In April, 2065438+00, many provinces and cities (regions) took the joint entrance examination of "Shen Lun" Volume A.

? [Provinces that use Volume A: Liaoning, Chongqing (Class A), Shaanxi, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Ningxia, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. ]

I. Matters needing attention

1. The essay examination is a test of candidates' comprehensive analysis of materials, raising and solving problems and their writing skills.

2. Time limit for answering: It is recommended to read the given information for 40 minutes and answer 1 10 minutes.

Read the information given carefully and follow the following instructions? Application requirements? Answer in turn.

4. Please answer in the specified position. The answer on the draft paper or elsewhere is invalid.

Second, the given information

1. The residents of a city still remember a rainstorm a few years ago. It was Saturday, and citizens went shopping, partying and relaxing like weekends. The premiere of Zhang Yimou's blockbuster house of flying daggers was held on this day, with a large number of scalpers? Yellow cattle? Hold your breath and make a fortune. However, the sudden rainstorm made people outside panic. In the afternoon 16 or so, the sky suddenly thundered and thundered, and suddenly it rained cats and dogs. The heavy rain in less than two hours paralyzed the urban traffic. The water under the overpass is as deep as 2 meters, and buses and cars have become ships. Similar incidents have occurred in many cities across the country. The phenomenon that municipal construction and urban transformation are not synchronized is still a big problem. Some experts said that the municipal public facilities in most cities in China are connected according to their proper functions. Healthy? Not exactly.

As of April 2009, the central government's investment of 4 trillion yuan has driven local investment to exceed 30 trillion yuan. From 4 trillion to more than 30 trillion, what areas have these investments to ensure economic growth flowed to? According to the data, infrastructure such as railways, highways and aviation, energy and livelihood projects such as medical reform and housing security are the main flows of investment. For example, a city invested 6 billion yuan, mainly for rail transit, small and medium-sized enterprises and agriculture, of which 2 billion yuan was used for land acquisition and demolition of high-speed rail. A province has allocated 9 billion yuan, mainly for affordable housing, rural people's livelihood and infrastructure, and major infrastructure construction. A province has invested 330 billion yuan, mainly in 1000 billion basic network project, 1000 billion industrial upgrading project and 1000 billion Huimin project. Huimin project mainly refers to the provision of basic service facilities such as education, medical care, culture and sports. But some experts pointed out that,

It seems that there is a lack of attention to urban public utilities everywhere, but China is still in the stage of relatively insufficient municipal facilities and rapid growth in demand for municipal facilities. Although part of the investment is used for urban public utilities, the proportion is small and the scale is not large enough to reflect the important role of urban public utilities in promoting economic growth. The expert who has been studying urban public utilities for a long time said that urban public utilities are pioneering, basic and public welfare, and need more attention. Municipal utilities include municipal facilities construction in eight aspects: urban water supply, central heating, garbage disposal, municipal roads and bridges, public transportation, landscaping, sewage treatment and pipeline gas. In urban infrastructure, urban public utilities are an important part of the national economy. In the early days of reform and opening-up, the emphasis was on attracting investment, developing the economy and improving the investment environment. With roads and bridges, communications, water, electricity, gas, heat and other facilities, investors are willing to invest. Without these, no one is willing to invest. Municipal public utilities play a leading and basic role in economic development. As the carrier of urban social and economic activities, urban infrastructure construction has attracted more and more attention. It is of great significance to build and manage urban municipal public facilities and guide people to consciously care for and maintain these facilities for promoting the stable and healthy development of urban economy, improving urban functions and quality, and promoting urban modernization.

2. According to statistics, the investment in fixed assets of urban municipal facilities in China is about 1 trillion yuan, accounting for more than 2% of the national GDP. An expert pointed out that,

Because the construction tasks of urban roads, water supply, gas, sewage treatment and garbage disposal are still arduous, on the basis of the current investment scale, it is hard to say that the investment will expand 1 times, reaching the scale of 2 trillion. China's urbanization process is still in a rapid rising stage, and it is obviously difficult to fill the funding gap of public utilities only by a single government financial input. The supply of public utilities has seriously lagged behind the needs of society and has become the bottleneck of economic take-off. Therefore, we must broaden the financing channels and establish a multi-channel and diversified urban municipal investment and financing mechanism. This requires further opening up the market and actively promoting the market-oriented reform of urban public facilities. At present, China's urban population exceeds 500 million, and in the next 20 years, it will reach more than 900 million, which will bring huge market demand for urban public utilities. For investors, it is also a huge investment market. In the middle and late 1990s, some places in China have begun to explore the marketization of municipal public utilities, and some urban public utilities that eat imperial grain have begun to wean. From June 5438 to February 2002, the former Ministry of Construction promulgated the Opinions on Accelerating the Marketization of Municipal Public Utilities, encouraging social funds and foreign capital to participate in the construction of municipal public utilities. The state has issued policies to encourage the marketization of municipal public utilities. In the process of gradual liberalization of municipal public utilities, more and more social capital has entered. According to the statistics of a southern province, 40% of the property rights of urban public transport, 50% of urban water supply and 80% of urban gas have been transferred to private enterprises or foreign capital.

Since 2002, some world-renowned large-scale foreign water groups have started to enter China to acquire water plants with huge funds. The acquisition of these multinational companies once puzzled Chinese people. For example, in May 2002, Veolia Water Group spent nearly 2 billion yuan to acquire 50% equity of S City Water Supply Company, with a 50-year operation period and an estimated transfer price of 760 million yuan. Veolia's offer was nearly double the estimated price. In August, 2007, the equity transfer project of tap water in Y city was invited for bidding, and Sino-French Water Group won the bid with 895 million yuan, about five times the asset value. Many local governments in China are excited by this premium acquisition method of foreign capital. However, are domestic water plants really that valuable? Some scholars pointed out that foreign premium acquisition means that it will be earned back many times in the future, and the burden will eventually be passed on to the people to varying degrees.

With the advancement of market-oriented reform of municipal public utilities, some unexpected problems began to appear. From June, 5438 to October, 2008, more than 300 buses stopped in a certain city, which made it difficult for more than 700,000 citizens to travel. The reason for the suspension is that the privatization of public transport is not effective. An insider pointed out that after the documents issued by the former Ministry of Construction, many local governments began to sell water plants, either cooperating with foreign capital or simply selling them. He believes that there is nothing wrong with selling bus lines and water plants, but the basic analysis work is not done thoroughly. I just think someone will buy it, and the government will still have some income. After selling it, no one cares. In this way, the country will lose and consumers will be hurt. Many places are not fully prepared before opening the door of municipal public facilities investment. This person said that franchising means that in the municipal public utility industry, the government grants enterprises the right to operate a municipal public utility product or service within a certain time and scope, and the government clarifies the rights and obligations between the government and the franchised enterprise through contractual agreements or other means. Generally speaking, foreign countries should legislate to carry out this kind of business, but China has skipped this procedure, and the policies, regulations, standards, management measures and management capabilities do not match. Some public utilities are doomed to be inefficient, cannot be packaged and sold, and need government investment to get started. We can't leave it all to social capital to operate, let alone make money without management.

3. Held in L City on July 3, 20091? Hearing on urban water supply price reform and adjustment? Of the 18 hearing representatives present at the meeting, 17 agreed to the water price adjustment, and only 1 proposed it? It's best not to raise prices? . As soon as the news came out, the society was in an uproar. The website is online? How to treat the rising water price in L city? More than 80% netizens voted against the survey. On August 4th, L City released a message through the government website, inviting netizens to participate in a? About the reform and adjustment of water supply price? Seminar. At the meeting, the L Municipal Development and Reform Commission came up with two sets of water price adjustment plans, but no matter which set, the basic water price rose by more than 40%, which made many people feel unacceptable. Some citizens said:? L city is not short of water, why should it rise so high? Not adjusting the price for six years does not mean that it can be increased by 40% at will. ?

According to statistics, 59 netizens actually attended the meeting, and 39 people spoke in the discussion that lasted for more than three hours. Nine of them are clearly opposed to the price increase. In contrast to the online survey, more than 80% of people opposed to the upward adjustment of water prices, there were 16 people who clearly expressed their support for the conditional adjustment of water prices. The main reasons against the price increase are as follows: first, I don't think there is a shortage of water in L city, and there is no need to raise prices; The second is that the accounts of the water group are not transparent enough. The person in charge of water group suggested that the government should establish a new price supervision and examination mechanism in the future. He said that due to the rising water price, some big water users will reduce their water consumption. So what impact will this water price increase have on residents' lives?

The reporter came to an ordinary residential area and visited 74-year-old Grandma Lu and her wife.

Reporter:? Grandma Lu, how much water does your family use? ?

Lu:? Use 4 tons, 3 tons. ?

Reporter:? How many people? ?

Lu:? Five people. ?

In Lujia, the reporter saw many pots and barrels. The old man told reporters that these are all used to store water. The water saved should be used for flushing toilets, mopping floors and watering flowers. In order to save water, the switch of the toilet was specially modified at home. Grandma Lu and her wife together, the monthly retirement salary is a little more than 2,000. However, because the son and daughter-in-law have no income, a family of five mainly relies on this 2000 yuan, and the monthly water fee is more than 9 yuan.

Reporter:? Can you bear the water charges for the next month 12, 13 yuan? ?

Lu:? We are watching carefully. We care. ?

Sister Xiao of the neighborhood Committee told the reporter that the residents here basically save water like this. A slight increase in water charges may be possible, but I'm afraid of chain price increases.

In another water-using enterprise in L city, the reporter learned that in recent years, they have carried out water-saving transformation on their equipment, all industrial water can be recycled, and the water utilization rate has reached about 97%.

Although the water price in L city has not been raised, everyone from enterprises to ordinary residents is carefully saving water. This also gives an answer, why L used 500,000 tons of water every day in 1995, but now the city has expanded and the economy has developed, but the daily water consumption has dropped to more than 300,000 tons.

In the document of water price increase in L city, there is a set of shocking figures: the per capita water resources in L city are less than 450 cubic meters, which is about 1/5 of the national per capita water resources and 1/20 of the world water resources, and it belongs to extremely poor water areas. The person in charge of the hydrological department of L city said: The water in the two nearby reservoirs is basically not the water right of L city, but the transit water, which is the upstream water resource. Even if several rivers flow through L city, the amount of water is not as much as you see. As you can see, the water surface of the L River is relatively wide. In fact, because the rubber dam has stored water, the real incoming water is the little water flowing on the dam, which is the real incoming water. ?

4. Since June 5438+February 2006, the comprehensive water price in Q City has been adjusted, and the sewage treatment fee has been raised from 5 yuan/ton to 8 yuan/ton. The price of domestic water is raised from 1.3 yuan/ton to 1.55 yuan/ton, and that of special industries is raised from 2. 1 yuan/ton to 2.8 yuan/ton. Many people think that Q city is located in the south, with abundant rainfall, and there is no need to save water. In fact, this concept is wrong. Mr. Wang, a senior engineer of the planned water-saving office of Q City, said that Q City belongs to a water-deficient area, with the average total water resources for many years being about 654.38+000 billion cubic meters, and the per capita water resources in 2005 was 654.38+0330 cubic meters. Among them, the coastal counties and cities are less than 730 cubic meters, which belongs to? Poor waters? . The per capita water resources in China are 2200 cubic meters, and Q city is far below this average level. In addition, 70% of the water resources in Q city are distributed in mountainous areas with small population and low economic level, with a per capita resource of 3595 cubic meters. However, the coastal areas with dense population and developed economy have less water resources. The rainfall in Q city is seasonal and unevenly distributed in time and space. Both annual rainfall and annual runoff are around 60%? 80% is concentrated in 4? September, especially plum rains and typhoon storms, is short in time and large in quantity, and is prone to floods. Due to the low ability of intercepting and regulating river runoff, the phenomenon of water abandonment is serious. This kind of water resources is unevenly distributed during the year, resulting in an imbalance between supply and demand of water resources during the year. In addition, the loss into the sea is serious. Due to objective reasons such as cultivated land inundation and migration, it is impossible to build large and medium-sized reservoirs in Xixi Basin, Jinjiang, which is rich in natural inflow. A large number of water resources directly rushed into the sea, and the lost water accounted for about 30% of the total water resources in the city.

An expert listed the main problems existing in water saving in Q city: the awareness of water resources hardship and water saving is not strong; Long-term bad water use habits; With the improvement of living standards, water consumption increases and the waste is serious; The water price is low, and the proportion of water fee expenditure to distributable income is very small, so it is not painful to use more water; Urban domestic water consumption accounts for about 60% of the total water consumption, and most residents do not realize multi-use of one water, so the water use efficiency is not high; Green water, road water and other public water also use pure tap water; Non-water-saving water nozzles, water tanks, toilets and other water appliances exist in large numbers; The industrial structure needs to be further adjusted, and the processes and equipment with high water consumption need to be rectified.

? Low water price is an important reason for excessive consumption and waste of water resources. ? Experts pointed out that increasing water price 10% will reduce domestic water consumption by 3%? 7%。 He introduced a study on the elasticity coefficient of water price in big cities. The research shows that every time the water price increases 10%, the water demand will decrease by 3.8%. When the annual income of residents increases by 10%, excluding the influence of water price, the water demand increases by 2.2%. The analysis shows that when water consumption accounts for 1% of household income, the psychological impact is not significant. Pay attention to water quantity when it accounts for 2%, pay attention to water saving when it accounts for 2.5%, save water seriously when it accounts for 5%, and consider water reuse when it accounts for 10%.

? Water saving and efficient water use are important ways to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, and the core of water saving is to improve water use efficiency and benefit. Many cities in China have carried out water price reform and achieved remarkable results. ? The expert gave an example of a city in another province. Since the implementation of ladder water price, the effect of water saving is very obvious. 1 year 7 months, the water saving rate of government agencies, enterprises and institutions reaches 3%? 5%, the water saving rate of residents reached 10%? 15%。 Zhengmao Community in this city is an old community with 1400 households. Since the implementation of the ladder water price, the monthly water consumption of the whole community has dropped from the previous 1.4 million tons to the present 4,200 tons, and no household in the community has exceeded the first-class water price range 1.2 tons. In 2006, the water consumption population of this city increased by nearly 20,000 people, but the water consumption of residents decreased by 15%, and the water supply gap decreased by more than 1 10,000 tons every day.

He thinks that getting rid of bad habits can save 70% water. There are many habits of wasting water, such as flushing cigarette butts with the toilet, breaking garbage, leaving water running all the time when washing hands, washing faces and brushing teeth, and not maintaining the equipment in time when it leaks? In addition to good water habits, the use of water-saving appliances is also effective. There are many water-saving appliances, such as water-saving water tanks, water-saving toilets and so on. Everyone saves a little water and accumulates a lot of water. According to the measurement, 1 Didi can collect 3.6 kilograms of water in 1 hour and 2.6 tons of water in 1 month. Residents should first consider the water-saving function when purchasing bathroom products.

? The increase in water price this time has increased the cost of car washing. ? Car wash shop c boss said,? This is a big problem in the development of the industry. If the municipal facilities are sufficient, such as laying pipelines in urban areas, the treated reclaimed water can be transported from the sewage treatment plant to the car wash shop for use. As long as the owner agrees, as a merchant, you can save water and water charges. Why not? ? He believes that car owners need to change their minds. Because some car owners think that reclaimed water is used sewage, they are unwilling to use this water to wash their cars.

The water price reform is also to promote future rainwater collection, sewage regeneration and reclaimed water utilization. The reclaimed water treated by the sewage treatment plant can be reused, such as flushing toilets, washing cars, watering lawns and sprinkling roads. Stored rainwater and reclaimed water have similar functions.

It is reported that a large residential area developed by a real estate group has a sewage backflow area, and all the domestic water used by residents for washing clothes, washing vegetables, washing faces and bathing is concentrated in this place, which is used for watering green spaces and washing roads. The toilet flushing water is transported to the outdoor septic tank through the pipeline, and then discharged to the sewage treatment plant through the urban sewage pipeline. A group leader said:? There are many green spaces in the community. If all of them are watered with tap water, it is a waste of water resources. And this part of the cost should be shared with the owners of the community, resulting in more shared costs. ? He introduced that the residential area 10 million square meters. When planning, the sewage return facilities will be included in the construction cost, and an investment of 6.5438+0.50 million yuan will be made to build a sewage return system, which can handle 654.38+0.50 tons of sewage. At present, there is no statistics, and I don't know whether it is economical, but this practice not only reduces the burden on the owners, but also saves water resources.

According to industry experts, the so-called? Reclaimed water? , is the discharged domestic sewage and industrial wastewater recovery, after treatment and reuse of water. ? Reclaimed water? Named after Japan? Reclaimed water? There are many explanations for the definition of "sewage", which is called "sewage" in sewage engineering. Reclaimed water? What is the name of the factory? Reuse water? . Generally, water quality is used as a distinguishing sign, and its water quality is between tap water (water supply) and sewage discharged into pipelines (water supply), hence the name? Reclaimed water? , mainly refers to the city sewage or domestic sewage after treatment to reach a certain water quality standards, can be reused in a certain range of non-drinking water.

Reclaimed water utilization is also called sewage reuse. Reclaimed water? Reuse, on the one hand, opens up a second water source for urban water supply, which can be greatly reduced? Sheung Shui? Consumption of (tap water); On the other hand, to some extent? Into the water? (Sewage) pollutes the water source, thus protecting the water source and water quantity.

6. Water price is divided into different steps, and different prices are implemented within different quota ranges, which is called ladder water price. If the water consumption is within the basic quota, the benchmark water price shall be adopted. If the water consumption exceeds the basic quota, the excess will be charged according to another ladder water price standard. Ladder water price can be divided into increasing ladder water price and decreasing ladder water price. Stepped water price means that with the increase of water consumption, the water price is higher; Stepped water price is the opposite, the greater the water consumption, the lower the water price. In the case of water shortage, stepped water price should be adopted. For example, in 2005, a domestic water price plan announced by a big city in the south: if the primary water consumption base is 22 cubic meters or less per household per month, the water fee will be charged according to the basic water price 1.32 yuan/cubic meter; The secondary water consumption base is 23 cubic meters to 30 cubic meters per household per month, and the water fee is charged at 0.5 times of 65438+ basic water price; The three-level water base is the part where the monthly water consumption of each household exceeds 30 cubic meters, and the water fee is charged at 2 times of the basic water price.

The ladder water price indicates that the more water is used, the higher the cost. Very suitable for places where water resources are scarce. Although there are some difficulties in implementing the ladder water price, such as infrastructure construction, ladder ratio, how to determine the basic water quantity, etc., they can all be solved through consultation. Ladder water price has obvious advantages, which is conducive to promoting water conservation, allowing users to pay higher prices and promoting water conservation. It is an important tool to manage water resources through economic means and should be used scientifically.

Industrial water users should be the focus of implementing ladder water price. First of all, they consume a lot of water. Secondly, the water measuring facilities are relatively complete, and the number of residents is relatively small, which is easy to monitor. It is very necessary to take it as the focus of the recent implementation of ladder water price.

7. For many years, in order to provide cheap water resources, the price of water is lower than the cost of water supply. Theoretically, the composition of water price should include water resource value, water engineering cost, water treatment cost and water management cost, as well as sewage treatment cost. But in fact, the current water price in China only includes the cost of water engineering and water treatment (a big city in the north also includes the funds raised for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project). Therefore, from the overall situation, it is a common phenomenon that the urban water price is lower than the cost price, and the government also has different degrees. Undercover? But people don't really feel the subsidy.

Due to the increase of water price, water users will pay more attention to water saving and improve their enthusiasm for water saving. If this operation is carried out, it means that water supply enterprises will reduce or even cut off government subsidies, and their main income will depend on the water market. Of course, this market is a water market under government control, not a water market in a complete sense.

On March 9, 2009, a responsible comrade of the Ministry of Water Resources said that the composition of water price was unreasonable, and the water price had been low for a long time, which did not reflect the scarcity of water resources and the cost of water environment treatment, resulting in serious waste of water resources and ineffective treatment of water pollution. Therefore, we must speed up the water price reform and give full play to the role of market mechanism and price leverage. An official from the price department of the National Development and Reform Commission said that local governments have the right to raise water prices independently without the approval or filing of the National Development and Reform Commission. However, judging from the goal of resource price reform, the resource price reform, including water price, will definitely be accelerated in the future, which has been explicitly requested by the the State Council executive meeting.

Third, the application requirements

(a) on the basis of? Given data 1? 5? Answer the following two questions briefly. (20 points)

1. Try to point out the main contents of municipal public facilities construction and talk about the importance of municipal public facilities. (10)

Requirements: accurate and concise, no more than 150 words.

2.？ Given data 1? What did the book say? Even? Healthy? Not even? What's the problem? What is the cause of the problem? (10)

Requirements: comprehensive, accurate and organized, no more than 100 words.

(2) Suppose you are a staff member of a street office, please refer to the given information and draw up a water-saving publicity material for the publicity column of the local residents' community. (20 points)

Requirements: (1) reflect the national spirit of saving water resources and explain why water should be saved; (2) Concise and popular, which helps people to understand; (3) No more than 400 words.

(C) China's municipal utilities are facing some problems that need to be solved urgently. A municipal department will draft a plan to promote the reform of public utilities. Please use the given information to point out which problems should be clearly solved in this plan. (20 points)

Requirements: (1) accurate, comprehensive, clear and targeted; (2) the expression is concise and to the point, no more than 400 words.

(4) A considerable number of people think that water is a public product or quasi-public product, so water should be used at a low price. In view of this view, with reference to the given information, write an article to explain the basic ideas of the national water resources price reform. (40 points)

Requirements: (1) Self-made topic, clear center, clear viewpoint, and connection with practice; (2) Full reasoning, complete structure and fluent language; (3) Not less than 800 words. ?