The Life of Pan Mohua's Characters

Pan Mohua loved literature since he was a teenager. Under the influence of the New Culture Movement, he began to try to write new poems in vernacular Chinese, and published more than a dozen vernacular poems such as "The Prodigal Son Standing in the Street and Playing the Flute" and "Wandering Son" in the journal Poetry. In October 1921, at his initiative, he and his classmates Wang Jingzhi, Rou Shi and Wei Jinzhi initiated the organization of the first new literary group "Chenguang Society" in Hangzhou, and three teachers, Zhu Ziqing, Ye Shengtao and Liu Yanling, were also hired as consultants. They took the "Morning Light" supplement of New Zhejiang Newspaper as their position, and often published new literary works to express their youthful passion, which had great influence in the literary circles of Hangzhou at that time.

At the end of March, 1922, Pan Mohua, Wang Jingzhi and Feng Xuefeng met with Ying Xiuren, a young poet, at the West Lake in Hangzhou. Several like-minded young people went boating on the lake, talked about new poems and exchanged works, and established the "Lakeside Poetry Society" on April 4th. A collection of vernacular poems, Lakeside and Songs of Spring, has been published one after another. Pan Mohua's 16 vernacular poems and 52 new poems were collected respectively. Their poems were appreciated by Lu Xun and others, and also attracted the attention of Mao Zedong. Mr. yaoyao also affirmed the position of the "Lakeside Poetry Society" in the history of China's new literature, and thought that these young people were awakened by the May 4th wave and their new poems "contained anti-feudal significance". Mr. Zhu Ziqing thinks that these "works have some fresh and lingering styles; The atmosphere of teenagers is full of these works. " Pan Mohua's poems show "human sorrow and love". Mr. Zhu Ziqing commented: "As far as art is concerned, I think Mo Huajun is the most steady and meticulous."

in August, 1924, Pan Mohua was admitted to the preparatory school of Peking University No.1 College (College of Literature), and then he was promoted to the Foreign Literature Department of No.1 College. He studied Chinese and foreign literature extensively and deeply, and enthusiastically explored new literature. He extended his vision of literary creation to ordinary workers in the lower classes of society, and his brushwork truly reflected the painful life of bankrupt farmers after the Revolution of 1911. His short story "On Earth" was conceived and created when he returned to his hometown in the winter vacation in 1923 to participate in the investigation and relief work of the flood in Xuanping that year, when he met with the cloth dyeing worker in the mountain village. This work vividly reflects the tragic scene of people in mountainous areas struggling with hunger and death.

In Peking University, an institution of higher learning with a glorious revolutionary tradition, he has read and studied a lot of Marxist-Leninist theoretical works and strengthened his belief in * * * productism. He took part in the student movement in person. After the May 3th massacre in Shanghai in 1925, he took part in strikes, rallies and demonstrations with his classmates. After the March 18th tragedy in Beijing in 1926, he angrily held a pen and published comments in the supplement of Beijing Daily and other newspapers, denouncing imperialist aggression and Duan Qirui government's traitorous behavior. He combined revolutionary struggle with literary creation and stood at the forefront of the struggle. In the same year, Pan Mohua joined the China * * * production party.

In the autumn of p>1926, when the wave of the Great Revolution was advancing from south to north, Pan Mohua resolutely left Peking University and, with the arrangement of the Party organization, went south to Wuhan to join the 36th Army of the Northern Expedition, where he served as the propaganda officer and organization section chief of the Political Department of the Second Division of the Army, and went north along Jinghan Road with the army until Zhengzhou. On the way, I was in the army, and my task was heavy. I still didn't forget to create essays and the daily March Diary. In a battle near Luohe, he organized political workers to carry out propaganda and agitation, and at the same time organized a combat team to fight, which left a deep impression on the officers and men of the army with hard work spirit. One day, when the political workers marched along the railway line and were about to cross the railway bridge, he reminded everyone in time that the goal of crossing the bridge was big, and it was better to wade across the river. Sure enough, the railway bridge was shelled by the enemy as soon as the team arrived at the river. His suggestion made the troops avoid a casualty and ensured the smooth progress of the team.

after the counter-revolutionary coup on April 12th, 1927, Pan Mohua's troops stopped moving northward and returned to Wuhan. During this period, he participated in the welcoming party for Zhejiang revolutionary comrades transferred from Shanghai to Wuhan, and personally went to Hankou to invite Shen Yanbing, editor-in-chief of the Republic of China Daily at that time, to speak at the meeting, denouncing Chiang Kai-shek's crime of betraying the revolution.

On July 15th, Wang Ching-wei also openly rebelled against the revolution, and the situation became increasingly urgent. Pan Mohua angrily left the Northern Expeditionary Army and sneaked back to Hangzhou from Wuhan via Shanghai.

At that time, in Hangzhou, the party organization suffered serious damage, and leaders were arrested and detained in batches, and many people fell in a pool of blood. At the critical moment when the revolution suffered a major setback, Pan Mohua returned to Hangzhou in a bloody battle, quickly connected with organizational relations, and took part in the secret work of the leaders of the newly established Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee. Xuanping, his hometown, had not yet established a party organization. Pan Mohua and Ma Donglin introduced Zeng Zhida, who had just graduated from Hangzhou Zongwen Middle School, to join the party. He suggested to the provincial party committee that Ceng Zhi should be appointed to reach Xuanping to found the party, and recommended Pan Zhenwu, party member, to return to his hometown to be responsible for the communication and liaison work of Xuanping underground party. Ceng Zhi Dasui, with the instruction letter from the provincial party committee, and Pan Zhenwu actively carried out party building activities in Xuanping. In October, * * * Xuanping independent branch was established.

in October p>1927, the organs of Zhejiang provincial party Committee were destroyed, and Pan Mohua was arrested in Hangzhou and detained in chaimuxiang detention center of Hangzhou public security bureau. His relatives and classmates heard the news and gave emergency assistance. Xu Baoju, his teacher in Zhejiang No.1 Division, came out on bail and was rescued. After being released from prison, he returned to Xuanping Shangtan, and then temporarily took refuge in the cold spring rock (cave) near Shaofei because of the arrest of comrades in Xuanping Party.

Pan Mohua, who lives in the secluded valley of Cold Spring Rock in the name of convalescence, is engaged in secret activities nervously here. He contacted Zeng Zhida and other comrades of the county party Committee to study the party building work at the grassroots level. In the name of the county party Committee, an activist meeting was held to discuss the establishment of farmers' associations in rural areas and the struggle for rent reduction during the second five-year plan. Organize trade unions, open reading clubs, evening classes for civilians and other activities in the county, so as to cultivate activists and develop party member. Soon, Pan Mohua returned to Shangtan, developed party member in Shangtan and Shangtao, and established a party branch. After just a few months' activities, more than a dozen farmers were introduced to join the Party and the Shangtan and Shangtao Party branches were established. Later, this area became one of the areas where local party organizations developed fastest and farmers' associations were established earliest.

At the turn of spring and summer in p>1928, Pan Mohua left Xuanping and went to Shanghai, Xiamen and other places to continue his underground activities under the cover of teaching. Despite his wandering whereabouts and hard work, he always kept in touch with the leaders of Xuanping County Committee in China and paid close attention to the revolutionary struggle in his hometown. In the winter of the same year, the peasant movement centered on rent reduction and interest reduction and the struggle against hegemony flourished in Xuanping rural areas, and the party organization launched an armed riot of local peasants. At the beginning of 1929, the peasant uprising was suppressed by the Kuomintang provincial defense forces, and more than 1 people were arrested in the county. The leaders of the county and district committees were offered a reward, and more than ten people, including Zeng Zhida and Wu Qian, were forced to flee to Shanghai to find Pan Mohua and get his sincere help. Through connections, Pan Mohua rented a house in the French Concession and settled them in secret. Around the clock, I translated the novel Sha Ning written by Russian writer Serafimovich and sold it to Guanghua Bookstore together with the copyright, and paid all the 8 silver dollars and copyright fees to Zeng Zhida and others for living expenses, encouraging them to strengthen their faith and strengthen their courage in a crisis. Pan Mohua also took advantage of the fact that Zhuo Lanfang, then inspector of the Central Committee of CPC Central Committee and former secretary of Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee, was also in Shanghai to guide Zeng Zhida and others to write the Party Affairs Report of Xuanping, Zhejiang Province, and personally accompanied them to report to Zhuo Lanfang about the Xuanping Party Organization and the peasant movement. Since then, most of these comrades have returned to Xuanping to rekindle the revolutionary fire in their hometown, and some people have given their lives in the struggle.

Pan Mohua's activities are constantly threatened because of the serious white terror, dense enemy spies and dangers. In September, 1929, he left Shanghai, and often changed his work place, and he was displaced to and from Beiping, Kaifeng, Cangzhou and other places. Under the cover of his open career as a teacher, he left his footprints everywhere.

in September p>1929, he went to Kaifeng No.1 junior high school as a teacher under the pseudonym Tian Yan. He organized a student reading club and a wall newspaper group through the school student union; Instruct teachers and students to read Marxist-Leninist works such as the Manifesto of the Productive Party and other progressive books; Help progressive students to set up the publication "Fire Letter" with great response; Introduce teachers and students to join the "anti-imperialist grand alliance" and develop left-wing progressive groups and party organizations. When a progressive student was expelled from the school for no reason, Pan Mohua mobilized the student union cadres to strike. He was therefore wanted by the Kuomintang authorities. Fortunately, he went out and didn't come back, so the spies who came to search for him lost their breath.

In the spring of p>193, Pan Mohua was forced to leave Kaifeng and live in Beiping. He was hidden in Beiping Yi Jiao Girls' Middle School and Xiangshan Kindergartens, and secretly engaged in the preparatory work of the "Northern Left Alliance" under the cover of his teaching position. He was arrested for the second time in the demonstration on August 1st International Anti-war Day, and was tortured, so that the enemy was finally released from prison without evidence.

after the September 18th incident in p>1931, he changed his name to Pan Mohe and moved to Cangzhou No.2 Middle School to teach until the end of the year. According to the party's instructions, he organized a lecture at school, set up the 14th Wall Newspaper and the Popular Anti-Daily, and personally wrote for the newspaper entitled "Roar, China! The introduction of "is widely distributed inside and outside the school. Teachers and students were also mobilized to carry out various forms of anti-Japanese and national salvation activities, such as strike, demonstration, posting slogans and propaganda in the countryside. In actual struggle, a group of outstanding elements were trained. He personally introduced seven young students, including Yang Qin and Liu Shugong (Liu Jianxun), to join the Party, and established the Party League branch of the school and the peripheral organizations of the Party, such as the Left League, the Anti-imperialist Grand Alliance and the Anti-Japanese Salvation Association. His activities were supported by patriots and progressive masses, and also attracted the close attention of the school authorities and the Kuomintang government. After teaching for only half a year, Pan Mohua was dismissed by the headmaster and returned to Beiping to engage in the activities of the Northern Left League.

In May p>1932, during the investigation of the League of Nations in the northeast of China, Pan Mohua and other members of the Executive Committee of the Leftist League held many meetings and speeches in Beijing, exposing the true face of the League of Nations' defending Japanese aggression and slandering the China people's anti-Japanese national salvation movement. This year's March and demonstration in commemoration of May 3th was very long. Pan Mohua walked at the front of the procession with a tennis racket in his right hand. When the procession reached the south entrance of Wangfujing Street, Japanese imperialist soldiers scattered and fell down on the playground of the Japanese Embassy, pulling the bolt for shooting, in an attempt to intimidate the demonstrators. Pan Mohua waved his tennis racket in his right hand and shouted loudly with his left hand: "Down with Japanese imperialism! "Support the Anti-Japanese Army!" "Support the Soviet Union!" "Imperialism, get out of China!" ..... Tens of thousands of marchers shouted along with his voice, like the raging waves of the sea billowing on the East Chang 'an Avenue, scaring the Japanese soldiers to lift their heads in the ground.

in December, 1932, due to the rebellion of Zhang Mutao, a revolutionary freemason, the security of the underground party was threatened. Pan Mohua was transferred to Tianjin to organize the municipal party committee and became the propaganda minister of Tianjin Municipal Committee. He should not only engage in the underground party work in Tianjin, but also carry out the revolutionary activities of the Northern Leftist League, and be a lecturer at China University, teaching the History of Social Development. He is busy running between Beijing and Tianjin, working tirelessly.

One day in December p>1932, Pan Mohua went to the home of Ma Zhemin, the head of the economics department of China University to discuss his work, and was arrested together with Hou Wailu, Xu Deheng and Ma Zhemin. In order to hide his true identity, he deliberately shouted at the detention center: "You bastards, I came to discuss my homework with the dean. How did you arrest me?" Ma Zhemin understood his words and made confessions to each other. When he arrived at the police detention center, Pan Mohua quietly encouraged the professors: "Don't be afraid, someone will rescue him, so I have to hurry out and chase after him ..." Because he didn't reveal his true identity, he was arrested for the third time and actually saved the day.

Soon, Pan Mohua was arrested for the fourth time. This time, it was the spy who followed him to the home of Tai Jingnong, the dean of educational affairs at Fu Jen Catholic University. He was arrested together with Tai Jingnong, and was also released because there was no evidence.

in April, 1933, in order to meet the requirements of the party and the broad masses in the cultural circles, the Northern Left League, through the Northern Federation of Literary Works, and the revolutionary mutual aid association, the anti-imperialist alliance and other organizations, jointly launched a public funeral for Li Dazhao. Pan Mohua, together with the funeral procession of nearly 2, people, escorted Li Dazhao's martyr's coffin to Wan 'an Cemetery. Along the way, he resisted the mobs of the Kuomintang military police forces in Jiang Xiaoxian, shouting slogans, distributing leaflets, giving speeches and accusing the Kuomintang reactionaries of crimes.

in early p>1933, Japanese invaders invaded Jehol and continued to attack north China. In May, under the influence and assistance of China's * * * production party, Feng Yuxiang established the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Allied Forces in Zhangjiakou to carry out armed anti-Japanese war and recover lost territory. Pan Mohua was ordered to go to Zhangjiakou to join the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces, and served as the editor of People's Daily, the army's organ newspaper, which closely cooperated with the anti-Japanese propaganda. On August 1st, at the North China People's Congress to resist aggression and save the nation, Pan Mohua also attended the congress as a representative of the Northern Literature Federation, and helped draft the declaration and other documents.

in September, the anti-Japanese allied forces failed under the joint siege of the Kuomintang reactionaries and the Japanese invaders. In October, Pan Mohua broke through with Ji Hongchang's department, sneaked back to Peiping, and then moved to Tianjin to continue to work in the Party.

At the end of p>1933, Pan Mohua was arrested for the fifth time in the Hebei Grand Hotel in Tianjin because of the infiltration of enemy agents in the Left League.

at the moment when he fell into the enemy, he quickly removed the security signal and protected the party organization and comrades.

During the day after his arrest, he was taken back to the hotel by the enemy as "bait" to trap other Chinese party member. In the evening, he was detained in the secret service team of the Kuomintang Party Department in Tianjin and tortured to extract confessions. He stood the test and kept the party's secrets strictly. The enemy who got nothing transferred him to Tianjin court detention center. He was put in a dark and damp single cell, tortured to make him seriously ill, curled up and convulsed all over, and endured extreme pain. Later, the enemy sentenced him to five years' imprisonment on the charge of "the suspect of the * * * production party" and was imprisoned in the First Prison of Hebei Province, Tianjin.

Pan Mohua went to prison and lost his freedom, but he went to the second battlefield in the struggle against the enemy. He is still worried about the party and comrades, and tries his best to send letters from prison and report the news of "XXX's rebellion" and "XXX's arrest" to the party organization. In order to protest against the abuse and persecution of political prisoners by the prison authorities, he, together with his fellow prisoners, took flesh and blood as the only weapon and launched three hunger strikes successively, fighting with the enemy for life and death. On December 24th, 1934, when the third hunger strike in prison was won, Pan Mohua was brutally sacrificed by the enemy pouring boiling water at the age of 32.