Reflections on discovering the prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus carriers by Bayesian formula

It is the abbreviation of "hepatitis B", which is a liver infection caused by hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B infection may become a lifelong infection because the virus persists in the blood and other body fluids of infected people. This condition is called chronic hepatitis B infection, also known as hepatitis B virus carrier.

Infection with hepatitis B virus can lead to acute and chronic health problems. Most people have no symptoms during acute infection, but some people have acute symptoms, including yellow skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. A small number of patients with acute hepatitis will have acute liver failure and lead to death. Hepatitis B virus may cause chronic liver infection in some people, which may develop into cirrhosis or liver cancer in the future. Patients with chronic hepatitis B usually have no symptoms, but they can infect others, and they can also have symptoms such as discomfort, nausea and weakness caused by liver injury due to acute attacks.

The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the carrier rate of hepatitis B virus surface antigen among people aged 1~59 was 7. 18%, and it was estimated that there were about 93 million hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers in China. But many people don't know that they have been infected, because they have no symptoms and have not been tested. There are about 700,000 deaths related to viral hepatitis in the world every year, and China accounts for nearly 50%.

However, there is no need to panic, because hepatitis B vaccine can protect yourself from infection. After injecting three doses of vaccine according to the instructions, more than 95% people can get lifelong protection. People who have not been vaccinated can get 3 shots of vaccine directly without checking antibodies first. Through the implementation of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, the prevention and control effect of hepatitis B in China is remarkable. 20 12 in may, China was officially certified by the world health organization in the western Pacific region, achieving the goal of reducing the chronic hepatitis b virus infection rate of children under 5 years old to below 1%. Moreover, children under 6 years old are most likely to become chronically infected after being infected with hepatitis B virus. Even if healthy adults are infected with hepatitis B virus, less than 5% will become chronically infected, and only 20%~30% of chronically infected people will develop cirrhosis and/or liver cancer.

Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through the following ways: infected mothers pass it on to their babies during childbirth; Contact with infected blood, semen and other body fluids; Transfusion of blood and blood products contaminated by hepatitis B virus, or infection through unclean injection in medical behavior; Use needles when injecting drug abuse; Medical staff were accidentally stabbed by a needle while providing services to people infected with hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B virus will not spread through these ways: using tableware or cooking utensils with infected people, breastfeeding with infected mothers, hugging, kissing, coughing or sneezing.

At present, hepatitis B cannot be cured, but chronic hepatitis B can be treated with drugs including oral antiviral drugs, which can delay the progress of liver cirrhosis, reduce the incidence of liver cancer and improve the long-term survival rate. Patients with chronic hepatitis B should:

Wash your hands correctly after touching your own blood and body fluids;

Ensure the safety of sexual behavior, such as using condoms;

Tell your sexual partner that you have hepatitis so that he/she can also be tested and vaccinated;

Tell * * * to have a hepatitis B test with his family;

See a doctor regularly every 6- 12 months to check liver disease.

China is a high incidence area of HBV infection. However, like a big family, HBV has different brothers, and each virus has different genes, so this problem can be explained by genotype.

Clinically, the whole gene sequence difference ≥8% is defined as different genotypes. According to this principle, HBV genotypes can be divided into 8 genotypes from A to H, and the geographical characteristics of different genotypes are obviously different. According to epidemiological data, the main HBV epidemics in Chinese mainland are type A, type B, type C and type D. In most provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in northern China, genotype C is the majority, and the infection rate is over 90%. From north to south, genotype C gradually decreased, and genotype B was the dominant genotype of chronic hepatitis B in most areas of southern China. The clinical characteristics of different genotypes are also different. Among them, genotype A is prone to chronic hepatitis B, genotype B usually has a mild course of disease, genotype C is prone to severe liver disease, and genotype D shows acute self-limited hepatitis B. Different types of antiviral drugs have different reactions and curative effects. Therefore, HBV genotyping has important guiding significance for the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B, and can effectively predict the development of HBV according to different genotypes, so as to achieve good prevention and control of HBV. HBV genotyping detection technology can accurately detect HBV replication, the deterioration of patients' own condition and the recovery of diseases. Through HBV genotyping detection technology, we can accurately analyze the pathogenic variation corresponding to eight types.

At present, the technology of HBV genotyping and gene diagnosis is very mature, and it can be detected everywhere, and some professional testing institutions can also detect it, so there is no problem in the inspection.

Hepatitis B treatment price:

Different manufacturers have different prices. After all, it is a medicine for treating diseases. Make sure it is true and valid.

There are many ways to buy medicine now, and the prices are different, sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. I think it's safer in regular public hospitals. If it's still fake, the hepatitis B patient will die.

(2065438+September 26th, 2008, entecavir 18.54 yuan, one capsule per day. Besides, I'm still taking thymosin, two tablets at a time, twice a day. This is his three-month fee, including the review fee, which is nearly 1000 yuan per month on average.

I know a patient with hepatitis B (the above picture shows the drug bill he just got). He has been taking antiviral drugs for ten years. He has been taking entecavir, and he has been taking it in Beijing Grand Hospital. Every three months, he needs to take a train for several hours to get medicine from the county seat to the hospital in Beijing. He persisted for ten years. The effect of taking this medicine is very good, and his condition is very satisfactory, so even though he can buy the medicine with the same name through various channels now, he still insists on taking it, because the entecavir he took was produced by that hospital himself, and the same medicine can't be bought anywhere else. He is taking entecavir 18.54 yuan a pill, one pill a day. 10 years ago, this kind of entecavir was relatively expensive, nearly one 26 yuan, and later the price was reduced to today's price. There are many temptations. You can buy them online, and you don't have to go all the way to Beijing, but he hasn't changed. He thinks that health is more important, and spending more money is also for health.

He often says, since the drug works well, why change the medicine? He is now taking entecavir and thymosin, plus the cost of reexamination, which is about RMB 1000 per month.

Although the drug names are the same, if the manufacturers are different, the content may be different and the effect may be different. The prices of drugs with the same name vary greatly and cannot be compared. If the medicine you take is stable and effective every review, then continue to take it.