Common sense and cases of rain, wind, lightning, hail and snow prevention

Earlier, we talked about several major disastrous gale that are common in China. Although we can't control them, people are not powerless and inaction in front of them. First of all, vigorously planting trees and improving ecological environment conditions are ecological engineering measures to avoid or reduce wind damage. Selecting tree species with strong wind resistance and developed roots to plant windbreaks in rows, nets, belts and slices can play the roles of wind resistance, bank protection, wind and sand fixation, reducing wind speed, increasing air humidity, regulating water sources, improving the environment and maintaining ecological balance. Turpan Basin, which is rich in grapes in China, is located in the Bailifeng area. Due to the construction of the shelter forest of 1300 male fish and the net capture of 70% of farmland, even if the strong wind of 8-9 level blows on the tight Great Green Wall, it will not cause disaster. Secondly, accurate forecast is the premise of windproof. Due to the continuous development of science and technology, meteorological departments have been able to monitor and forecast tropical cyclones (typhoons), cold waves and strong winds more accurately. In this way, people can take all kinds of windproof measures before the strong wind comes, such as driving the boat back to the port to take shelter from the wind, grabbing mature crops and rushing back to graze livestock. , can effectively avoid or reduce the losses caused by strong winds. In addition, when there is a strong wind, some tuyeres should strengthen personnel inspections; In this project, the characteristics of strong winds should be considered, and relevant wind prevention laws and regulations should be formulated to avoid or reduce wind damage.

What are the main methods of artificial hail suppression?

In order to artificially control or prevent hail and reduce disasters, two ideas are put forward according to the basic conditions of hail particle formation. One is to let supercooled water drops fall as soon as possible to cut off the raw materials for the growth of hail particles; The second is to make supercooled water droplets freeze into ice particles as soon as possible, increase the number of hail particles and reduce their volume to reduce their harm. According to the above assumption, there are two main methods for artificial hail suppression at home and abroad. One is to use catalysts to prevent hail, that is, to use rockets, planes or artillery shells to scatter catalysts such as silver iodide particles into the clouds to promote the cooling water droplets in the clouds to become ice crystals. Because there are a lot of silver iodide particles, ice crystals increase a lot, reducing cooling water droplets, and it is difficult to form heavy hail. Another method is shelling. That is, soil guns, soil rockets or air guns are used to explode in or under clouds, and some are bombarded with anti-aircraft guns. Shelling and hail suppression has a long history in China, and some experiences have been gained. Such as "hit the cloud, the cloud turns; Hit the cloud waist, hail clouds crack; If you hit Cloudtail, there is nothing you can do. " And "play early, not late." Start without hitting the tail "and so on. At present, more than 0 provinces (regions) such as Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Hubei have carried out hail suppression work and achieved certain results. Of course, the artificial hail suppression work is still in the research and experimental stage, and there are still many problems in the methods used, which need to be further improved. We believe that with the progress of science and technology, new progress will be made in hail suppression.

How to prevent lightning strike?

Thunderstorms rumble all the time in the earth's atmosphere. According to statistics, there are nearly 100 lightning every second in the world. It is estimated that the voltage of lightning strikes the ground is as high as tens of millions of volts, and the peak current is as high as 6,543.8+0,000 amps, sometimes reaching 6,543.8+0,000 amps. Although thunderstorms are very destructive, they often do great harm to people. However, as long as we understand its activity law and harm reasons and take effective lightning protection measures, we can avoid disasters. (1) All tall buildings, chimneys, poles, flagpoles, iron towers, etc. Lightning protection device shall be installed. In general, lightning can be prevented. (2) Always strengthen the maintenance of lightning protection devices to eliminate hidden dangers. (3) Before the thunderstorm comes, close the doors and windows to avoid the conductive effect caused by high indoor humidity. (4) In thunderstorm weather, hide indoors or close the car door. ⑤ Don't stand outside in high-rise buildings, telephone poles, big trees and open places for shelter from the rain. Don't carry metal objects such as hoes and shovels with you, and don't run. Don't stay on the water. If you are rowing, go ashore. Indoor, as far as possible away from wires, broadcast lines, telephone lines, water pipes and other objects vulnerable to lightning; You'd better not use the phone when it thunders. In case of thunderstorm, turn off household appliances in mountainous areas and rural areas, unplug the power supply and antenna plug, and it is best to install lightning arresters for outdoor antennas.

4 cold rain, how to prevent it?

Cold rain refers to a disastrous weather that harms livestock when it rains or after rain, followed by cooling and windy weather. When grazing livestock encounter rain, the rain seeps into the hair layer and wets the hair roots, which makes the body temperature drop, and the cold wind attacks people, making them prone to illness and death. According to the investigation and study, when the average temperature is below 5℃, the 24-hour temperature drop is above 6℃, the daily precipitation is above 5 mm, and the wind speed is above 8 m/s, cold rain can occur. Cold rain mainly occurs in pastoral areas in northern and western China, followed by pastoral areas in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Spring is the most common season, followed by autumn, and the rainy season in winter and summer is rare. The harm degree of cold rain varies with the intensity of cold wind and the season after rain. Generally, late spring and early summer are the most harmful. So it's time for livestock to shed and change their hair. In addition, after overwintering, they are weak and sick, and their ability to keep out the cold is low, and they are easy to die after cold rain. Cold rain is less harmful in other seasons.

How to prevent the harm of cold rain? Pay attention to listening to and using the weather forecast. When the cold rain comes, drive the livestock back to the shed and take corresponding rain-proof and cold-proof measures. For example, on June 2 1-23 and 1983, a cold and rainy weather process occurred in Inner Mongolia. After hearing the cold and rainy weather forecast, a herder in Bayannur League stopped grazing the next day and drove the sheep into the shed before it rained, and some of them were covered with bedding and wool. As a result, none of the hundreds of sheep contracted by his family was damaged, but the sheep grazing outside died. According to incomplete statistics, more than 654.38+10,000 heads (only) were frozen to death in this cold rain. In addition, when grazing encounters cold rain and it is too late to return to the shed, the herd can be driven to Shawodi and high grassland to keep warm and avoid the wind, thus reducing losses.

5 prevent snowstorms?

Blizzard is accompanied by cold wave or cold air attack. At present, although it is beyond the control of human beings, it is still possible to reduce or avoid its harm. ① Reducing grassland wind speed, planting grass and trees and building windbreaks are one of the effective measures. Practice has proved that planting grass and trees and building windbreaks can increase surface coverage and reduce grassland wind power. Its effect increases with the increase of grazing forest age, and the windproof benefit increases. According to observation, the average wind speed is reduced by about 30% after the wind passes through the forest net grassland. Due to the improvement of ecological environment, the grassland with forest belt protection can increase the yield by 18-38% compared with the grassland without forest belt protection. ② Forage is the material basis for the development of animal husbandry. Establish forage base and forage bank, timely store forage materials, do a good job in autumn, balance forage supply in winter and spring, and improve the ability of livestock to resist snowstorm. (3) It is an effective measure to build a light-transmitting and heat-insulating shed on the grassland in winter and spring to prevent the snow disaster from hurting livestock. During the grazing transition, it is an effective defense method for livestock to avoid the frost and reduce the snow disaster by building wind-proof walls and snow-proof walls in dry terrain and building lamb receiving houses and sheds in conditional pastures. Finally, efforts should be made to forecast the snowstorm weather and deliver it to herders in time. Especially when moving livestock in spring, herders can drive the livestock back to the shed before the snowstorm, and take defensive measures against the old, weak, sick and disabled livestock to reduce losses.

6 prevent the harm of snow to animal husbandry?

Snow plays an important role in keeping the pasture from winter. Snow melting in early spring can increase soil moisture, which is very beneficial to the germination and greening of grass in spring. At the same time, snow is one of the main water sources in winter and spring grass fields, which can solve the problem of drinking water for people and livestock. But when there is too much snow and the snow is too deep, it can form a disaster of burying grass, which is called "white disaster". In order to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and ensure stable and high yield of animal husbandry, the following defensive measures can generally be taken. (1) Establish a forage base to reserve forage for famine. The disaster caused by too thick snow is essentially a "hunger disaster" for livestock. Therefore, developing forage resources, developing feed industry, establishing forage bank, carrying out grassland capital construction with winter grass reserve as the focus, and storing grass and preparing materials in time are the fundamental measures to prevent snowstorms. (2) Strengthen the construction of shed circle. It is one of the important conditions to build a livestock shed so that livestock can have a place to live when it snows. (3) Strengthen the meteorological forecast service organization in pastoral areas, so that the vast pastoral areas can listen to and watch the disastrous weather forecast in time and prepare for various disasters. ④ Adjust the herd structure according to the ability of breaking snow and feeding. Among all kinds of domestic animals, horses have the strongest ability of breaking snow and foraging, followed by sheep and cattle. Therefore, according to this feature, when the snow is thick, it is necessary to properly adjust the herd structure and mix all kinds of livestock into groups, first release horses, then sheep, and then cattle, so that all kinds of livestock can eat. Reduce the harm of snow.

7 prevent the harm of frost?

Frost is a great threat to agricultural production, and active defensive measures must be taken. At present, there are mainly two kinds of defensive measures, namely agricultural measures and physical methods. Agricultural measures suitable for large-scale farmland include: ① planting cold-resistant crops and cultivating cold-resistant and high-yield varieties; (2) Strengthen field management to promote early maturity of crops; Adopt advanced cultivation techniques to improve the cold tolerance of crops; (3) According to the weather forecast, choose suitable sowing date and early-maturing varieties to avoid freezing injury period; ④ Set up wind barriers or use greenhouses and sun beds to raise seedlings and cultivate crops.

Take physical measures and drugs to raise the air temperature and soil temperature to avoid or reduce the harm of frost. Physical methods mainly include: ① Irrigation method: Irrigation the day before frost, which has a good thermal insulation effect. According to the experiment, the leaf surface temperature of irrigated crops at night can be increased by 1-2℃ compared with that of non-irrigated crops. (2) Fumigation: that is, burning smoke such as firewood to form a smoke screen on crops to slow down the temperature and increase the temperature between plants. Generally speaking, smoking can raise the temperature by 0.5-2.0 degrees Celsius. Chemical reagents can also be used to make smoke screens to increase the air temperature. According to the determination, burning 1 kg of red phosphorus can protect 5 mu of land from frost, and raising the temperature 1-2℃③ Covering method: covering with straw curtains, mats, grass ash and nylon cloth, or covering with soil, so that geothermal energy is not easy to be lost.