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The Theory of the Origin of Chinese Characters

With language, humans can accumulate knowledge and form culture. With words, language can be recorded and information exchanged. Language distinguishes humans from animals, and writing distinguishes the primitive stage of human society from the civilized stage. Writing breaks the limitations of language in time and space, transmits language to distant places, and expands the communicative function of language.

The earliest extant oracle bone inscriptions with Chinese characters were produced in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, about 3,400 years ago. It is already a kind of writing with a relatively strict system. The Yinxu culture in Xiaotun can be determined to be a highly developed civilization just from its highly developed smelting technology and artistic decorations on bronzes, pottery, and jade. We can fully speculate that the era when the oracle bone inscriptions were produced was probably not It will be at the crossroads of the Chinese nation moving from ignorance to civilization.

Before Chinese characters entered oracle bone inscriptions, there must have been a long journey. However, tracing back further along the oracle bone inscriptions, the documentary records about the origin of Chinese characters that we can see are from the classics of Zhou and Qin, and most of them are legends, and some are also mythical. Although myths and legends have their historical background and roots, they are reflections of certain historical realities. However, these legends are not a detailed representation of the historical appearance of the origin of Chinese characters. They can only infer the conditions before and after the origin of Chinese characters and the general time of their origin. The cultural relics and documents that can confirm the historical appearance of Chinese characters are not systematic and sufficient enough. Therefore, scientific hypotheses about the origin of Chinese characters can only be established based on incoherent historical evidence and speculation based on the logic of development.

There are many theories about the origin of Chinese characters, and scholars of all ages have expressed their own opinions, including

1. Chinese characters originated from knotting. It is believed that the writing was created under the inspiration of knotting events in ancient times. .

2. Chinese characters begin with the Bagua. It is believed that characters originate from the hexagrams of the Yi hexagram, such as the Qian hexagram for sky, the Kun hexagram for the earth, the Kan hexagram for water, and the Li hexagram for fire.

3. Cangjie regarded turtles as writers. It is believed that Cangjie was inspired by the turtles to create writing.

4. Chinese characters and pictures have the same origin. It is believed that calligraphy and painting have different names but the same style. In the early days of writing, calligraphy was also painting, and painting was also calligraphy.

5. Chinese characters originate from pictures. It is believed that the two have different origins. Pictures come first, words follow, and words are produced on the basis of pictures.

6. Chinese characters originate from the social practices of our ancestors. It is believed that the emergence of writing is directly derived from the original method of recording events

The evolution of Chinese characters and its impact on neighboring countries

1. The evolution of Chinese characters

About Chinese characters The origin was once shrouded in mystery due to the legend that Cangjie created the characters. After the founding of New China, with a large number of archaeological discoveries, this veil was gradually lifted, revealing the true face of Mount Lu.

On the outer walls of pottery at Yangshao cultural sites such as the Banpo site, which dates back about 6,000 years, there have been more than 50 inscribed symbols on the outer walls. They are neatly planned, have certain regularity, and have the characteristics of simple writing. They may be the germination of Chinese writing.

On the pottery from the late Dahankou Culture Site and Liangjin Culture Site, about four to five thousand years ago, more neat and regular graphic carvings were found, which are early graphic characters.

In the early 1980s, more complete writing was found on pottery excavated from the Xia cultural site in Dengfeng, Henan. This is the earliest written text of a definite era in our country that has been confirmed by scholars so far.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the commonly used writing was oracle bone inscriptions. This is a mature and systematic writing that laid the foundation for the development of Chinese characters in later generations. Although the number of characters in the later popular bronze inscriptions (golden inscriptions) increased, the shape did not change significantly.

After the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the separatist rule of the princes, "writing became abnormal". After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, in order to consolidate the rule, the First Emperor ordered Prime Minister Li Si, Zhongche Fu Ling Zhao Gao, Taishi Ling Hu Wujing and others to organize the writing, and developed Xiaozhuan based on the original Qin characters, which was used as a standard font for use throughout the country. Later, Cheng Ben compiled a simpler clerical script based on the popular fonts at the time, and it was widely circulated across the country as a daily script.

During the Cao and Wei Dynasties, Zhong Yao founded Zhenshu (regular script). At this point, the evolution of Chinese characters has been perfected. Not only that, but since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the writing of Chinese characters has become a specialized art, namely calligraphy.

2. The impact of Chinese characters on neighboring countries

1. The influence of Chinese characters on Japanese writing

Although the Japanese nation has an ancient culture, the creation of its own writing is quite late. For a long time, its people have used Chinese characters as a carrier to spread their thoughts and express their emotions, calling Chinese characters their "real names". In the early fifth century, phonetic symbols borrowed from Chinese characters called "kana" appeared in Japan. By the eighth century, the use of Chinese characters to mark Japanese pronunciation had become relatively stable, and its symbol was the compilation of the "Man'yoshu", so it was called "Man'yo Kana". It is the basis for pure Japanese phonetic characters.

The final creation of Japanese characters was completed by Kibi Shinbe and Kobo Daishi (Kukai). Both of them had lived in Tang Dynasty China for a long time and had in-depth research on Chinese characters. The former creates Japanese "katakana" based on the phonetic radicals of Chinese characters in regular script, while the latter creates Japanese "hiragana" by using kanji characters in karate script. Although kana writing has been prevalent in Japan since the tenth century, the use of kanji has not ceased. To this day, Japanese writing, which has occupied an important position in the world, still retains more than a thousand simplified Chinese characters.

2． The influence of Chinese characters on Korean characters

Korean characters are called Hangul. Its creation and application is an important achievement of ancient Korean culture. In fact, Korea in the Middle Ages, like Japan, did not have its own writing, but used Chinese characters. After the unification of Silla, there was a slight change. Xue Cong, a contemporary, created "Lidu", which used Chinese characters to represent Korean particles and auxiliary verbs to assist in reading Chinese books. In the end, because the languages ????are different, it cannot be popularized. In the early days of the Li Dynasty, Sejong set up a proverb bureau in the palace and ordered Zheng Linzhi, Cheng Sanwen and others to formulate proverbs. They studied Korean pronunciation based on Chinese phonology and created 11 vowel letters and 17 consonant letters. In 1443 AD, "Hunminzhengyin" was announced for use. North Korea has its own written language since then.

3. The influence of Chinese characters on Vietnamese writing

Before the tenth century, Vietnam was once a Chinese county. In the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties, officials were all here to rule the area, so it was deeply influenced by Chinese culture. After Vietnam became independent, Chinese characters were used as a tool for communication among the upper class, as well as in school education and the creation of literary works. It wasn’t until the 13th century that Vietnam had its own language, the word Nan. The word Nom is a new word that expresses Vietnamese pronunciation created based on Chinese characters and using methods such as pictophonetics, pretense, and meaning. In the 15th century, the word Nan became popular throughout the country and completely replaced the Chinese characters.

Chinese character fonts

Currently, various types of Chinese character fonts can be divided into three major types. The first category is Song fonts and black fonts (including thick and thin line fonts) developed from the movable type printing in the Song Dynasty; the second category is fonts evolved from calligraphy, such as regular script, imitation Song script, Xingkai, Li script, and Wei script , Shu body, Yan body, thin gold body and pen writing fonts, etc.; the third category is art fonts, such as variety show, tanning, amber, water column, etc. Most other fonts are variations of the above three types of fonts, such as: Dabiao Song, Xiaobiao Song, Bao Song, Chang Song, Zhong Song, Yao Ti, etc. that evolved from Song Ti; Da Hei and Ping Hei evolved from Hei Ti. , thick black, isoline (including thick, medium, thin and other linear fonts, and later evolved into thick, accurate, thin round fonts), etc.; Zhongkai and fine imitation Song fonts evolved from regular script, imitation Song style, etc.; Meihean evolved from Hengti and Songti; Li variant evolved from Li type, etc.

The Miracle of Chinese Characters

Among the characters used in the world today, Chinese characters and Shuishu are non-pinyin characters. In the history of mankind, writings earlier than Chinese characters include the nail-head writings of Mesopotamia and the holy writings of Egypt. However, they have long since become extinct, so Chinese characters are currently the oldest writings. The scripts used in countries around the world are divided into two categories, namely non-pinyin scripts (Chinese characters) and Shuishi and pinyin scripts (other scripts). Isn't this phenomenon very strange? Some people say that Chinese characters are China’s five greatest inventions, and this is not an exaggeration. I also want to say that Chinese characters are a miracle!

Among today’s writings, only Chinese characters were directly created by our ancestors. Legend has it that the Sanskrit alphabet was created and given to humans by the god Brahma, but other characters were borrowed from other nations. The Sanskrit alphabet is used to spell ancient Sanskrit and many modern Indian languages ??and Nepali. The Latin alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, and the Arabic alphabet are known as the three major alphabet systems in the world. English, French, Italian, etc. use Latin letters, which can be seen as borrowing from Latin letters; Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc. use Kirill letters (or Slavic letters), which are modified from Greek letters; Latin letters are also Greek It is formed by transforming letters.

The ancestor of the Arabic alphabet, the Aramaic alphabet, and the ancestor of the Greek alphabet, the Canaanite alphabet, were not directly created by their ancestors, but borrowed from the writing of the Semites (small square Semites). Square Semitic alphabet). According to research by mainland linguist Zhou Youguang, the earliest human alphabet is the small square Semitic alphabet. However, this alphabet was not directly created by them, but was borrowed from the nail-head writing of the Sumerians and modified. The nail-head writing was originally in the shape of a pictographic book, but later evolved into the shape of a nail-head due to the limitations of the writing tools - a small stick and a clay tablet. The nail-head script was created by the Sumerians, the holy book script was created by the Egyptians, the Chinese characters were created by the Chinese, and the water script created by Chinese ethnic minorities are not pinyin scripts. Now among the four, only Chinese characters and water scripts remain, and the other two have disappeared.

Another unique feature of Chinese is its supra-dialect and supra-language features. Linguists divide the dialects in various parts of China into eight major dialect areas. Some people say that without Chinese characters, China would have split into dozens of countries. The differences between Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian in Europe are much smaller than the differences between Chinese dialects, but they are never willing to admit that their respective languages ??are different dialects of "Romance languages" because they are all independent country.

In addition, Chinese characters can also transcend national boundaries. Historically, Vietnam, Korea and Japan all used Chinese characters to record their languages. The Japanese still use a mixture of kanji and kana. The Japanese use Chinese characters and have another major invention, which is to write Chinese characters and read Japanese words. Other countries can do the same if they want to. If this is really done, Chinese characters will become internationally accepted language symbols, just like mathematical symbols, which only represent meaning, not pronunciation.

[Edit this paragraph] The development of Chinese characters

1 Oracle bone inscriptions

Oracle bone inscriptions mainly refer to the Yin Ruins oracle bone inscriptions, which are from the late Shang Dynasty in China (14th to 11th centuries BC) Texts carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones used by the royal family for divination and recording events. It is the oldest and most complete text among the ancient texts discovered in China.

Oracle bone script is an ancient Chinese writing. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. It is sometimes considered to be one of the calligraphy styles of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature writing in China. Oracle bone inscriptions are also called deed inscriptions, tortoise shell inscriptions or tortoise shell and animal bone inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions are a very important ancient Chinese character material. Most of the oracle bone inscriptions were found in the Yin Ruins. The Yin Ruins are famous ruins from the Yin and Shang era, located in Xiaotun Village, Huayuanzhuang, Houjiazhuang and other places in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. This place was once the location of the capital of the Central Dynasty in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties, so it is called Yin Ruins. These oracle bones are basically divination records of the rulers of the Shang Dynasty. The rulers of the Shang Dynasty were very superstitious, such as whether there would be disaster within ten days, whether it would rain, whether there would be a good harvest of crops, whether the war would be won, which sacrifices should be made to ghosts and gods, and whether fertility, disease, etc. Divination is needed to understand the will of ghosts and gods and the good or bad luck of events. The materials used for divination are mainly the plastron and carapace of tortoises and the shoulder blades of cattle. Usually, some small holes are dug or drilled on the back of the oracle bones that are to be used for divination. Such small holes are called "drilling" by oracle bone scientists. During divination, heating these small pits will cause cracks on the surface of the oracle bones. This kind of crack is called a "sign". The word "divination" in oracle bone inscriptions for divination looks like a omen. People who engage in divination judge good or bad fortune based on the various shapes of divination signs. Judging from the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Chinese characters at that time had developed into a writing system that could be complete and used in the Chinese language. In the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins that have been discovered, the number of single words that appear has reached about 4,000. There are a large number of characters referring to things, pictographic characters, knowing characters, and many pictophonetic characters. There is a huge difference in appearance between these characters and the characters we use today. But from the perspective of word formation methods, the two are basically the same.

At present, about 150,000 oracle bones and more than 4,500 single characters have been found. The contents recorded in these oracle bone inscriptions are extremely rich and involve many aspects of social life in the Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military, culture, social customs, etc., but also science and technology such as astronomy, calendar, medicine, etc. Judging from the approximately 1,500 single characters that have been identified in oracle bone inscriptions, it already possesses the character creation methods of "pictogram, meaning, pictophonetic, referring to things, annotation, and borrowing", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters.

Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones from China's Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty (approximately 16th century BC to 10th century BC). It is the earliest known form of Chinese literature. The characters engraved on armor and bones were previously called deeds, oracle bone inscriptions, oracle inscriptions, tortoise edition inscriptions, Yinxu inscriptions, etc., and are now commonly known as oracle bone inscriptions. Due to superstition, the emperors of the Shang and Zhou dynasties used tortoise shells (the most common ones were tortoise shells) or animal bones (the most common ones were the ox shoulder blades) for divination. The omen results, verification status, etc.) were engraved on the oracle bones and kept as archival materials by the royal historian (see Oracle Bone Archives). In addition to the inscriptions on divination, there are also a few inscriptions on oracle bones to record events. The contents of the oracle bone documents involve astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, country, lineage, family, characters, officials, conquests, prisons, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, transportation, religion, sacrifices, diseases, fertility, disasters, etc. It is extremely precious first-hand information for studying the social history, culture, language and characters of ancient China, especially the Shang Dynasty.

2 Bronze inscriptions

Bronze inscriptions refer to the characters engraved on the bronzes of the Yin and Zhou dynasties, also called bell and tripod inscriptions. The Shang and Zhou dynasties were the age of bronzes. The ritual vessels of bronzes were represented by tripods, and the musical instruments were represented by bells. "Zhongding" is synonymous with bronzes. Therefore, bell and tripod inscriptions or bronze inscriptions refer to the inscriptions cast or engraved on bronze vessels.

The so-called bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China had already entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacturing of bronze wares were very developed. Because copper was also called gold before the Zhou Dynasty, the inscriptions on the bronzes were called "jinwen" or "jinjinwen"; and because this type of bronzes had the largest number of characters on bells and tripods, they were also called "zhongdingwen" in the past. ".

The period when bronze inscriptions were used ranged from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty when it destroyed the Six Kingdoms, about 1,200 years ago. The number of characters in bronze inscriptions, according to Rong Geng's "Inscriptions on Bronze Inscriptions", totals 3,722, of which 2,420 are identifiable.

The number of words in the inscriptions on the bronze vessels varies. The content recorded is also very different. Most of its main contents are to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, and also record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao Gong Ding has 497 characters, covering a wide range of events and reflecting the social life at that time.

3 Dazhuan Script

The representative of the stone drum inscriptions that exist today is the one written by King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. It was named after it was written by Taishi Zhou. He carried out reforms on the basis of the original writing, which was named after it was carved on a stone drum. It is the earliest stone-engraved writing that has been handed down to this day, and is the ancestor of stone carving.

It started in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and spread in the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The font is similar to Qin seal script, but the configuration of the glyphs often overlaps.

4 Xiaozhuan

Xiaozhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan". During the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the script, and this script was Xiaozhuan. Popular in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is relatively long, evenly rounded and neat, and it is derived from the large seal script. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Shuowen Jiezi·Xu": "The first emperor of Qin took over the world at the beginning,... let alone those who did not agree with Qin Wen." Li Si wrote the "Cangjie Pian", and Zhao Gao, the magistrate of the Zhongche Mansion, wrote the "Ai Li Pian" , Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write the "Erudition Chapter": "All of them are based on the large seal script of Shi Zhen, or some provincial changes, the so-called small seal script." Today there are (Langyatai Stone Carving) and the remaining stones of "Taishan Carving Stone", which are the representative works of small seal script.

The small seal script engraved on Qin Quan is said to have been written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing with the same text and carriages with the same track" and unifying weights and measures. Prime Minister Li Si was in charge of it. On the basis of the large seal script originally used in China, it was simplified, canceled the variant characters of other six countries, and created a unified Chinese character writing form. It remained popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, when it was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. And because its strokes are complex, its form is ancient, and twists and turns can be added at will, seals were carved in seal script, especially official seals that required anti-counterfeiting, until the fall of the feudal dynasty and the emergence of new anti-counterfeiting technology in modern times. All characters in the Kangxi dictionary are also written in Xiaozhuan.

5 Official script

Official script basically evolved from seal script. It mainly changed the round strokes of seal script into square folds. The writing speed is faster. It is difficult to write with lacquer on wooden slips. Draw circular strokes.

Official script is also called "official script" and "ancient script". It is a font based on seal script and produced to meet the needs of convenient writing. Simplify the small seal script, and change the evenly rounded lines of the small seal script into straight and square strokes, making it easier to write. It is divided into "Qin Li" (also called "Ancient Li") and "Han Li" (also called "Modern Li"). The emergence of official script is a major change in ancient writing and calligraphy.

Clerical script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters. The writing effect is slightly wide and flat, with long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes. It pays attention to "silkworm head and swallow tail" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is known as "Han Li Tang Kai" in the calligraphy circle. It is also said that official script originated during the Warring States Period.

Official script is relative to seal script, and the name of official script originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The emergence of official script was another major reform of Chinese characters, which brought Chinese calligraphy art into a new realm. It was a turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters and laid the foundation for regular script. The structure of official script is flat, neat and delicate. By the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, pointillisms such as strokes and strokes were transformed into upward strokes, with varying light and heavy pauses, and the beauty of calligraphy art. The styles are also becoming more diverse, which is of great value for artistic appreciation.

It is said that the official script was compiled by Cheng Miao of Qin Dynasty in prison. The complex was eliminated and simplified, the character shape was changed from round to square, and the strokes were changed from curved to straight. Change "continuous strokes" to "broken strokes" and move from lines to strokes, making it easier to write. "Liren" is not a prisoner, but refers to a "subordinate official", that is, a small official in charge of documents. Therefore, in ancient times, the official script was called "zuoshu". Official script became popular in the Han Dynasty and became the main style of writing. As the first Qin Li, many seal meanings were left, which were continuously developed and processed later. It broke the writing tradition since Zhou and Qin Dynasties and gradually laid the foundation for regular script. Under the unification of the idea of ??"deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed and became the dominant calligraphy style. At the same time, cursive script, regular script, and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art.

6 Regular script

Regular script is also called Zhengshu, or Zhenshu. Its characteristics are: square shape and straight strokes, which can be used as a model, hence the name. It began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as "Ou Ti" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Ti" (Yu Shinan), "Yan Ti" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Ti" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Ti" (Zhao Yufu), etc.

In the early stage of "regular script", there are still very few official scripts left. The structure is slightly wider, with long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties handed down, such as Zhong Yao's "Declaration Table" ( Pictured on the left), "Jian Ji Zhi Biao", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Lun", "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be regarded as representative works. Looking at its characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said: "The wave painting of the official script is changed, and the horizontal and straight lines of the ancient official script are still retained."

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and the south split, and calligraphy was also divided into two schools. The Northern style calligraphy has the legacy of the Han Dynasty. The writing style is clumsy and vigorous, but the style is simple and strict. It is better than the list book. This is the so-called Wei stele. Southern calligraphy is more sparse, graceful and subtle, and is better than rulers and tablets. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to regional differences, personal habits and calligraphy styles were very different. The northern books are strong and the southern books are borrowed, and each is perfect, regardless of superiority or inferiority. However, Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei strongly praised the books of the two dynasties, especially the stele style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Kang cited ten beautiful things to emphasize the advantages of Wei stele.

The regular script of the Tang Dynasty is like the prosperity of the country in the Tang Dynasty, which is truly unprecedented. The style of calligraphy is mature and calligraphers emerge in large numbers. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, and Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty all had their regular script works valued by later generations and regarded as models for calligraphy practice.

7 Running Script

A font between regular script and cursive script. It can be said to be the cursive version of regular script or the regular script version of cursive script. It was created to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the difficulty of legibility of cursive script. The writing style is not as sloppy as cursive script, nor does it require regular script to be as straight. Those with more regular script than cursive script are called "Xingkai". Those with more cursive than regular script are called "Xingcao". Running script was produced around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

8 Cursive Script

Cursive Script: A style of writing for Chinese characters. It was formed in the Han Dynasty and evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. There are rules to follow when making changes in Zhangcao's strokes. Representative works include the Songjiang version of Wu Huangxiang's "Jijiuzhang" of the Three Kingdoms. Jincao's writing style is informal and smooth, and his representative works include "Chu Yue" and "De Shi" written by Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty. Kuangcao appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huaisu, with wild and uninhibited writing styles, and became an artistic creation that was completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was just a calligraphy work that calligraphers copied from Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. Representative works include Zhang Xu's "Belly Pain" and Huai Su's "Autobiography". Cursive script is a font created for the convenience of writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty. What was commonly used at that time was "Cao Li", that is, scrawled official script. Later, it gradually developed into a kind of "Zhang Cao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed "Zhangcao" to "Jincao", and the style of the characters was formed in one stroke. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su developed "Kang Cao" with continuous and convoluted strokes and numerous changes in glyphs.

Also, copy the "Praise to Chinese Characters"~

Praise to Chinese Characters

Wang Zhubai

Chinese characters, vivid and vivid .

Promote civilization, unparalleled in the world.

Concatenated into sentences, with ups and downs.

Calligraphy fonts have their own specialties.

Seal script and official script are antique.

The running script is smooth and the block letters are dignified.

The grass is wild and wild, the phoenix is ??dancing and the dragon is flying.

The couplet form is original in Chinese characters.

The left and right sides are neat and can be both simple and detailed.

It not only expresses ambitions, but also provides viewing.