Chinese grammar jingle, urgent need

Commonly used prepositions and their usage (rhymes)

Since, from, to, when, for, according to,

Because of, for, for, to

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And, with, to compare, to, in, about

Except, with, to, towards, toward, towards...

1. Phonetic aspect

The biggest feature of new folk songs in phonetic form is "rhyme". Since folk songs are not ordinary spoken words, they, like poetry, folk art and lyrics, must pay more or less attention to rhymes, so that they sound pleasant and harmonious to people's ears, and are easy to remember when they are read. For example, in the new folk song "In the 1950s, all the people made steel, in the 1960s, all the people survived the famine, in the 1970s, all the people went to the countryside, and in the 1980s, all the people went into business." The last word of each sentence has the same rhyme, which is a very standard rhyme form, plus the sentence arrangement Neat, it sounds particularly loud and beautiful when read. If it is replaced by a blank synonym to express the same meaning, for example, "In the 1950s, all the people made steel, in the 1960s, all the people lived in the famine, in the 1970s, all the people went to the countryside, and in the 1980s, all the people did business." ”, the effect will be much worse.

The second major pronunciation feature of new folk songs is that it has a distinct rhythm and a strong sense of rhythm. It is usually two words per beat, but there are also one word per beat or three words per beat. Ups and downs, well-proportioned. This is most obvious in four-character sentences, five-character sentences, six-character sentences, and seven-character sentences:

Four-character sentences, two and two styles:

One end of the wine glass, policy/relaxation; wine is full / Stop eating, it’s not okay / it’s OK; it’s not / it’s okay if you’re full / you’re drunk / you’re drunk.

Five-character sentence, either 221 or 23:

If there is no taste in the mouth, hold a meeting on site; if food is poor at home, go to the countryside /Go to check/check; if you want/extra/meal, hold a/training/class.

2． Vocabulary and grammar

The main features of new folk songs are reflected in the choice of words and sentences, which can be summarized in the following aspects:

(1) The words are used accurately and the vivid images and colors are vivid.

Wearing fabrics, holding out her belly, dragging her tune, and drawing circles.

(2) The sentence patterns are neat, just like the Yangtze River rushing thousands of miles

Judging from the many examples cited above, the new folk songs have a big feature in sentence formation: they pay attention to sentence patterns. Arrange them neatly, use the same number of words and the same sentence structure between sentences, and even pay attention to the correspondence of parts of speech, such as:

Spend a lot of money, flow a lot Khan, destroyed large tracts of fields.

(3) The collocation is abnormal and seems to be irregular, but it actually has its own secrets

In new folk songs, some sentences are faulty and cannot be collocated according to logical grammatical standards, such as:

Business and industry eat stalls, taxes eat factories, transportation eats cars, police officers eat bitches, schools eat children, and organizational departments eat officials.

(4) There are many omissions, which are due to the characteristics of folk songs.

In new folk songs, many sentences seem to have no "head" - lack of subjects, such as:

Sit around in the car, watch through the glass, have a meal at noon, pat the shoulder before leaving, and say do a good job in the future.

3. Compared with pronunciation and grammar, the greater linguistic feature of contemporary new folk songs is reflected in rhetoric, which is mainly reflected in the successful use of rhetorical figures. Almost all traditional figures of speech are used, from metaphor, metonymy, pun, exaggeration, imitation to parallelism, antithesis, thimble, loop, irony and so on.

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Commonly used jingles

1. Nine planets

Water, metal, earth, fire, wood, earth and sky, with Neptune and Pluto orbiting the outside;

Only the existence of living things on earth is caused by warm gas and liquid water ①.

① Warm, suitable temperature. Qi, the atmosphere suitable for living things to breathe.

2. Characteristics of the Earth

The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat.

As we turn from west to east, time begins to change.

North and south are lines of latitude, forming equal circles relative to each other.

The east and west are longitudes, forming separate parallel circles;

The equator is the longest, and the two poles become points.

3. Division of East, West, South and North Hemispheres

Twenty degrees west longitude, one hundred six east longitude,

Cut with one knife, the east and west hemispheres.

Divided into northern and southern hemispheres, the equator is at zero latitude.

The four seasons are temperate, with the north and south opposite.

4. The alternation of day and night and the changes of the four seasons

The earth rotates and day and night change.

As it orbits the sun, the four seasons appear.

One day of rotation and one year of revolution.

From west to east, the direction remains unchanged.

5. The five zones of the earth

The earth has five zones, all divided by four lines;

Tropical tropics, polar circles are divided into cold temperatures;

There are two cold and warm zones each, and five zones with uneven temperature①.

①Wen refers to temperature.

6. To identify the direction of the map

To identify the direction of the map, place it in front of your eyes;

Up, north and down are south, left, west, right and east.

The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is more difficult;

The latitude line refers to the north and south, and the east and west meridian lines.

The polar projection map has a special orientation:

For the northern hemisphere, the center is north and the four sides are south;

The north latitude circle is east-west, and the rotation is reversed.

For the southern hemisphere, the center is north and south;

The south latitude circle is east and west, and the rotation is clockwise.

7. Continents and Oceans

The total surface area of ??the earth is ***500 million;

As for the percentage of land and water, oceans account for 71%.

There are six major continents, including islands, and they are divided into seven continents;

Asia, Africa, South and North America, the Antarctic Ocean and Europe.

Among the four oceans of water, the Pacific Ocean is the deepest and widest;

The "S" shape of the Atlantic Ocean is the Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate tectonics, six blocks are put together;

The blocks are relatively stable and there are many earthquakes at the junctions.

8. The location of oceans and continents

Oceans are bounded by continents, and continents are divided by oceans.

The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans, located between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is southwest of North America, and the east coast is the borderline between Europe and Africa.

The Indian Ocean borders Asia, Africa and Australia, and the three oceans in the south are connected by water.

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest, surrounded by Asia, Europe and North America.

9. Boundaries and locations of the seven continents

Three of the ten continents are land, Asia, Europe, Africa, and the ocean, and two are the United States and South ①.

Asia and Europe are one, and Uruguay divides the two sides②;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, but the Sui Canal cut them off③;

Asia and North America Looking across the water, the Bering Strait is in the middle;

China and the United States connect the north and the south, and the Pana Canal is blocked ④;

Oceania is small in area and seems to be cut off below Asia.

In the eastern hemisphere of Asia, Europe, and the African Ocean, North and South America occupies the western half.

Only Antarctica is independent and is covered with ice and is called a plateau.

①Ocean, Oceania. Two Americas, South America and North America. South, Antarctica.

②Ula, Ural Mountains and Ural River. Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains.

③Suez Canal, Suez Canal.

④Pana Canal, Panama Canal.

10. Topography of the Seven Continents

(1) Asia

The terrain of Asia is complex, with high and low areas on all sides.

The alluvial plains are wide and the mountainous plateaus are large.

The rivers radiate water and the water resources can be boasted.

(2) Europe

There are many seas on the edge of the peninsula, and the shape is segmented;

Mountains are located in the north and south, and the central plain is low;

Terrain Lord of the plains, with the highest altitude.

(3) North America

The eastern plateau is connected to the mountains, and the western mountains are connected to the plateau.

There are high continents in the east and west, and there are lakes and seas in between.

(4) South America

The Andes Mountains dominate the west, and the plains and plateau areas in the east.

Most of the landforms are the world's largest, with plateaus and plains ranking first.

The western mountains are the longest and the Amazon River basin is wide.

The tropical rainforest ranks first in the world, and the pampas is the largest grassland.

(5) Africa

With an average altitude of 600 meters, it is known as the continental plateau continent.

It has a continuous plateau in the east and a desert plain in the west.

(6) Oceania

It is small in area and divided into two regions,

one continent and two islands.

The continent is high from east to west, with a basin in the middle.

(7) Antarctica

Surrounded by three oceans, with many years of ice and snow;

More than 2,000 meters above sea level, it has the highest altitude.

11. Undersea topography

Shallow sea continental shelf, outer continental slope;

Ocean basin trench ridge, ocean bottom is unmeasurable.

12. Terrain changes

Terrain changes, internal and external forces increase.

Vicissitudes of life, strong internal forces;

Plate movement, stretching and squeezing,

Faults and folds, high depressions;

Volcanoes Earthquakes, plate margins.

External forces should not be taken lightly;

Wind, waves, water and ice will cause erosion and change.

Over time, they will chip away at the heights and fill the depressions.

13. Weather and climate

Weather: short-term cloudy, sunny, rainy, snowy, hot and cold winds

Climate: multi-year average spring, summer, autumn and winter

< p>14. Temperature distribution rules

The temperature distribution is different, from high at low latitudes to low at high latitudes;

The land and ocean are different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the sea temperature is low.

< p> The height of the terrain also affects the temperature, with a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.

15. Dangers of global warming

Atmospheric pollution, global warming;

Glaciers melt and coastal areas are flooded.

Take measures without delay.

16. The formation of wind

The air with high temperature rises and forms under low pressure;

The air comes from high pressure and flows to form wind.

17. Earth’s pressure zone

High pressure zone four, low pressure zone three:

Between five degrees north and south, high temperature air turns upward,

Low pressure at the equator, convenient for precipitation;

Thirty degrees north and south, airflow deflects downward,

Subtropical high pressure, little rain and often drought;

The polar air pressure is low, close to the two poles;

Sixty degrees north and south, the subpolar low pressure is there.

18. Earth’s wind belts

There are six different pressure zones:

The trade winds are at the equator and the east winds are at the poles.

North and south westerly winds, 40 to 60 degrees.

19. Precipitation formation conditions

The air becomes saturated and the temperature drops;

Condensation nuclei collide;

Weight increases and rain Snow falls.

20. Precipitation distribution rules

The equator is hot and there is a lot of precipitation:

The two poles are cold and precipitation is difficult.

Tropic of tropics, divided into the west;

West coast of mainland, subtropical high zone,

Trade wind blows, precipitation deficit;

East coast of mainland, monsoon Therefore,

the climate is warm and the precipitation is abundant.

Mid-latitude, located in the interior;

Far away from the sea, the climate is dry.

21. Factors affecting climate

Factors affecting climate should be considered from four aspects;

The latitude position is the first, and there is a huge gap between the equator and the poles;

< p> Secondly, we need to look at the sea and land. The open sea is dry and cold in summer;

Topography is also very important. It is cold and windy and rainy is not allowed;

Ocean currents should not be underestimated. When warm currents come, the water will be rich.

22. Distribution and characteristics of terrestrial natural zones

The surface climate is unusual, and the vegetation and animals change with it.

Regarding the distribution of nine natural zones, there are three thermal types each;

Sub-cold tundra ice sheet zone, and high mountain vertical changes.

On the equatorial side of the tropical rainforest, it is hot and rainy, with towering trees;

Orangutans and apes are often seen, and hippos and elephants are not uncommon.

Tropical grassland is sandwiched between two sides, the most extensive in Africa and South America;

The dry and wet seasons are reversed from north to south, and savanna animals are happy;

Lions, rhinoceroses, zebras, giraffes, Migrate towards aquatic plants in the dry season.

Tropical desert Tropic of Cancer, the largest area in Africa and Australia;

There are few vegetation and many sand dunes, and ostriches and camels can withstand hunger and drought.

Temperate deserts are located on land and can be found in Asia, America, Australia, and Africa;

Summers are hot and winters are cold, and the vegetation is less able to withstand dryness.

Temperate grasslands have four seasons, and are mostly located in the middle of the northern hemisphere;

There is less rain and the grass is especially short, and yellow sheep and hares are the most common.

Temperate forests are rich in broad leaves, and pandas and sika deer are rarely seen.

In the sub-cold coniferous forests in the north, pine and spruce can withstand cold;

In most of northern Asia, America and Europe, animals change their feathers in winter and summer.

Tundra climate has long cold winters, the northernmost part of Asia, Europe and America;

Plants include lichens and mosses, and the unique animal reindeer.

Antarctic ice sheets and icebergs, penguins and seals near the coast;

At the North Pole and Greenland, white bears and walruses are not afraid of the cold.

23. World natural resources

(1) Land resources

Land resources, living conditions;

Farming, forestry, grassland construction, felling Reclamation is overflowing,

runoff is turning into desertification, and the population is increasing and the land is decreasing.

Measures must be taken to control it.

(2) Water resources

There is a lot of water on the earth, and there are large areas of sea water;

We can only use fresh water resources.

The distribution of rivers and lakes is biased underground;

It is difficult to meet the needs.

Protect resources and prioritize economical use;

Plant trees to prevent and control pollution.

Seawater desalination has a long-term future.

(3) Forest resources

Forest purposes: provide timber,

contain water sources, increase humidity;

protect fields from wind, maintain Water and soil;

Adjust the air, ① "natural regulation".

Protect resources and synchronize planting and cutting.

① Adjust the composition of the atmosphere. Jing, purification.

(4) Mineral resources

There are many types of minerals, with coal, iron and oil being the most important.

Russia, Pakistan, China, Australia, India, Canada and the United States ①, the seven countries have high iron ore reserves;

The coal mines are mainly China, the United States and Russia, and the coal quality in Asia, Europe and North America is good;

The distribution of oil is very concentrated, in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, China, Mexico and Britain.

① Brazil. India, India.

24. World population distribution

The world’s population lives in eastern and southern Asia;

North America, eastern Europe, and densely populated areas;

It is a coastal plain with a humid and warm climate;

It has a long history of agriculture and the development of industry, transportation and cities.

25. Population issues

The rapid development of population harms the environment and resources;

The migration of population into cities brings many disadvantages:

Housing, transportation, water and electricity, medical education and employment issues.