Combined with tobacco distribution, how to strengthen the construction of party style and clean government under the new situation

Song Shenzong JaeHee Ning years (1068- 1077) reused Wang Anshi's political reform. After the failure of the political reform, he was engaged in restructuring in Yuanfeng years (1078- 1085). At the turning point from political reform to system reform, Su Shi's Wutai poetry case happened. The case was first reported by the censor and then tried in the censor's prison. There has been a "Wutai" posthumous title in Yushitai since the Han Dynasty, so this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case".

Wutai Poetry Case was a literary inquisition in Yuan Feng's second year. Yu Shichong, Zhong Cheng, and others extracted the sentences and poems written by Su Shi in Huzhou Xie Shang Table, and arrested Su Shi on charges of slandering the New Deal. Su Shi's poems do satirize current politics, including the problems in the process of political reform. But this matter is purely political persecution.

Brief introduction of Wutai poetry case

Wutai refers to the jade platform. In the Han dynasty, there were many crows on many cypress hills outside the jade platform, so it was called Wutai, which also meant that the jade platform was a crow's mouth.

During the period of Northern Song Shenzong, Su Shi expressed his dissatisfaction with the New Deal because he opposed the new law. Because he was the leader of the literary world at that time, allowing Su Shi's poems to spread in the society was very unfavorable to the implementation of the New Deal. So, with Zongshen's acquiescence, Su Shi was arrested in Wutai for four months, and he was forced to explain the source of his poems and the allusions in his words every day.

Due to the practice of not killing literati in Song Dynasty, Su Shi survived his death, but was demoted to Huangzhou League.

In March of the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Dongpo was transferred from Xuzhou to Huzhou, Taihu Lake, Jiangsu Province. He wrote "Huzhou worships the table", which is actually just a routine. He briefly said that I had no achievements in the past, and then said that the emperor was grateful, but later he made a few complaints:

"Your majesty knows that he is stupid and it is difficult to pursue new progress; Seeing that he is still noisy when he is old, it is better to raise the king. "

The word "qi" in the sentence is self-styled. He regards himself as the opposite of a "newcomer" and says that if he doesn't "make trouble", the newcomer "makes trouble". Due to the objective environment, ancient scholars are always used to using words and sentences very implicitly, and readers have also developed a habit of instinctively looking for the meaning between the lines. For example, the "newcomer" in the Yushitai. In June, He Dazheng, the Imperial Examiner, quoted words such as "newness" and "disturbance" and branded Su Shi as "fooling the imperial court and being conceited". It was clearly Su Shi who was satirizing them, but they said that Su Shi had fooled the court. Stealing the column is a common trick of young people. There is also a little background here. During Wang Anshi's political reform, conservatives and reformists waged fierce struggles. The leaders of the two factions are two prime ministers, Sima Guang and Wang Anshi. Because the former has the word "trouble" in his long letter to the latter, "trouble" has become an idiom to attack political reform; "Newcomer" is a derogatory term for the newcomer introduced by Su Shi to Wang Anshi. He once said in the book "The Emperor of God" that Wang Anshi "introduced brave people for all quick results", and the result was that "there are fewer and fewer simple people recently, and more and more skilled people". Later, Lv Huiqing, a "wise man" who supported Wang Anshi, betrayed Wang Anshi and made him strike.

The official gazette of the imperial court is published regularly, which is equivalent to the current official newspaper. As usual, Su Shi's ci is eye-catching. This time, the gratitude table made those "newcomers" a laughing stock in the readers' minds. And they become angry from embarrassment, which is bound to retaliate against Su Shi, and it is also a move to use the new law to seek personal gain and crack down on dissidents.

But a word or two from Huzhou Xie Shangbiao is not enough. Coincidentally, Su Zizhan's "Yuanfeng Bachelor Qiantang Collection" was published at that time, which provided an opportunity for newcomers in Yushitai to collect materials. Studying hard in April, I found some poems by Su Shi, so I played impeachment:

"As for the ulterior motives, I look at it with resentment and abuse, and there is no poem without complicated minister's day. Your Majesty Gai gave money (referring to young crops) to the poor in the industry, and then he said,' Winning children's pronunciation is better than half that in the city every year'; Your majesty knows the law and judges the county magistrate with lessons, then he says,' Read thousands of books without reading the law, so that you know nothing'; Your Majesty built water conservancy projects and said,' If the East China Sea is clear, brine (saline-alkali land) will be turned into mulberry fields'; Your majesty wants to ban salt, then he says,' Did Wen Shao forget the taste and eat salt-free in recent March'; Other things that touch things are what they should say, and they are all based on slander. "

The examples he cited, "Win" and "Be It" came from Five Mussels in the Mountain Village; The word "East China Sea" comes from tide watching in August 15. The word "reading" comes from "actor's career". But after being taken out of context, every sentence is on the line.

Immediately, Dr. Li Yizhi, the country's prince, and Li Ding, an imperial adviser, were killed with their front and back feet. They listed Su Shi's crimes and claimed that they must be beheaded for being rude to the imperial court. Li Ding listed four reasons why Su Shi should be executed. He said: "Su Shi was notorious for his lack of academic knowledge at the beginning. He occasionally studies different subjects, so he went to the Confucian Museum. " Then he said that Su Shi was eager to get a high position, and under his dissatisfaction, he was contemptuous of power. Third, the emperor tolerated him for a long time and hoped that he would turn over a new leaf, but Su Shi refused. Finally, although the poems written by Su Shi are absurd and shallow, they have great influence on the whole country. "I want to enforce the law in advance, and my job is to correct it. How dare I stop? " I hope your majesty will break away from his natural desires, make special efforts to abide by the constitution, not be particularly embarrassed and obedient, but also restrain his loyalty and kindness. His likes and dislikes will be clear, and his customs will be reformed. "This Li Ding was called" worse than an animal "by Sima Guang for concealing his father's funeral, and Su Shi also laughed at his" unfilial ". Although everyone wanted Su Shi to die, Zongshen didn't want to kill him, but agreed to arrest him instead of putting Su Shi in prison for the night on his way to Beijing.

At this time, Wang Shen, a good friend of Su Shi, printed Su Shi's poems. When he heard the news, he quickly sent someone to deliver a letter to Su Zhe in the south. Su Zhe immediately sent someone to tell Su Shi that the court also sent Huangfu Zun to set out, but Su Zhe's people arrived first. When Su Shi learned the news, he immediately asked for leave. Zutong sentenced him to be the satrap.

When Huangfu Zun arrived, the people in the prefect's office panicked and didn't know what would happen. Su Shi dared not come out, so he consulted with the judge. The judge said it was useless to avoid the imperial envoys. You'd better greet him politely, and you should appear as an official. So Su Shi put on official clothes and boots and went to see your official Huang Fuzun.

Su Shi first spoke: "I know that if I offend the court in many ways, it will definitely be a capital crime." It's not a pity to die, but please let me go back to my family. "

Huangfu Zun said indifferently, "It's not that serious." Ordered the soldiers to open the official document. At first glance, it turned out to be just an ordinary official document, exempting Su Shi from being called to Beijing as a satrap, and demanding that Su Shi leave immediately. When Su Shi went back to visit her family, the whole family cried. Su Shi smiled and told them a story to comfort them:

"In the era of Song Zhenzong, the emperor wanted to visit the real scholars between nymphs. Someone recommended Yang Pu to come out. Although Yang didn't want to, he sent someone to escort him to the capital to see the emperor. The emperor asked, "I heard that you can write poetry?" Yang Pu replied,' I won't. He wanted to show his talent, but refused to be an official. The emperor asked again, "Did your friend give you some poems when he gave them to you?" Yang Pu replied, "No, only my humble Jing wrote one." The emperor asked again, "What poem is this?" Can you tell me? So Yang Pu read out the poem written by his wife when she left: Don't be depressed and greedy for wine glasses, and don't be infatuated with poetry. I'm going to the general's office today, and this time I'm going to ruin my old scalp. "

Hearing this story, the family breathed a little sigh of relief.

All the prefects were scared to death and all hid. Only the Wang brothers and Chen held a farewell party. But the people came out to see the satrap leave, and the county annals recorded that the people were in tears. Su Shi tried to commit suicide by diving while passing through Yangzhou River and Taihu Lake. He doesn't know what to sentence, and he is afraid that his case will involve many friends. On second thought, if I really jump into the water, it will bring trouble to my brother. Otherwise, future generations will not see "Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Red Wall Fu". Most of the letters and manuscripts of him and his friends were burned at home. When his family arrived in Suxian County, Anhui Province, Yu Shitai sent someone to look for Su Shi's poems, letters and other documents in their luggage. Later, Su Shi found that only one-third of his manuscript survived.

Su Shi was arrested on July 28th and taken to Yushitai prison on August18th. On the 20th, he was formally arraigned.

Su Shi first reported his age, lineage, native place and year of imperial examination, and then described his previous official position and the people who recommended him as an official. He said that since he became an official, he has recorded two major mistakes. On the other hand, Ren Fengxiang was sentenced to eight catties of bronze for failing to attend the Qiu Guan ceremony because of disagreement with Shangguan. Another time, when he was in Hangzhou, he was fined eight pounds for misappropriating public funds. In addition, don't have bad records.

At first, Su Shi wrote in Five Wonders of Mountain Villages when he visited a village near Hangzhou that "winning children's pronunciation is good, and they have been in town for a year and a half" is a satire on the young seedling method. "I didn't forget the taste after listening to Shao's words, but I didn't eat salt in recent March" is a satire on the salt method. Other than that, the rest has nothing to do with current affairs.

On the 22nd, Yushitai questioned him about the meaning of the sentence "If the East China Sea and the East China Sea have a clear mind, they should be taught to turn brine into mulberry fields" in "Watching Tides on August 15th". On 24th, he was forced to press Shu Qi's tone, saying it was "satirizing the imperial court's refractory water". As for the poem "Actor by", it was not until 28th that it was interpreted as violating the theme of "emerging laws in the imperial court".

By September, Yushitai had copied a large number of poems sent by Su Shi from all directions. During the interrogation, he read more than 100 songs, involving 39 people, among whom Sima Guang was the highest official. The year after Wang Anshi's strike (1077), Su Shi presented Sima Guang with a poem "Paradise Alone": "What does a gentleman do alone? You can cultivate yourself in all directions, and children can recite the truth of the monarch and know that Sima is a pawn. Mr. Fu Zhangxiao has been dumb for several years. " In fact, Sima Guang re-entered the phase and created public opinion. Yushitai said that this poem satirizes the new law. Su Shi admits: "This poem is full of hope that Sima Guang will be in power and edify the world. It is ridiculous to see him in power. He also said that children's chess pieces all know their surnames and should eventually be put into use ... He also said that he is dumb and hopes to attack the new law according to his previous words. "

Although "the charge was established", the new law was abolished at that time and it could not be severely punished for this crime, so Yushitai looked for it again. I found two poems that answered Huang Tingjian in harmony, which denounced the "newcomers", and a poem that Tang Village opened a canal and supervised the service in the rain, which criticized the "troublemakers". The former was sung by Huang Tingjian, while the latter was presented to his friend Wang Shen.

The poem "Harmony" says: "Oracle bones lie in the wind and rain, and treat me well. The abbot is in front of the battle, and the jade food is miserable. " Su Shi himself explained that in the first four sentences, the villain despised the gentleman, for example, bitter vegetables robbed the beautiful valley, followed by the fact that the gentleman and the villain each had their own time, for example, Xia Yue mosquitoes flew freely, and autumn came, and Huang Tingjian was like a "flat peach", which was too late to use; It is useless to compare yourself with "Kumei". Take the poem (Book of Songs) and say, "Worry is quiet, and the group is small." Are mocking the people who are being used today as villains. Su Shi skillfully used the words "quietly" and "embarrassed" to cover up the meaning of "small group". But not many people know the mystery of the author's explanation.

The poem "Tang Village" said: "If you don't do it for an official, you will be envious of your long Qing. Hu didn't come back and left, but he was embarrassed to understand. Salt is urgent, who can sympathize with farming? Qiu Xiao encouraged, ten thousand fingers. Rain helps politics, and clothes are soaked. People are like ducks and pigs, throwing mud and splashing water. Get on and off the barren embankment and look around the lake. There is not enough thread to compete with cattle and sheep. Although back in the game is humiliated, is this a loss that is mired in mud? If you send a message to an old friend in the mountains, be careful not to get tired of soup. " Su Shi also admitted that he was really dissatisfied with the salt officials' opening of the salt river in tangcun, such as "the endless fields hinder farming", "there are sand and stones spewing for miles in the middle of the river" and "serving the people in the mud, as hard as ducks and pigs" and so on. * It is also a crime to speak out under accusation.

These poems presented to Huang Tingjian, Wang Shen and others became sensational news for a while. Shu Qi and others took the opportunity to hit people when they were down, and encouraged Vice Minister Wang Gui (next to "Tu") to report Su Shi's poem "Wang Fuxiu lives in pairs (sticks)". As the poem says, "It is not surprising that the noble spirit dares to deceive, and it goes straight into the sky. The root is in the grave, there is no bend, only the dragon knows. " He falsely said, "Your Majesty's flying dragon is in the sky, but history thinks it is not a confidant, and he wants to stab the dragon underground. Why not be a vassal? " Zong Shen calmly replied: "The poet's words are encore? He sang to himself (Mu Hui). What makes you predict me? " Soon, the jailer asked Su Shi about chanting (Muhui), and Su Shi cleverly replied: "Wang Anshi's poem' Watching the rain in the world, I don't know the dragon circling in it', this dragon is also." The jailer smiled knowingly. Those who claimed to support Wang Anshi's political reform even forgot Wang Anshi's Panlong.

The accusation against Su Shi is far-fetched, and the poem (Mu Hui) just now is an example. In addition, in the preface of "Qi Ju Fu", the bitter seeds of eating Qi Ju are mentioned. It is suggested that the author is directly satirizing the poverty of the whole country, especially the meager salary of government officials. "Born blind and ignorant of grandchildren" is a satire on the superficial ignorance of imperial examination candidates, who only know Wang Anshi's comments on classics in Three Classics and New Meanings.

Su Shi confessed to most of the accusations and criticized the New Deal in his poems.

In a poem to Wang Shen, there is a line of "flogging and groaning". He said that "there is no way to save the country" and he also mentioned that "it is difficult for a tiger to rub its hands" is a symbol of political greed. In a poem to Chang Li, he really said that in Mizhou, he "shed tears and picked up abandoned children with the city" and saw the bodies of men, women and infants starved to death by the roadside. In a poem for Sun Jue, there is a line that they don't talk about politics when they meet. It is really agreed at a banquet that whoever talks about politics will be fined a glass of wine. The poem written to Ceng Gong said that he hated those small politicians who were "deaf as cicadas". In a poem written for Zhang, the imperial court was compared to "a wild forest" and "an abandoned marsh frog", and he said that he would cover his ears. In his poems for Fan Zhen, he bluntly said "villain", and in his poems for Zhou (left "fen", right "er", bin), he compared the person in power to "". When his friend Liu Shu left Beijing, Su Shi wrote two poems for him:

"If you dare to tell on qing, it is intolerable. You can talk to Dong Jun directly. Sitting and talking is enough to make Gu Huainan afraid. When you return to the northern sky, you don't have to be surprised by the crane alone, and the birds can't tell the difference. "

"Righteousness is a shortcut, and poetry is a pavilion. Praise each other, or you will recite wheat and green. Why is the rotten mouse so scared? Gao Hong is a ghost. You don't need to shout crazy, you should wake up after drinking. "

The last sentence of the last song is taken from the Book of Songs, which means that there are only a group of crows in the court, and it is difficult to tell good from bad. The latter song expresses disdain for the villain's struggle for power and position. These will undoubtedly anger the small Yushitai Group, who came to persecute Su Shi, so the latter's prison life will not be easy.

Su Shi wrote "Sending a Son to Prison", saying that "the dream is like a cloud mountain around a deer, and the soul is like a chicken flying to the fire of life", which is terrible. Interrogators often abuse him all night. Under great mental pressure, Su Shi wrote a solemn and stirring poem, "Being brothers with you for generations, and then coming without cause". At that time, my son Mai Su wanted to leave the capital to borrow money and give this meal to his friends, but he forgot to tell his friends that there was an agreement between father and son: this meal was only for vegetables and meat, and if he heard bad news, only for fish. As it happens, this friend just sent smoked fish. Su Shi was so scared that he wrote two farewell poems to his brother.

10 15, Yushitai reported the trial of Su Shi's poetry case, collected tens of thousands of words of Su Shi's confession materials, and found out the list of people who collected Su Shi's satirical words, including Sima Guang, Fan Zhen, Zhang, Su Zhe, Huang Tingjian and other 29 ministers and celebrities. Li Ding, Shu Qi, Wang Gui and so on. I wanted to kill Su Shi quickly, but Zongshen hesitated for a moment, and Taizu had already vowed not to kill the minister except for the crime of rebellion.

At the same time, honest people also help each other. Wu Chong, the Prime Minister, bluntly said, "Your Majesty takes Yao and Shun as the law, but Wei Wu has doubts about this, but he can tolerate Mi Fei. Why can't your majesty tolerate Su Shi? " Wang Anshi, who has retired to Jinling, wrote: "With the holy world, what about killing talents?" Even Queen Cao, who was seriously ill, intervened: "In those days, Renzong was very happy to be virtuous and returned, saying,' Now he has got two Taiping prime ministers for his children'. Can I kill Gai Shi and Zhe Ye? " Su Shi was not convicted of a felony, and these people who were rescued by the parts made great contributions. Otherwise, China will lose an artistic genius who shines through the ages and is a poet, painter and calligrapher.

However, the people of Yushitai are also acting wildly, and they are ready to eliminate those who oppose the new law. Li Ding wrote a letter asking the Queen Mother not to pardon those who participated in the national mourning. Shu and Chu are more cruel. He demanded the execution of Sima Guang, Fan Zhen, Zhang, Chang Li and five other friends of Su Shi.

1 1 29th, the imperial edict was issued. Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou and served as the deputy envoy of Yongtuan, but he was not allowed to leave this place without permission and had no right to sign official documents. As a result, Li Ding and others were naturally disappointed.

Among the people involved, three were severely punished. Xu was deprived of all official titles because he leaked secrets to Su Shi and had frequent contacts with him, and did not hand over Su Shi's poems in time during the investigation. Secondly, Wang Gong, possessed by the suggestion, was sent to the northwest. The third is Ziyou. He once wrote to the court to pardon his brother, and he was willing to repay all his official positions to atone for his brother. He didn't receive any serious slanderous poems, but he was demoted because of his family relationship and transferred to Gao 'an and Renyun State Wine Supervisor.

Others, Zhang and other officials were fined 30 Jin of copper coins, while Sima Guang, Fan Zhen, Su Shi and other friends of 18 were each fined 20 Jin of copper coins.

The poetry case is finally over. On the day of his release from prison, Su Shi wrote two more poems, one of which was: "I was tired after writing all my life, and my reputation was not lost." The horse went to another day, and there was no war in the east of the city. "If it is checked by the imperial history, he has committed the crime of disrespecting the emperor again." Chicken "refers to Jia Chang. When Jia Chang was old, he told people that when he was a teenager, he was favored by the emperor of the Tang Dynasty because of cockfighting, and he served as a court jester and actor. This can be extended to the fact that the villains in power in the court are court jesters and actors, which is also slander!

Changes of Su Shi's Poetic Style before and after Wutai Poetry Case

1 July, 079, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry, and was exiled to Huangzhou in the following year1month. Before the poem case happened, Su Shi had served as a judge in Hangzhou in 107 1 and had outstanding achievements. Generally speaking, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, but in content, they mostly point to official life to express political pride. After the poetry case, although there were times when I was a bachelor of official Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained embarrassment in my works, but more and more people turned to the understanding of nature and life. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more obvious. As soon as he inherited the style of Huangzhou's works, he converged all his life, and I moved things freely to achieve a suddenly quiet environment.

Taking Wutai Poetry Case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex throughout, we can see that the poet's brush strokes gradually turned to the helplessness of middle age and the broadmindedness of old age-getting older, maturing and becoming dull.

First of all, in terms of subject matter, the previous works mainly reflect Su Shi's "specific political worries", while the later works mainly focus on "broad life worries".

Su Dongpo, in his own words, his attitude towards life has always been hatred of evil. When it comes to evil, he means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province." In Hangzhou, in a poem dedicated to Wenzhong Kong, he showed contempt for the powerful officialdom: "I am an elk, but I am afraid I am not superior." Not only that, he groaned for the prisoners in the prison and swallowed for the elderly who had no clothes or food. When he wrote rural pastoral poems, the title was "Wu Zhong Tian Tan": "Sweating like rain, shirtless, cheap, begging like chaff. Selling cattle to pay taxes and demolishing houses is not as superficial as going hungry next year "; He also wrote about farmers' food when he sang "Spring is everywhere in the mountains". The bamboo shoots eaten by farmers are not salty, just because "there is no salt in March", pointing to the monopoly of the court; He wrote that the recruited people dug canals to pick up salt boats, and his brushwork was sharper: "People are like ducks and pigs, throwing mud and splashing water"; He accused the court of being poor and weak, and he longed for "the king of Yao and Shun" and one day "bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius". He asked, "When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds?" He is frivolous: "Who is afraid? A misty rain is a lifetime! "

However, "the world is a big dream. Life is cool in autumn. " Dongpo's flowing works triggered Wutai poetry case. After the dream, Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which have disappeared and replaced by a brilliant warmth, kindness, tolerance and harmony." Very sweet and mature, very thorough and deep. " When playing chess, he realized: "If you play, you will win or lose, and if you play, there will be nothing." . Between the secluded forests and mountains, he was suddenly enlightened: "Qian Shan plays the flute at night, and the road is dark and beautiful. I wonder if people are changing the world, and wine has no home. " He is no longer obsessed with "struggling with the ambition of the time" but "Zhou Zhen died from then on, and Jiang Hai sent the rest of his life." Therefore, when Su Shi roamed Chibi, he was faced with "the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains" and lamented that "everything between heaven and earth has its own master, and it is understood by the world." He floated to independence and just wanted to be a lonely flood: "I refuse to live if I collect all the cold branches, and the lonely sandbar is cold."

Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage.

In the early stage, I was eager to achieve success on the road of being an official. Even if he has the heart to "go home", he will "return to heaven and earth like a boat" and "return home after success" He has a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he is deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people: "Autumn crops are not full of eyes, and wheat seeds are scarce. I am always ashamed of the people of this country, and I have a thorn in my skin. Life is 5,000 volumes, and there is no word to save hunger "; He is eager to show his greatness on the battlefield. "Why not frost his temples slightly?" When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds? "Especially in Xuzhou, Michigan, his spirit of joining the WTO has always been very strong. In his political essays, Su Shi repeatedly expounded the thought of "Heaven is healthy and gentlemen strive for self-improvement" in the Book of Changes, hoping that "the son of heaven will make great efforts to strengthen himself one day" and actively reform and shout for reform.

Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. He realized that he and the court dignitaries were "not a family". The so-called "fame and fortune" that people are pursuing is already "frosty and disheartened" to him, so he can only bury himself in hard work and has no lofty ambition of "looking at the northwest and shooting at wolves". "The poor ape jumped into the forest, and the horse was exhausted." For Su Dongpo, who experienced the ups and downs of his official career, he uttered the truest sigh from the bottom of his heart, "Worrying about a southeast snow, how clear is life?" Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it. When the Queen Mother allowed him to live near Taihu Lake, he was overjoyed: "I sent the west wind in my dream for ten years, and this trip is really for Tian She Weng." Finally, he can travel by boat. He is "wandering in vain." After a long drought, Su Dongpo was as happy and satisfied as the farmer. He wrote a poem: "it rains three feet, naturally unintentional and unpredictable." I'll forget it and go to bed. I will lie down and listen to the people on the wall. Rotten scholars have worked hard for a hundred years, and farming is not pitied by the public. It will be regarded as a thousand steps across the northwest mountain spring. Everyone knows that I have no money. "

Thirdly, in style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks and spilling thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light as deep willows, and the flowers in Pak Lei are far away.

As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Mian's ci works, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time: "There are thousands of words in writing and ten thousand volumes in your chest, which makes you Yao and Shun. What's so hard about this? " Why don't you hide in my place and watch at leisure when you are using reason? He was in good health, but died at the age of 10, and he was sharp-edged before the war; A song "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" can never be sung leisurely with "seventeen or eighteen women with red fangs", but must be sung with "Dongzhou strong men standing up their palms, playing flute and drums as a festival, which is quite spectacular." Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time.

Some of the later works have both the style of local customs and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems. Although there is also a big sigh that "the world is like a dream, a bottle is still on the moon", it is more of a small regret that "the flower wine stand has come and gone, and a little bit of bitterness has blossomed". He fled his official career and began to wait and see nature: "The forest is broken, the mangosteen is hidden, and the cicada is singing in the pond." He found it more and more difficult to bear the pain in his heart with words: "It is difficult to whisper the deep meaning in front of people"; He integrated nature and human beings: "spring scenery is divided into three parts, dust is divided into two parts, and running water is divided into one part." In detail, it seems that it is not Huayang, but just a little tear. " In the meantime, it smelled of Zhuangzi and turned into a butterfly. I got carried away. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching.

The reason why Su Shi's poems have changed so much in the early and late periods.

Mr. Muzhai's exposition on this issue has been very incisive, and now he quotes directly: "Poetry cases have a profound influence on the poet's thought and creation. Some people say that the poetry case is a turning point in Su Shi's life: Su Shi has changed from "striving for success" and "being a gentleman" to an artistic life of "talking from creation". Writing poems before the case is mainly to deeply reflect on an official's life; Later, his painful mind found a home in nature and a new realm of life. He also said that during the Huangzhou period, "the object of Su Dongpo's spiritual sustenance temporarily shifted from fame and fortune to Dongpo and to nature. This is a kind of alienation from the ruling group and has its positive significance. "The poem case is like a nightmare for Su Shi. After the dream, Huangzhou's relegation made Su Wan get rid of the specific political sorrow, re-recognize the society and re-evaluate the meaning of life. "

Now, from Mr. Wang's point of view, let's make a small expansion on this issue.

First of all, the change of living environment is the objective reason for the change of Su Shi's works. After Wutai Poetry Case, Su Dongpo went into exile in Huangzhou, far away from officialdom. In Huangzhou, he wrote in a letter to his good friend Zhang Chun: "It is very simple to live in a monk's house, drink clothes and vegetables, and have dinner with the monk. For fear of it. Poverty is too great and unreasonable, but it can't be rich or poor, for fear of hunger and cold in the years to come. However, as the saying goes, we will deal with it ourselves. Can Ann worry in advance? When I first met the satrap. Since the imperial capital can't go out, there is no need to study, but the Buddhist scriptures send the sun away and don't go near the ink stone. " We can see that Su Shi lives in exile in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, but his exile is different from others. He "lives in a monk's house", "eats with a monk" and "only sends the sun away with Buddhist scriptures". This shows that he gradually became a Buddhist in his daily life.

Secondly, advocate Buddhism and Taoism. The Wutai Poetry Case is Su Shi's deep suspicion of Confucian official thought. When his official career is frustrated, he naturally tends to think of Buddhism and Taoism. He wrote in An Guo Ji: "I'm going to Huangshe in February. The museum is humble, with scanty food and clothing, closed doors and the call of the soul. Second best, find another way. On the contrary, it has never been a gesture, nor is it the middle way. This is not the only reason why it was offended. If you think new, you may lose another; If you borrow the analogy and ask for it, you will regret it. So I sighed: Tao is not enough to resist qi, and sex is not enough to get used to it. If you don't hoe its roots, you will know its end. Although you have changed it now, you will change it again. Return to the sincere Buddha and ask for washing. Go south of the city. It's called ankokuji. There are Maolin Xiuzhu and Beichi Xieting. Sitting still and burning incense for a day or two is a profound introspection. Then I forget things, my body and mind are empty, and I beg for sin, but I can't get it. A pure heart. Dyed since autumn; There is nothing inside and outside. Personal happiness ... ""return to the true Buddha and monk, ask for a wash ","forget things, empty body and mind " This shows that his heart has begun to alienate Confucianism and gradually tend to Buddhism and Taoism.

Third, the integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. On the surface, Su Shi abandoned Confucianism and followed Taoism, but in fact, the concept of Confucianism has penetrated into his heart, and Su Shi unified the emergence of Buddhism and Taoism with the traditional Confucian thoughts of the Song Dynasty, such as "if you are rich, you will help the world, if you are poor, you will be immune to yourself" and "cultivate your morality, keep your family in order, and govern the country." Therefore, his works are all-inclusive, recalling the past and feeling the present. When Su Shi was in Huangzhou, he traveled around the world: "I have nothing to wait for, and I have already invested in this world. Think about it is self-defeating, dust and dust are different. Look at biological interests, blow each other and wait for gnats "; When he was in Huizhou, he was aloof and indifferent: "Winning is happy, and losing is also happy." In Danzhou, you are at ease, at ease, and in danger: "Spring cattle spring branches, infinite spring breeze comes to the sea." When I went to work in spring, I dyed it pink like meat. Spring is coming, and the spring breeze wakes you up. Unlike the end of the world, poplars are rolled up like snowflakes. "

Su Shi's life was unfortunate and eventful. Official ups and downs, two exile. Wutai Poetry Case is the low tide of Su Shi's career, but it is an important turning point in his literary creation career. This dissatisfaction with his official career and bumpy reality made him walk out of the market court and put his spiritual world more in Buddhism, thus achieving Dongpo-style "free and easy, ethereal and detached" in a greater sense.