What has promoted the extensive development of the world workers' movement?

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/9th century, with the wave of the second scientific and technological revolution, the production and economy of the capitalist world have developed greatly. The output of steel doubled, the total industrial output value of the world doubled, heavy industry began to dominate all industries, and capitalism entered the "steel age" from the "cotton textile age".

With the development of capitalist industry, the number of industrial proletariat has greatly increased. The economy has developed, but the working class is still poor. Around the 1980s, the European and American workers' movements developed again. /kloc-in the summer of 0/872, miners in Ruhr, Germany, went on strike, demanding an eight-hour working day and higher wages. 1 886 may1day, more than 400,000 workers in Chicago and other cities in the United States went on strike, demanding an eight-hour working system, which later developed into a heroic struggle with the police, shaking the capitalist world. This nationwide strike wave has enabled nearly 654.38 million workers to win the eight-hour working system or shorten their working hours, and the struggle has won a major victory. 1889, the general strike struggle of British dockers also won, and the strike movement in Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia and other European countries was also strengthened. In the strike struggle, the proletariat of all countries supported each other and supported each other.

After the dissolution of the First International, Marx and Engels continued their efforts and actively led the international workers' movement. In the face of such a widely developed workers' movement, how to guide it? Marx and Engels believe that the urgent task before the proletariat in all countries is to establish their own socialist political parties in all countries. 1869, the German Social Democratic Labour Party, the first mass proletarian revolutionary party, was founded. Since then, many countries in Europe and America have successively established mass socialist workers' political parties. 1870, the Social Democratic Party was established in the Netherlands; 187 1 year, Denmark also established the Social Democratic Party. 1877, the American Socialist Labor Party was founded; 1879, French workers held a congress in Marseille and decided to establish the French Workers' Party. 1883, Russia established the first Marxist group "Labor Liberation Society"; 1884, Britain established the Social Democratic Alliance. In addition, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries have also established the Socialist Workers' Party. These political parties and organizations have become the foundation of the new international solidarity of the proletariat.

With the rapid development of the labor movement, the composition of the working class has also undergone major changes. Peasants, craftsmen and other petty-bourgeois elements devastated by capitalism have entered the proletariat in large numbers, bringing with them the ideology of non-proletariat. In addition, in developed capitalist countries such as Britain and the United States, the ranks of skilled workers and highly skilled workers are constantly expanding, and a special class-"workers' aristocrats" is differentiated from them, and they become the disseminators of reformism in the workers' movement. Therefore, Marx and Engels not only directly cared about the growth and development of the German Party, but also paid close attention to the establishment and development of workers' political parties and socialist organizations in other countries, and gave guidance and support in theory and action.

From 1879 to 1880, Marx directly participated in the drafting of the platform of the French Workers' Party and sharply criticized the opportunistic factions represented by Bruce and Malone in the French Party. Bu, Ma and others are opposed to mentioning proletarian revolution and dictatorship in the party program, and should only write some requirements that may be won under the circumstances at that time, so they are called "possible factions". Marx and Engels also helped Jules in the French party? Gad, Paul? Marxists represented by Laffargue supported their struggle against the principle of "possibility".

1March 883, Marx died, and the important task of guiding the international proletarian movement fell on Engels' shoulders. The vigorous development of the workers' movement, the establishment of socialist political parties in various countries and the wide spread of Marxism have created conditions for the establishment of a new international alliance of the working class. However, Engels always believed that the new international alliance should be based on Marxism. If this condition is not mature, we should try our best to create it, and don't rush into action. In the late 1980s, in view of the improvement of proletarian consciousness and the yearning of workers' political parties in various countries for international solidarity, Engels began to consider the issue of organizing a new international society.

Shortly after the dissolution of the First International, anarchists and French "possibles" tried many times to "restore" or establish new international organizations. They tried to control the new organization in the future and seize the leadership of the international proletarian movement. Therefore, in the late 1980 s, there were two schools of leadership in the international congress: one was the French "possibility school" and the British trade unionists, who were opportunists; The other school is bebel and William? Liebknecht's German-French Workers' Party is basically a Marxist party.

1888, British trade unionists and Possibility held a preparatory meeting in London, and entrusted Possibility to hold an international workers' congress initiated by them in July 1889 to set up a new international organization. Marxists should have acted quickly and resolutely to prepare and hold a truly representative international congress of Marxism, but the most influential leaders of German political parties at that time believed that the main task was to unite the "possibles" and tried to unite Marxists and opportunists to hold the congress together.

At this critical juncture, Engels did not hesitate and immediately went into battle. He not only fought against the "possibility faction", but also criticized the reconciliation attitude of Lebknecht and others, and urged Marxists to take positive actions to master the leadership of establishing international organizations. With the help of Engels, the leaders of the German Party took action. 1889 held a preparatory meeting in the Hague in February, and decided to hold the international social party congress in Paris in July of the same year, that is, at the same time as the "possible faction" meeting. Engels' purpose is to let the workers know who is the real representative of the workers' movement and who is a scam through the comparison of the two congresses.

July 1889 14 is the centenary of the French people's occupation of the Bastille. On this day, the International Congress of Socialist Workers opened in Paris. In fact, this is the second international founding conference.

393 delegates from 22 countries in Europe and America attended the meeting. Portraits of Marx and Engels were hung at the venue, and the red cloth on the front of the rostrum read "Proletarians of the world, unite!" Slogan, grand and warm conference, shows the extensive spread of Marxism and the great development of proletarian movement in the past 40 years. Liebknecht was elected as the executive chairman of the meeting. In his opening speech, Laverg called on the working class to make every effort to speed up the destruction of the "Bastille" in capitalist society. Engels failed to attend the meeting in person in order to finish the sorting out of the third volume of Das Kapital as soon as possible, but he enthusiastically supported the meeting and called it a glorious victory.

On July 15, the second day after the International Socialist Workers' Congress was held, the "Possible School" also pieced together its own congress in Paris to compete with the Second International. Except for the Social Democratic Union in Britain, no other major political parties in Europe sent representatives to attend the meeting convened by the "Possibility School", which actually became a veritable French "Possibility School" meeting. The conference venue was deserted, in sharp contrast to the grand and warm atmosphere of the International Socialist Workers' Congress.

The International Socialist Workers' Congress listened to the work reports of representatives of socialist political parties in various countries and discussed some major issues that needed to be solved urgently in the international workers' movement at that time. After fierce struggle, the Congress rejected the fallacy of opportunists and adopted the Resolution on International Labor Protection Legislation and the Resolution on Political and Economic Struggle. The former clearly points out that only when the proletariat seizes political power and deprives the bourgeoisie of the means of production and makes it public property can working human beings be liberated.

The congress also adopted an important resolution, which designated May 1 day as an international proletarian festival, and called on the working class of all countries to organize large-scale demonstrations on this day every year to show the unity of the international proletariat and fight for the realization of the resolution of the congress. After the Paris Congress, the proletariat of all countries warmly responded to the call to celebrate May Day. On May 1890 and 1 day, unprecedented demonstrations broke out in France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Sweden and Norway. At the age of 70, Engels personally participated in the May Day Workers' Parade in London, England.

The International Socialist Congress was held in Paris from July 4 to 20, marking the establishment of the Second International. Before Engels died, the Second International basically carried out the Marxist line, United the working class, opposed anarchism and right-wing ideological trends, widely spread Marxism, and promoted the extensive development of workers' organizations and movements in various countries.

19 14 when the first world war broke out, the revisionist leaders of all parties in the second international openly supported the war, served their own bourgeoisie, betrayed proletarian internationalism, and completely bankrupt the second international.