The first volume of the fifth grade Unit 3 Composition

English name: banana;

Latin scientific name: Musa paradisiaca

Malay: pisang

alias: banana, Banana

family and genus

domain: Eukarya

realm: plant kingdom

phylum: angiosperma

class: monocotyledonous plant class Lilioposida

order: zingibereales

family: Musaceae

genus. Musa (Musaceae) is one of the important food crops, which is widely cultivated and eaten in tropical areas. Bananas are delicious, nutritious and can be harvested all year round, and are also highly valued in temperate regions. The plant is a large herb, which emanates from the rhizome and forms a false stem with a height of 3 ~ 6 meters (1 ~ 2 feet) from the lower part of the leaf sheath. The leaves are oblong to oval, some of which are 3 ~ 3.5 meters (1 ~ 11.5 feet) long and 65 centimeters (26 inches) wide, with 1 ~ 2 clustered stem tops. Spikes are large, extracted from the top of false stems, with many flowers and light yellow; The fruit sequence is crooked, resulting in 1 ~ 2 strings, about 5 ~ 15. Plants die after fruiting, and the sucking roots from rhizomes continue to reproduce, and each plant can live for many years.

The weak roots that break through the ground are pruned and removed, leaving stronger plants that can grow into fruits. There are hundreds of cultivated varieties, and there are some confusions around the world because of the same variety with different names. The records of eating bananas have long been found in Greek, Latin and Arabic works. Perhaps the most important species is the common banana (M. sapientum), which has many varieties, and the most common one is "Gros Michel". The records of eating bananas have long been found in Greek, Latin and Arabic works. Alexander the Great saw bananas during his expedition to India. After the discovery of America, bananas were introduced to the New World from the Canary Islands, first cultivated on Hispaniola Island, and soon spread to other islands and continents. The cultivation area is expanding and it has become a staple food in many areas. Bananas appeared in the American market in the 19th century.

Bananas like hot and humid climate, and grow vigorously in the fields with deep soil layer, loose soil and good drainage. Irrigation cultivation has also been successful in semi-arid areas like southern Jamaica. It can be cultivated by root suction and pseudobulb ramet; The first harvest takes 1 ~ 15 months, and then it is almost continuous.

Banana-layers of flowers, layers of fruits. Frequent pruning is needed to remove excessive new plants and prevent crowding of plants. The commercially ideal bananas are at least 9 bunches each, weighing 22-65 kilograms (49-143 pounds). One hectare of land produces more than 3 bunches a year, and the carbohydrate content of mature fruits is as high as 22%, mainly sugar; Rich in potassium, vitamins A and C, and low in protein and fat. Water content is 75%. Bananas can be eaten fresh, fried or mashed to make pies or puddings. It can also be used for seasoning muffins, cakes and bread.

plantain is a kind of cooked food, which is different from other bananas in that the ripe fruit mainly contains starch but is not sweet. It is widely cultivated and eaten in the tropics and exported to big cities. The United States imports bananas the most, followed by Britain and western European countries. Bananas are generally harvested before they are ripe, even if they are sold in the place of origin. The maturity of bananas for export before harvest depends on the distance from the market and the mode of transportation. Ripening with ethylene after arrival. There are special refrigerated ships between the exporting countries and the consumption places in North America and Europe.

the main production bases in the world are Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Martinique in Central America and the West Indies, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador in South America, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Guinea and Nigeria in Africa, and Taiwan Province Island and Hainan Island in China.

[ Edit this paragraph] Introduction to raw materials

Banana is the fruit of Musaceae. Originated in southeast Asia, it is also cultivated in Hainan, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc., with Taiwan Province and Guangdong as the most. Harvest the fruit when it is ripe in autumn, and wash it for fresh use after being treated to remove astringency. There are two varieties of banana and powder banana cultivated in China. Banana fruit is short and slightly round, while banana fruit is small and slightly curved. Its flesh is sweet, and it can be used not only for raw food, but also for making a variety of processed products.

Banana is one of people's favorite fruits. Europeans call it "happy fruit" because it can relieve depression, and banana is also a favorite fruit for girls to lose weight. Bananas are also called "fruits of wisdom". Legend has it that Buddha Sakyamuni gained wisdom by eating bananas. Bananas are high in nutrition and low in calories. They contain phosphorus called "salt of wisdom", and are rich in protein, sugar, potassium, vitamins A and C. At the same time, they are also rich in dietary fiber, so they are quite good nutritious foods.

[ Edit this paragraph] Banana varieties and classification

Banana varieties

Among the four types of bananas, there are many main varieties of bananas. According to statistics, there are more than 3 banana varieties in the world, 8 in Taiwan Province Province and more than 3 in mainland provinces. In China, the cultivation of banana is the most common, and there are also small areas of plantain, pink banana and longan banana.

1. Banana with large planting height and large planting height belongs to Gao Qian type fragrant tooth banana, also known as Qinggaoba and Gaoba fragrant tooth banana, and Fujian called Gaotianbao banana, which is an excellent variety in Dongguan, Guangdong Province. The plant is tall and strong, the height of the pseudostem is 26 ~ 36 cm, and the circumference of the stem of the pseudostem is 85 ~ 95 cm. The leaves are long, the sheath distance is sparse, and the main veins on the back of the leaves are covered with white powder; The ear length is 75 ~ 85 cm, the number of fruit combs is 9 ~ 11, and the finger length is 19.5 ~ 2 cm. The pulp is smooth, sweet and fragrant, with 2% ~ 3% soluble solids; In general, the yield per plant is 2 ~ 25 kg, and the highest yield can reach 6 kg. This variety has high yield, good quality, strong drought and cold tolerance, and recovers quickly after cold injury, but it is vulnerable to wind injury.

2. Gaojiaodun Landmine Gaojiaodun Landmine belongs to Gao Qian type sweet tooth banana, which is one of the excellent varieties in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province. The plant is the tallest, the height of the pseudostem is 3 ~ 4 cm, the circumference is 7 ~ 8 cm, and the thickness under the pseudostem is obvious. The leaves are narrow and long, the petiole is slender, the leaf color is yellowish green, and the sheath distance is sparse; The ear is medium-long, the comb and fruit index are less, but the single fruit is long and heavy. The length of fruit finger is 2 ~ 24 cm, the weight of single fruit is more than 15 g, the soluble solid content is 2% ~ 22%, and the quality is medium; Under general cultivation conditions, the yield per plant can reach 25 ~ 3 kg, and the high yield can reach 7 kg. This variety has long fruit shape, high yield and good quality, but it requires high fertilizer, water and temperature. Its economic performance in the Pearl River Delta is not ideal, its wind resistance is extremely poor, its recovery ability after frost is low, and it is also prone to banana bunchy top disease.

3. Qiwei Qiwei is a Gao Qian-type banana, which is mainly distributed in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province, and is an excellent variety in Gaozhou City. The height of the false stem of the plant is 3 ~ 36 cm, the circumference of the stem is 65 ~ 8 cm, the stem is even up and down, and the skin color is light green; The leaves are upright and elongated upward, narrow and long, slender petiole, sparse sheath distance and dense bundles of leaves, especially before and after budding, hence the name; Under normal circumstances, the comb number and fruit number of the ear are similar to those of Gaojiaodun mine. The average number of ear combs is 8 ~ 1, the length of fruit finger is 18 ~ 22 cm, the weight of single fruit is 13 ~ 14 g, the soluble solid content is 19% ~ 2%, and the quality is above average. Under normal conditions, the yield per plant can reach 25 ~ 3 kg, and the highest can reach 5 kg. This variety has high yield and long fruit index, which is one of the varieties suitable for export and transportation to the north, but it has poor wind resistance, weak cold resistance and disease resistance, and requires high water and fertilizer conditions. This variety has two strains: high-footed and short-footed.

4. Hekou Gaoba banana belongs to Gao Qian type sweet tooth banana, which is the main cultivated variety in Hekou county. The plant is tall, the false stem is 26 ~ 3 cm high, the comb shape is neat, and there are many fruit indexes. Usually, there are 1 combs per fruit ear, more than 2 fruit fingers, and the fruit fingers are 15 ~ 21 cm long. The fruit quality is soft and sweet. Good quality; Under general cultivation conditions, the yield per plant is 2 ~ 4 kg, and individual high-yield plants reach 5 kg. This variety has high yield and good quality, and is very suitable for planting in areas with high temperature and humidity and sufficient fertilizer and water.

5. Fairy banana is a Gao Qian-type fragrant tooth banana, which was bred from the mutation of Beijiao in Taiwan Province Province. Its comprehensive characteristics are very similar to Beijiao, and it is the main cultivated variety in Taiwan Province Province. The plant is thin and tall, the height of the false stem is 27 ~ 32 cm, and the leaves are slightly longer and wider and the color is lighter than that of the banana. The fruit has high sugar content, but the quality is slightly worse than that of Beijiao, and the causal skin is thicker. Fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation; The yield per plant is better than that of Beijiao; Strong resistance to bunchy top disease, suitable for extensive cultivation in thin and barren mountainous areas, but its growth period is 15 ~ 3 days longer than that of Beijiao, and its wind resistance is also poor.

In addition, oil banana, Yunnan Gaojiao banana, Guangxi Gaojiao banana, Boyue (also known as Taiwan Province Green Peel) and Brazil banana all belong to Gao Qian type fragrant tooth banana.

6. Short-legged mine Short-legged mine belongs to the medium-dry banana, which is one of the main varieties planted in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province. Plant pseudostems are 25 ~ 28 cm high, with robust growth, long leaves and short petioles; The ear is longer and the comb distance is dense. There are many small fruits, the length of fruit index is 18 ~ 22 cm, and the soluble solid content is 2% ~ 22%. The quality and flavor are better than those of Gaojiaodun mine and Qiwei, and the quality is above average. Generally, the yield per plant is 2 ~ 28 kg, and individual yield can reach 5 kg. This variety has stable yield, strong adaptability, moderate wind resistance, strong cold resistance and rapid recovery after frost.

7. Williams is a kind of medium-dry banana, which was introduced from Australia. The height of the plant is 25 ~ 28 cm and the circumference is 47 ~ 58 cm. The leaves are 175 ~ 193 cm long, and the leaves grow slightly upright; The ear length is 65 ~ 8 cm, the comb shape is good, the fruit fingers are closely arranged and straight, and the number of combs is also 8 ~ 1. The number of fruits is slightly less; The fruit finger is longer. The fruit index is 19 ~ 23 cm, and the quality is medium. This variety is good in fruit shape, but poor in wind resistance and susceptible to leaf spot disease. In China, there are different characters in different producing areas, and the reflection is also different.

8. Guangdong Banana No.2 (formerly 63-1), formerly known as 63-1, is a medium-dry banana with fragrant teeth, which was bred by the Fruit Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from imported Vietnamese bananas. Plant pseudostems are 2 ~ 265 cm high, leaves are 23 ~ 213 cm long, petioles are 38 cm long, and leaves are slightly shorter and wider; The ear length is 7 ~ 85 cm, and the number of ear combs and fruit index are more, 1 ~ 11 combs respectively. 165 ~ 21, with slightly slender fruit fingers of 18 ~ 23 cm, single fruit weight of 125 ~ 145 g, total sugar content of 19.8%, and average quality; Generally, the yield per plant is 22 ~ 32kg, which has strong wind resistance similar to that of dwarf banana, moderate cold resistance and disease resistance, moderate storage resistance, and rapid recovery after freezing. This variety has high yield, good fruit shape, good quality and strong adaptability, and is suitable for planting in various places, but it requires high water and soil.

9. Guangdong Banana No.1, formerly known as 74-1, is a short to medium dry banana with fragrant teeth, which was bred by the Fruit Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from Gaozhou dwarf banana in 1974. The plant pseudostems are 2 ~ 24 cm high and stout. Uniformly up and down; The leaves are 2 cm long, the petiole is 36 cm long, and the leaves are short and wide; The ear of fruit is medium-sized, the ear length is 68 ~ 76.3 cm, the number of fruit combs is 1 ~ 11, the number of fruits is 19 ~ 28, the finger length is 17 ~ 22 cm, the weight of single fruit is 1 ~ 13 g, the total sugar content is 19.4%, and the quality is above average. Generally, the yield per plant is 18 ~ 27 kg, which has strong wind resistance, cold resistance, leaf spot resistance and medium storage resistance. This variety has high yield, stable yield, strong stress resistance and rapid recovery after cold, so it is a new variety suitable for cultivation in South China, especially in coastal areas with frequent typhoons. However, the requirements for soil, fertilizer and water conditions are high in cultivation, so attention should be paid to loosening soil and proper irrigation and drainage.

In addition, Guangdong Aiba, Dongguan Zhongba, Zhongshan Yajiao, Taiwan Province Beijiao, Yunnan Hekou Zhongba, Guangxi Longzhou Zhongba and other varieties all belong to the medium-dry type of fragrant Yajiao.

1. Gaozhou Dwarf Banana Gaozhou Dwarf Banana belongs to the short-stem fragrant tooth banana, which is one of the local varieties in Gaozhou. Plant pseudostems are short and stout, and the pseudostems are 15 ~ 17 cm high; Wide leaves, short petioles and dense leaf sheaths; The fruit groove is short, the comb spacing is dense, the fruit index is more, the fruit shape is slightly smaller, the fruit finger length is 16 ~ 2 cm, and the fruit quality is better; Under general cultivation conditions, the yield per plant is 13 ~ 18kg. Up to 28 kg; Strong wind resistance, strong cold resistance, rapid recovery after cold injury, and better tolerance to thin and barren soil. It is suitable for dwarf and close planting but has low yield, small fruit shape and weak resistance to bunchy top disease.

11. Tianbao Banana Tianbao Banana is a short and dry banana with fragrant teeth, also known as dwarf banana, local banana and degree banana. It originated in Tianbao area of Fujian Province and is now one of the main cultivated varieties in southern Fujian. The pseudostem is 16 ~ 18 cm high, the leaves are oblong, the base of the leaves is oval, the apex is flat, and the petiole is thick and short; The flesh is pale yellow and white. The meat is smooth, sweet, fragrant and of good quality; The yield per plant is generally 1 ~ 15 kg, with strong wind resistance. This variety is of good quality, suitable for close planting and planting in coastal areas. It is one of the best varieties for transportation to the north and export, but it has poor cold resistance, weak disease resistance and degeneration, so it should be paid attention to in cultivation.

12. Guangxi Dwarf Banana Guangxi Dwarf Banana is a short dry fragrant tooth banana, also known as Pubei Dwarf Banana, Baishishui Banana, Guping Banana, etc., which is the main banana variety in Guangxi. According to Liu Rongguang's report, the false stem of Guangxi dwarf banana plant is 15 ~ 175 cm high, 46 ~ 55 cm in circumference, 14 ~ 161 cm in leaf length, 65 ~ 78 cm in leaf width and 275 ~ 31 cm in leaf width. The ear is 5 ~ 56 cm long, the comb is 9 ~ 12, the fruit index is 135 ~ 183, and the fruit index is 16.2 ~ 19.2 cm long, which is of high quality. The yield per plant is generally 11 ~ 2 kg, with strong wind and disease resistance but small fruit index.

In addition, Nalong banana in Guangxi, Yunnan Honghe dwarf banana and Mexican banana imported from Mexico are all inferior to Xiangya banana.

13. plantain plantain is a plantain type, which is one of the local varieties in Xinhui, Guangdong. According to the report of Xu Linbing, the height of the false stem of plantain is 35 ~ 4 cm, and the circumference of the stem is 85 ~ 99 cm. The size is the same from top to bottom, the fruit comb and fruit index are many, and the fruit index is 11 ~ 13.5 cm; Soluble solids 24% ~ 25%, the quality is the same as other plantains; The yield per plant is generally 15 ~ 27 kg, with good wind resistance but long growth period.

in addition, the banana in Shunde, Shunde, Guangdong, the banana in horn in Guangxi, the banana in Fujian, the banana in Sichuan, and the banana in Yunnan are all post-plantain types.

14. Saigon banana belongs to the type of powder banana, also known as powder banana, rice banana, glutinous rice banana and egg banana, which was introduced from Vietnam in about 1932.