Find out the usage, difference and part of speech of English, verbs, verbs, adjectives and adverbs (can explain clearly the usage and difference of these words in BE verbs, auxiliary verbs and morphol

Find out the usage, difference and part of speech of English, verbs, verbs, adjectives and adverbs (can explain clearly the usage and difference of these words in BE verbs, auxiliary verbs and morphological verbs! I buy grammar books if I can, but typing is too slow. I'll find some for you and see if you can understand them. Let me quote the hard work of others.

Prep = preposition; Preposition, abbreviation of preposition

Pron = pronoun, short for pronoun

N = noun, abbreviation of noun

V = verb, also refers to transitive verb and intransitive verb, the abbreviation of verb.

Conj = conjunction, abbreviation of conjunction

Adj = adjective, short for adj

Adverb, abbreviation of adverb

Art = article, the abbreviation of the article

Num = number, abbreviation of number

Int = interjection, short for interaction.

U = uncountable noun, short for uncountable noun.

C = countable noun, short for countable noun.

There are many parts of speech, which are generally enough, but they are not commonly used ~

Some explanations will make you understand the meaning of part of speech more clearly ~ (Chinese-English comparison)

In Chinese, words with "de" are called adjectives and can be used as predicative or attributive.

This is similar to the situation in English, where adjectives are also used as predicative or attributive.

Example: beautiful

Han: She is beautiful (of course, we usually say that she is beautiful without the word' true').

She is a beautiful girl.

L 1: She's beautiful. She is a beautiful girl.

Chinese words with' di' are adverbs followed by verbs, which is similar to the situation in English. In English, when an adjective is converted into an adverb with the same meaning, "-ly" is added.

Example: Quick.

H: He runs as fast as he can.

L 1: He runs fast.

In Chinese,' de' is generally a verb+de+(adverb? Anyway, the composition of the latter word is complement.

In English, this usage and adverbial usage are almost only Chinese expressions.

Example:

Han: He runs very fast.

L 1: He runs fast.

Some usages ~ tell you how to use these parts of speech ~

Adjectives/definite articles/indefinite articles are used to modify nouns.

Adj can modify countable nouns plural or singular definite articles can modify uncountable and countable nouns.

The indefinite article a/an modifies the singular of countable nouns.

Adverbs modify verbs or verb phrases.

Verb followed by adjective or present participle

Preposition (prep) is followed by gerund

Generally used at the beginning of a sentence, there are be verbs, special interrogative words (how what where ...) and other imperative sentences, which are generally not … ...

Modal verb (aux) followed by verb prototype

The connecting verb (Lv. ) followed by the adjective original level.

Regular changes of noun-noun plural

Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:

1) individual noun: it means an individual in a certain kind of person or thing, such as a gun.

2) collective noun: a collection of several individuals, such as a family.

3) Material nouns: physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air.

4) Abstract nouns: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work.

Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, the classification of nouns can be shown in the following figure:

||||| Proper nouns ||

||||||| Individual nouns |

||||||||| Countable nouns |

|||||||| collective noun

|||||||| Common nouns

|||||||| Material Noun |

||||||| Uncountable nouns |

||||||||| Abstract nouns ||

Regular change of nouns-plural of other nouns

1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural:

For example: two Mary and Henry.

Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday

Comparison: Floor: Story-Story-Story

2) nouns ending in o, when plural:

A. add s, for example: photo-photo piano-piano.

Radio Zoo Zoo;

B. add es, for example: potato-potato-tomato.

C. anything, such as zero-zero/zero.

3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:

A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.

Safe-safe bay-bay;

B. go to f, fe, ves, for example: half-half.

Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf

Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;

C. or, for example, a handkerchief:

A handkerchief/handkerchief

Irregular changes of noun-noun plural

1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth

Mouse, mouse, man, man, woman, woman

Note: The plural forms of compound words with man and woman are also -men and -women.

For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.

2) Simple isomorphism and complex isomorphism, such as:

Deer, sheep, fish, China, Japanese.

Li, Jin, Yuan, Er Li, San Mu, Si Jin

However, in addition to RMB yuan, cents and cents, USD, GBP and FRF all have plural forms. For example:

One dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters

3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural.

For example, the people's police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a people, a policeman and a cow, but we can say.

A person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman, a China, a Japanese, a Swiss and other nouns are all used in the plural when they are used to indicate the name of a country.

China people are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave.

4) nouns ending in s are still singular, such as:

A. Mathematics, politics, physics and other subject nouns are uncountable nouns, singular.

B. News is an uncountable noun.

C. The United States and the United Nations should be considered unique.

Organized by the United Nations on 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945.

D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular.

Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book.

& lt& lt Arabian Nights >> This is a very interesting story book.

5) refers to things that consist of two parts, such as glasses, glasses and clothes.

If you represent a specific number, you should use a pair (double); Suit (set); A pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6) There are some nouns whose plural forms can sometimes express special meanings, such as goods, water and fish.

Noun-expression of uncountable noun quantity

1) material nouns

A. when material nouns are transformed into individual nouns.

Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)

These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)

B. When material nouns indicate the types of materials, nouns can be counted.

This factory produces steel. (uncountable)

We need all kinds of steel. (countable)

C. when the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted.

Our country is famous for its tea.

Our country is famous for tea.

Two teas, please.

Two teas, please.

2) Abstract nouns are sometimes countable.

Four freedoms, four freedoms.

Four modernizations, four modernizations

Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit words.

For example:

A glass of water, a glass of water

A piece of advice, a piece of advice.

Noun-plural of attributive noun

Nouns are usually used as attributes in the singular form, but there are the following exceptions.

1) uses the plural as an attribute.

Such as: sports games

Student reading room

conference table

Department of foreign languages

2) Be a man, a woman, a gentleman, etc. When used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of the nouns they modify.

For example: male workers and female teachers

Officials and gentlemen

3) Some nouns ending in S are used as attributes, and S is reserved.

Such as freight trains (trucks)

Weapons production

Customs documents

Clothes brush

4) When numerals+nouns are used as attributes, nouns generally remain in singular form.

For example, two dozen eggs two dozen/(twenty-four eggs)

Walk ten miles.

Two hundred trees, two hundred trees.

Five-year plan. Five-year plan.

Individuals can be represented in plural, for example, a seven-year-old child.

Detailed explanation of English grammar-part of speech II

Nouns-singular and plural of people from different countries

Common appellations (plural predicates) are one person and two people.

Noun-noun case

In English, some nouns can add "s" to express all relations, and the noun form with this suffix is called the possessive case of the noun, such as: a teachers book. The rules of the possessive case of nouns are as follows:

1) Add "s" at the end of singular nouns and "s" at the end of plural nouns, such as schoolbags and men's toilets for boys.

2) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "",such as workers' struggle.

3) Any noun without "s" can use the structure of "noun +of+ noun" to express all relationships, such as the name of a song title.

4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone, the noun it modifies often does not appear after the possessive case, such as barbers Barber Shop.

5) If two nouns are tied together, there are s respectively, which means "respectively"; There is only one S, which means there is * * *.

John and Mary's room (two rooms)

6) For compound nouns or phrases, s is added at the end of the last word.

Be away for a month or two

Articles and numerals-the usage of indefinite articles

Articles are function words, which cannot be used alone and have no meaning. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are three kinds of articles in English, one is definite, the other is indefinite and the other is zero.

The indefinite article a (an) is homologous to the numeral one, which means "one". A is generally pronounced as [e] before consonant phonemes, and an is generally pronounced as [en] before vowel phonemes.

1) means "one", meaning one; Refers to a person or thing, indicating a certain kind.

A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you.

) stands for a class of people or things.

Knives are tools for cutting.

Mr Smith is an engineer.

3) phrases or idioms.

A little/a few/a lot/a kind/a lot/a lot/a lot/usually/in a hurry/for a minute/in a word/for a while/for a while/for a cold/for a try/for attention/suddenly.

Articles and numerals-the usage of definite articles

The definite article the is homologous to the demonstrative pronoun this and that, which means "that (this) one", but it is weak and can be used with nouns to indicate one or several specific people or things.

1) refers to people or things that both parties know:

Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above:

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

3) refers to the only thing in the world:

The sun, the sky, the moon and the earth

4) singular nouns are used together to indicate a class of things, such as dollars;

Fox fox; Or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a class of people: the rich; The living.

5) Used before ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives, as well as adjectives only, very, same, etc.

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

That's what I've been looking for. That's exactly what I'm looking for.

6) Used with plural nouns to refer to the whole group:

They are teachers in this school.

They are teachers in this school.

7) All, equivalent to possessive pronouns, used before nouns representing body parts:

She grabbed my arm. She grabbed my arm.

8) Used in front of some proper nouns such as country name, organization, group, class, etc. Consists of common nouns:

People's Republic of China (PRC), People's Republic of China (PRC)

America America

She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) is used before the plural nouns of surnames to indicate a family:

The Greens. The Greens.

1 1) is used in idioms:

During the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening) and the day after tomorrow.

The day before yesterday, the next morning,

In the sky (water, fields, countryside)

In the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

In the middle, finally,

Generally speaking, go to the theatre by the way.

Articles and numerals-the usage of zero articles

1) country name, usually without definite article before the name: England, Mary; ;

2) General plural nouns, when expressing a class of people or things, do not need definite articles;

They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns represent general concepts, generally no articles are added;

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, generally no articles are added; When they express a specific meaning, they need to add definite articles;

Without water, human beings can't live. Without water, people can't live.

5) No articles are added before nouns indicating time, such as season, month, festival, holiday, day and week;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have classes from Monday to Friday.

6) Don't put articles before nouns that address or represent official titles and positions;

The guards brought the American to General Lee.

The soldiers sent the American to General Lee.

7) Don't add articles before the names of three meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as eating breakfast and playing chess.

8) When two or more nouns are used together, articles are often omitted;

I can't write without a pen or pencil. I can't write without a pen and pencil.

9) When 9)by is used with trains and other means of transportation, there is no article in the middle; Take the bus and train;

10) Individual nouns do not use articles; For example:

Individual nouns such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, desk, class, town, church, court, etc. Directly after prepositions to express the deep meaning of nouns;

Go to the hospital.

Go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

1 1) ordinal number without article;

A. possessive pronouns before ordinal numbers

B.he won the first place in the race.

C. In fixed phrases, first, first, from the first to the last.

English Grammar-Part of Speech Detailed Explanation III

Articles and Numerals-Articles and Adjectives+Nouns Structure

1) both adjectives have articles, indicating two different meanings.

He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat.

The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his.

2) If the last adjective has no article, it refers to something.

He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat.

Articles and Numbers-Position of Articles

1) indefinite article position

Indefinite articles usually precede nouns or noun modifiers. note:

A. after the following adjectives: so, what, many, half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many people are suitable for this job.

B. When the adjective before the noun is modified by adverbs to, so, too, how, however, when sufficient, the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective:

This is the most enjoyable day I have ever spent.

Such a short time.

It's too far.

C. Used with singular nouns, followed by articles.

But there are adjectives before rather and quite, and the indefinite article can be placed before and after it. For example, quite a lot

D in the adverbial clause guided by as, when and slogan are adjectives, the indefinite article is followed by adjectives:

Brave as he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes. Brave as he is, he shivers at the sight of a snake.

When nouns are modified by comparative adjectives, indefinite articles are usually placed after comparative adjectives.

2) Positioning the article

The definite article usually comes before a noun or noun modifier, but it comes before both, double, half, two, three times and nouns after all.

All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.

Articles and Numbers-Numbers

Words that indicate quantity or order are called numerals, which are divided into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Numerals representing numbers are called cardinal words; The number indicating the order is called ordinal number.

First of all, cardinality

1) Writing and reading of cardinal words: 345,345; ;

2) The original word is generally singular, but in the following cases, the plural is often used:

A. Used with the phrase of, it means an approximate number, but not a specific number, such as scores of people means many people;

B in some phrases that mean "a row" or "a group";

They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes.

C. it means "dozens of years old";

D. To express "year", use in+the+ to count complex numbers;

E in a representation of multiplication, such as 3x5 = 15, three to five is (yes) five.

Second, ordinal number

Abbreviated form of ordinal number: the first-1st, the second-the second, the 31st-31st.

Third, the usage of numerals.

1) multiple representation

A. subject+predicate+multiple (or fraction) +as+ adjective +as

Mine is three times as big as yours. I have three times as much money as you.

B. The size (quantity, length …) of subject+predicate+multiple (fraction)

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.

C subject+predicate+multiple (score)+adjective (adverb) comparative degree+ratio …

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

D. you can also use by+ multiple to express how many times to increase.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

2) Fractional representation

Composition: radix represents numerator and ordinal number represents denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, the ordinal number of the numerator is singular and the ordinal number of the denominator is plural:

1/3 one third; 3/37 Three and three-sevenths.

English Grammar-Part of Speech Detailed Explanation IV

Pronouns-usage of personal pronouns

1) The nominative case of personal pronouns is used as subject or subject complement in sentences, for example:

John waited for a while, but finally he went home.

John waited for a while, and finally he went home.

John hopes that the passenger is Mary, and it is indeed her.

John hopes that the passenger is Mary, and it is really her.

Note: in complex sentences, if the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause are the same, the pronoun subject should be used in the subordinate clause and the noun subject should be used in the main clause, for example:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

John went straight to the bank as soon as he arrived.

2) The objective case of personal pronouns can be used as an object or a preposition in a sentence, but it can also be used as a subject complement in spoken English. The first person can also be used as the subject in ellipsis sentences, for example:

I saw her with them. At least, I thought it was her.

I saw her with them, at least I thought it was her. (her as the object, them as the preposition object, and her as the subject complement)

A.who broke the vase? Who broke the vase?

B.- me. -Me. I am the subject complement = it's me. )

Note: in the above two examples, her and me are subject complements respectively. Accusative is often used in modern English, and she and I should be used in formal style.

Pronouns-Substitution of subjective and objective cases of personal pronouns

1) The objective case replaces the nominative case.

A. In short conversations, when personal pronouns are used alone or not, more objects are used.

-I like English. -I like English.

-Me, too. -I like it, too.

-More wine? Would you like some more wine?

-Not me. -I don't want it.

In informal comparison, the objective case is usually used instead of the nominative case. However, if the predicate of comparative adverbial is retained, the subject can only use the nominative case.

He is taller than me.

He is taller than me.

2) nominative case replaces accusative case

A, except and nominative after preposition but can sometimes be used instead of objective case.

B. the nominative case is often used in telephone language.

-I want to talk to Mary. -I want to talk to Mary.

-This is her. -I'm Mary.

Note: the personal pronoun after the verb be or to be depends on the noun or pronoun before it.

I thought it was her. I thought it was her. (nominative-nominative)

I thought it was her. (accusative-accusative)

I was mistaken for her. I was mistaken for her. (nominative-nominative)

They took me for her. They took me for her. (accusative-accusative)

Pronouns-the reference of pronouns

1) indefinite pronouns any one, everyone, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, who and person can be replaced by He, His and He in formal occasions.

Nobody came, did they? Nobody came, did they?

2) The reference of animal nouns is generally replaced by it or them, and sometimes he, he and she are used to express intimacy.

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. Give the cat some food. She is hungry.

3) A term that refers to a car, a country or a ship. It is often used when it is emotional.

Pronouns-the arrangement order of parallel personal pronouns

1) When singular personal pronouns are juxtaposed as subjects, the order is:

Second person address-> third person-> first person

You-> He/she; It-> I

You, he and I should come back on time.

2) When plural personal pronouns are used as subjects, the order is:

First person-> second person address-> third person

We-> You-> they

Note: In the following cases, the first person comes first.

A. When admitting mistakes and taking responsibility,

It was John and I who made her angry.

It was John and I who made her angry.

B. When the elder speaks to the younger generation, when the chief speaks to the subordinate, if the chief is the first person, for example, you and I will work hard to finish it.

C. When the coordinate subjects only have the first person and the third person,

D. When other personal pronouns or nouns are modified by attributive clauses.

Pronouns-possessive pronouns

1) Possessive pronouns have both the function of indicating ownership and the function of reference, for example:

John cut his finger; It is obvious that there is a broken glass on his desk.

John cut his finger. Obviously, there is a broken glass on his desk.

There are two kinds of possessive pronouns: adjectives (my, your, etc. ) and nouns (mine, yours, etc. ). Adjective possessive pronouns belong to determiners.

Nominal possessive pronouns are equivalent to the -S possessive structure that omits the central noun, for example:

Jack cap means that the cap is a jack.

His hat means that this hat is his.

2) The syntactic function of nominal possessive pronouns.

A. As the subject, for example:

May I use your pen? Your effect is better.

May I use your pen? Yours works better than mine.

B. As an object, for example:

I love my motherland as much as you love your motherland.

I love my motherland as much as you love your motherland.

C. as a prepositional object, for example:

You should interpret what I said with my meaning, not yours.

You should interpret what I said according to my meaning, not according to your own.

D. as a subject complement, for example:

My life is yours. It is yours. It is yours. My life belongs to you, to you, to you.