-blame and guilt, and alleviates their feelings of anxiety.

Various types of theme group activities with nostalgia as the main technique are often very popular among the elderly in nursing homes. Different elderly people may have different interests and preferences due to their different experiences and personalities, but the background of the era they experienced is the same. Therefore, the nostalgia group set up by social workers not only has many participants, but also has an active atmosphere and group members. Strong willingness to share. In the early stages of social work intervention in nursing homes, conducting nostalgic groups can help the elderly quickly accept and participate in this new way of working. Of course, nostalgia can also be extended to a variety of activities of different natures and levels for different elderly people.

The first is recreational group activities. An old song day or old movie day is set up every week as a regular activity, which not only brings nostalgia but also enriches the spiritual and cultural life of the elderly. Since this type of activity is not greatly affected by physical and mental conditions, it can be targeted at most elderly people in the hospital, especially those who are elderly and have limited mobility. At the same time, it is also helpful to a certain extent in reviving the memory of elderly people with mild dementia.

The second is a therapeutic communication and mutual aid group. Some elderly people are relatively closed-minded and indifferent, or are afraid of troubles in interpersonal relationships caused by communication. They believe in the principle of saying less and making fewer mistakes. They lack effective talk when they encounter troubles, giving people the impression of being eccentric and lonely, which further hinders their ability to communicate. the development of interpersonal communication. Social workers set up therapeutic groups for this type of elderly, mainly using nostalgic techniques (especially in the early stages of the group), from talking about the great men of the past, stories of that era, the street life of that era, to talking about my friends and my childhood. , and finally talk about my current life and my troubles. Step by step, the social worker actively pays attention to and encourages each elderly person, gradually cultivates an atmosphere of communication and communication in the group, and helps the elderly get out of the predicament of self-isolation.

The third is the developmental group. This type of group is aimed at the elderly with strong mobility and acceptance ability. Through the group, they collect and find items, photos, newspaper pictures, stories, books, etc. that have left a mark on the times among the elderly. They use the old photo exhibition and nostalgia corner in the nostalgia corner. The "Antiques" exhibition, the "Stories of the Past" in the Nostalgia Corner tell the story of competitions, childhood game competitions and other forms, and at the same time reasonably intersperse comparisons between the past and the past, including today's Shanghai style, modern computer games, digital products and other content. The introduction makes nostalgia not only a platform for communication and interaction, but also a stage for the elderly to re-recognize themselves, affirm themselves, understand new life, and reorganize life experience.