How to review college entrance examination history?

***Historical Analysis "Formula" Answer Mode***

We often encounter this problem: Mathematics, physics and chemistry and other subjects have relevant theorems and formulas to facilitate logical reasoning. and mastering and applying; while subjects such as history and politics have no theorems and formulas and can only be memorized by rote. Especially as the requirements for history ability in the college entrance examination have increased, high school history teaching not only requires students to master basic knowledge and concepts, but also grasps the basic principles of history and uses them to analyze and solve historical or practical problems. . Therefore, in

teaching, historical principles and laws are summarized and summarized, and historical analysis methods and "formulas" are summarized to guide students' learning and to improve

learning. Efficiency is of great significance. The following is a review of the historical analysis methods and " Formula" to summarize.

1. Historical background, reasons and purposes

1. Historical background = (domestic and international) (economic, political and cultural...)

⑴ Economic background = productivity Production relations, economic structure, economic pattern...

⑵ Political background = political situation, system, policy, class, nation, diplomacy and military...

⑶ Cultural background = ideology, religion, science and technology, education...

For example: Background of the Opium War:

(1) Domestic:

1. Economy: The germination of natural economic capitalism and the concentration of land.

2. Politics: ① Corruption: officialdom, military, finance ② Class conflict.

3. Thought: Ignorance and arrogance.

(2) International:

1. Economy: Industrial Revolution → market raw materials.

2. Politics: Capitalist expansion.

2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, focusing more on favorable factors

Such as the historical conditions of the October Revolution:

(1) Domestic:

①Economy: Capitalism develops to a monopoly, is relatively backward, and lives in poverty

②Politics: Tsarist autocracy, the growth of the proletariat, the maturity of revolutionary parties, changes in the balance of power, etc.

③Ideology: Leninist guidance.

(2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I and so on.

3. Breadth of reasons: reasons = subjective (internal factors) objective (external factors)

⑴Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, the internal economic, political, and ideological factors of the participants

⑵ Objective reasons: nature, social environment, external economic, political, ideological factors, etc.

The breadth of reasons is basically the same as the background analysis method. The background focuses on static analysis, and the reasons focus more on Dynamic analysis. For example, the breadth analysis of the causes of the American Revolution

:

(1) Internal causes: ① Economic: capitalist economic development, unified market, etc. ② Political: The formation of the American nation, the bourgeoisie, Planting

The formation of the garden owner class, etc. ③Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc.

(2) External factors: ① British economic plunder and political oppression ② The influence of Enlightenment ideas, etc.

4. Depth of cause: Cause: → Direct → Main → Fundamental

⑴ Direct cause: the accidental factor that most directly caused the incident (fuse, excuse, etc.)

⑵ Main reasons: including subjective and objective factors that caused the incident

⑶ Fundamental reasons: historical trends (development of productivity, requirements of the times) subjective needs, etc.

All three There are differences in levels, and there are connections. For example, the direct cause of the outbreak of the "May Fourth" movement was China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference; the main reason involved various domestic and foreign contradictions at that time, including imperialist aggression, The dark rule of the Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors; the root cause is the deepest factor among the main reasons.

5. Contradiction analysis: contradictions between productive forces and production relations, contradictions between economic base and superstructure, class contradictions, contradictions within classes, national contradictions

Contradictions, religious contradictions, contradictions between different interest groups... …

The reasons for the outbreak of the Dutch Revolution:

① The contradiction between the development of capitalist economy and the old system

② The contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal class

③The national conflicts between the people of the Netherlands and the Spanish rulers

④The conflicts between Calvinism and Catholicism, etc.

***Answer Ideas***

1. Textual expression for answering the question

Basic method: Textual expression must be in correct writing, neatly arranged, and dense. Appropriate; secondly, the sentences must be smooth, plain, and the language is accurate; thirdly, the form must be "threeized", that is, paragraphed, with one question and one paragraph, concise and intuitive; key points, one sentence for each score; serial number , different paragraphs and different

sentences are marked with different serial numbers to make them clear and organized.

2 How to analyze the reasons for the success or failure of reform or reform:

Basic method: Pay attention to four points: First, look at the trend and trend of historical development at that time, and whether the reform or reform is in line with historical trends and trends. trend. Second, look at whether the reform policies and measures are correct and implemented effectively. Third, look at the balance of power between the old and new forces. Fourth, look at the quality of the reformers.

3 Ideas for solving explicit comparative questions

Basic method: The characteristic of explicit comparative questions is that the range of comparison is deterministic. When answering, you must carefully review the comparison objects, comparison items, and restrictions

conditions, analyze the relationship between the question requirements and the textbook knowledge, and then follow the logical relationships between the set items.

4 Methods for solving implicit comparison questions

Basic method: To answer this type of implicit comparison questions, the key is to make a specific analysis of the comparison object according to the meaning of the question. Try to determine the comparison yourself.

If it is a comparison of historical events or historical phenomena, the comparative items are generally determined from the background, causes, processes, characteristics, results, impact and nature, etc.

If it is a historical figure , the comparative items are generally determined from the era, class, main achievements, limitations, historical status, impact evaluation, etc.

5 Methods for determining comparative items

Basic method: The concept of historical figures can be divided into elements such as nationality, era, title, main activities, and evaluation. The concept of historical events

can be broken down into elements such as background, time, space, subject, process, and meaning. The historical factors that belong to the concept of historical phenomena are basically the same as those of historical events, but the process must be changed into the main content or main performance. The concept of historical institutions can be broken down into factors such as background, time, formulators, main content, and evaluation. The knowledge belonging to historical revolution can be broken down into factors such as revolutionary tasks, organization and leadership, struggle program, main force, method

nature and results. The knowledge structure that is the result and influence of historical revolution includes progress, limitations, etc.

6 Problem-solving ideas for analyzing and evaluating the causes of social and economic development in ancient China

Basic methods: To analyze the causes of social and economic development, you can generally start from the following aspects: First, productivity factors, including improvements in production tools and

production technology, construction of water conservancy, advancement of astronomical calendars, labor input, etc.; second, factors of production relations, including new methods of production

The establishment of the land policy, the adjustment of the land policy, and the impact of the peasant uprising on the landlord class; the third is the superstructure factors, including the centralized system, the protection and encouragement of agricultural and business suppression policies, religious and cultural systems The fourth factor is whether foreign relations and ethnic relations are conducive to economic development; the fifth factor is social environmental factors, whether the country is unified and stable; the sixth factor is geographical conditions, etc.

7 Methods for solving questions on analyzing economic characteristics

Basic method: When analyzing economic characteristics, we should pay attention to three points: first, reveal the basic characteristics from complex economic phenomena; Secondly, analyze the causes and effects of the characteristic formation

; thirdly, the language used to reveal the characteristics should be incisive and highly generalized, and should originate from the teaching materials and be higher than the teaching materials.

8 Inductive summary method in the expression of historical question and answer questions

Basic method: The ability to summarize and summarize historical knowledge are two different historical thinking abilities. Induction refers to sorting out numerous or scattered or recurring historical facts according to the same type, so as to make them from complex to concise, from chaotic to organized, and from individual to comprehensive understanding; summary is Combining historical things with the same

attributes to form regular and universal truths. Induction is the premise of generalization.

9 Methods for answering open-ended questions

Basic method: To answer open-ended questions, you must be clear: the important thing is not what point of view you hold, but how to argue yourself with reason. point of view, that is, whether the argument is logical and rigorous, whether the materials and viewpoints are unified, and whether the reasons are sufficient. Therefore, to answer such questions, we must first determine

the point of view.

Secondly, it is necessary to fully support the point of view by summarizing and refining historical facts, and try to omit as few supporting points as possible. Third, it is necessary to combine history and theory with evidence-based arguments

. Fourth, the discussion should be comprehensive. For example, while affirming the positive effects of this question, it should also point out the negative effects and avoid making it absolute.

10 How to answer the "what is explained" type of questions in subjective questions

Basic method: answering what is explained is actually a test of the ability to grasp the essence of history and reveal the laws of historical development. . The answer is that it can be done in this way. (1) What is the purpose of this struggle? What is the role of progress or regression? (2) Is the failure of this struggle a historical necessity or a sudden occurrence? (3) If it is accidental, it means that the twists and turns of the struggle are complicated, and further conditions must be created; if it is inevitable, it means that this kind of struggle cannot be realized at all and is a utopia.

11 Analyze the background of historical things and historical phenomena

Basic method: Historical background is the objective condition that affects and predicts the development trend of things, and is an analysis of all aspects of factors that lead to the occurrence of historical events. To make a general summary, these factors may be apparent or looming.

We can start from three aspects: historical factors: whether it is the need of historical development. Realistic factors: Whether it meets the needs of the actual situation. In terms of subjective factors: whether it is a need that meets the subjective wishes of the parties involved.

12 Methods for combining answers to essay questions with historical theory:

Basic method: There are generally three steps to answer essay questions. First, judge right from wrong and express your own opinions. Second, list historical facts to explain your own opinions. In this step, attention is paid to decomposing the parent point of view (that is, the overall point of view) into several sub-points of view, and using the historical facts at hand to demonstrate.

The development of ideas must be hierarchical, from the outside to the inside, from the shallower to the deeper, interlocking, and with strict logic. And every point of view must be supported by historical facts and be closely integrated with history and theory. Third, it is necessary to summarize appropriately and sublimate the views.

The combination of history and theory in problem solving mainly means that there must be appropriate historical facts as the basis for argumentation, and a clear point of view as the guide for argumentation; insisting on

"from history Come, go into history" principle. "Coming from history" means to extract opinions from historical facts, and "going to history" means to control historical facts with opinions and achieve the unity of opinions and historical facts.

13 How to evaluate historical figures

Basic method: To evaluate historical figures is actually to evaluate the merits and demerits of their lives. To correctly evaluate a historical figure, first of all, one must fully grasp his historical activities; secondly, one must divide these activities into positive (or progressive, meritorious) and negative (or negative) according to certain standards and principles. /p>

In terms of actions and mistakes), for some historical figures, their activities show obvious stages, so they need to be evaluated in stages; thirdly, the evaluation standards and principles are: (1) Standard of productivity (2) The materialist principle of the different roles of the masses and heroes in historical development. Do not exaggerate the role of great heroes. (3) The perspective of class (4) The perspective of the times , that is, historical figures should be evaluated under specific historical conditions. If they meet the development requirements of the times, they will be affirmed, and if they are not, they will be denied. At the same time, be careful not to use modern people’s standards to evaluate ancient people; (5) Don’t Generalize from partial to complete (6

) Be objective and fair, do not be sentimental (7) Pay attention to the unity of two-point theory and key theory.

***Learn to analyze historical events***

How to analyze historical events?

To analyze historical events, four elements should be mastered: cause, process, result, and impact. The history of human society is the evolution process of cause-process-result-

influence.

For example, the historical event of the "Opium War". Grade 1 "Modern Modern History of China" (Volume 1) Chapter 1 Section 1 Section 1 "China and the World on the Eve of the Opium War" and Section 2 "British Opium Smuggling and China's Anti-Smoking Movement" "It talks about the causes of the Opium War; the third item of the first section "The Course of the Opium War" talks about the course of the Opium War; the first item of the second section "The Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing" " and the second item "The Treaty of Wangxia between China and the United States

and the Treaty of Whampoa between China and France" are about the results of the Opium War; the third item of the second section "The Impact of the Opium War" and the The first section of the seventh section, "The Reasons for the Germination of New Thoughts" and the second item, "The Germination of New Thoughts", talk about the impact of the Opium War.

How to analyze the causes of historical events?

Everything happens for a reason.

1. Seven factors should be analyzed for the causes of historical events in ancient Chinese history: historical factors, political factors, economic factors, ethnic relations factors,

foreign relations factors, and ideological and cultural factors. , personal subjective factors.

For example, the unification of the Qin Dynasty:

Historical factors - merger wars during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the reduction in the number of countries meant partial unification.

Political factors - long-term war, people's hardship, and desire for reunification.

Economic factors - the development of social productivity during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially after the Qin State Shang Yang's reform, it gradually became stronger and the country became rich and powerful.

National factors - the annexation wars during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which strengthened national ties and national integration.

Foreign relations factors - the strategic strategy of making friends at a distance and attacking at home.

Ideological and cultural factors—Han Feizi’s idea of ??centralized monarchy.

Personal subjective factors - King Qin Yingzheng’s own talents and strategies.

How to analyze the process of historical events?

There are generally three methods for analyzing the process of historical events

1. Time-based method, with time as the axis and the logical sequence of the occurrence, development and climax of historical events. induction.

For example, the Opium War passed through four points: in June 1840, British ships blocked the Pearl River Estuary, and the war broke out—then, they went north along the coast to the Baihe Estuary in Tianjin—

In early 1841, the British The British army expanded the war and occupied Hong Kong and some cities on the southeast coast within a year. In August 1842, the British army reached the Xiaguan River in Nanjing.

The Qing government sued for peace and the war ended.

2. Use space as a link and place as a link to summarize.

For example, the four points of the Eight-Power Allied Forces' war of aggression against China: Langfang, Yangcun-Daku-Tianjin-Beijing

3. Use characters as the basis for legal affairs, and follow the activities of historical figures To summarize.

For example, the defensive battle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can be mastered based on the simultaneous actions of Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and the two of them.

The process of opening up the new sea route can be summarized according to the activities of Dias, Vasco da Gama, Columbus and Magellan.

How to analyze the results of historical events?

There are generally four outcomes of historical events:

①Success. Such as: the successful opening of new sea routes, the victory of the British bourgeois revolution, the victory of China's Anti-Japanese War and the World Anti-Fascist War, etc.

②Failed. China failed in the Opium War, the Westernization Movement went bankrupt, the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion failed, and the Indian National Uprising failed.

③There are both successes and failures. Such as the Revolution of 1911, the National Revolution, etc.

④Victory without victory, defeat without defeat. In the Sino-French war, China was victorious but victorious and defeated but defeated; France was victorious but victorious and defeated but defeated.

As for the results of historical events, we should generally consider three aspects: one "what" and two "whys", that is, what the result is like

and why it is said to be Such a result, why is it such a result.

How to analyze the impact of historical events?

1. Sub-item analysis: Analyze the impact from economic, political, ideological and cultural, diplomatic and other aspects.

For example, the Opium War: Economic Impact - Before the Opium War, China was economically a country dominated by a self-sufficient feudal economy.

After the Opium War, Western capitalist countries took advantage of their privilege of aggression to frantically dump goods and plunder raw materials into China, gradually drawing the Chinese market into the world capitalist market.

China's self-sufficient feudal economy gradually disintegrated.

Political influence - changes in the nature of society, changes in social contradictions, changes in revolutionary tasks and nature.

Ideological influence - a new trend of "learning from the West" emerged.

Diplomatic impact - from being closed to the outside world to being open to the outside world, the independent China began to degenerate into a semi-colonial country with incomplete sovereignty, and the relationship between the capitalist powers and China was no longer the same. The relationship between sovereign states is not an equal relationship, but a relationship between aggression and being invaded, slavery and being enslaved. "

The Qing government stands on the head of the Chinese people and gives orders, but the foreign bourgeoisie stands on its head and gives orders. This is the essence of many treaty privileges

."

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2. Comprehensive analysis: Divided into two, we must see both positive impacts and negative impacts or limitations, and prioritize.

For example, the positive impact of the Opium War: Economically - the gradual disintegration of China's self-sufficient feudal economy had a positive impact on the subsequent rise of Chinese national capitalism

; ideologically - -The germination of new ideas.

For example, the positive impact of the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War: Politically - it promoted the awakening of the Chinese nation, so the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion, the Xinhai Revolution, etc.; Economically ——The intensification of imperialist economic aggression and the further disintegration of the natural economy of Chinese society have objectively provided conditions for the development of national capitalism; ideologically, the emergence of bourgeois reform ideas and bourgeois revolutionary ideas and the simple anti-imperialist ("

Support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreign countries") ideas of the peasant class.

3. International analysis: China’s influence on foreign countries, foreign countries’ influence on China, and combined Chinese and foreign thinking.

For example, the impact of the Opium War on Britain and the world: Britain won, dumped goods to China with unequal treaties, and plundered raw materials from China

It promoted the British capitalist economy development. To the world, it is an important part of the initial formation of the capitalist world system.

For example, the impact of the Industrial Revolution on China. Politically, after the completion of the first industrial revolution, European and American powers launched two Opium Wars, China began to degenerate into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society; economically, the emergence of modern industry [or Westernization enterprises and national capital enterprises, Or the emergence of capitalism in China]; ideologically, advanced Chinese people learn science and technology from the West.

4. Transformation analysis: You must learn to transfer and promote, and be able to transform your thinking. There are two situations:

First, the specific impact is transformed into a universal impact, such as thinking about the impact of the Opium War on China after the Industrial Revolution when Western powers invaded China

Consider the impact of the unification of ancient China through the influence of Qin Shihuang's unification of the six countries.

The second is that the universal impact is transformed into a specific impact. For example, the impact of the opening of new shipping routes on Asia, Africa and Latin America is discussed in the textbook (bringing to the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America

Disaster: Politically - European colonists began to exert political control and penetration into Asia, Africa and Latin America; Economically - economic exploitation and plunder; ideologically and culturally - culture and lifestyle gradually changes.). What about the impact on China? Politically-Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands

successively came to China's borders by sea to carry out aggressive activities, which brought disaster to the Chinese people and made the Ming and Qing rulers close to the country. Secondly, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, high-yield crops from America were introduced to China through the Philippines, laying the material foundation for the rapid growth of the Qing Dynasty's population. Third, Catholic Bishops were introduced to China by sea, and the situation of "Western learning spreading eastward" occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

5. Cross-disciplinary analysis: the cross-influence between disciplines, that is, the impact of historical events on politics and geography. For example, reclamation in ancient China

was politically beneficial to easing class conflicts and stabilizing the political situation, but geographically it had a negative impact on the ecological environment. For example, the British Industrial Revolution consolidated the capitalist system politically and began the process of urbanization geographically, bringing about problems such as population, resources, and the environment.

***5 invisible knowledge points to pay attention to when reviewing history***

Invisible knowledge refers to the knowledge hidden in history textbooks that is not easy for people to notice but is often tested in the college entrance examination. Knowledge. When we review the history subject

, we must pay attention to the exploration and mastery of ten invisible knowledge points.

1. Hidden knowledge in the table of contents titles

This type of knowledge is hidden in the table of contents or chapter titles of each volume of middle school history textbooks. For example, "Chapter 1 The Formation and Development of Slave Society - Xia and Shang" in the Slave Society section requires students to understand that the Xia Dynasty was the formation period of China's slave society, and the Shang Dynasty was the development of China's slave society. period.

Knowledge points similar to this include: the Warring States Period was the formation period of feudal society; the Qin and Han Dynasties were the initial development period of feudal society; the May Fourth Movement to the Communist Party of China

The "Three Major Congresses" of the Kuomintang from 1919 to 1923 were the period of the founding of the Communist Party of China; the period from the "First Congress" of the Kuomintang to Wang Jingwei's rebellion was from 1924 to July 1927

It was the period of the First Civil Revolutionary War .

It can be seen that the catalog titles of textbooks imply a wealth of knowledge, and you must be good at digging and thinking when studying.

2. Invisible knowledge across chapters

This type of knowledge, due to the way the textbook is written, is either invisible in the background, or in the cause and effect, or in the time limit, or in the Supplements may be hidden in

deletions. For example, the Battle of Changping during the Warring States Period was hidden in the background of the unification of Qin; historical facts of the Eastern Han Dynasty such as Cao Cao and the Battle of Guandu, Three Visits to Thatched Cottage, and the Battle of Chibi

were hidden in the period of the establishment of the Three Kingdoms; Sima Rui assassinated Shi Kong for Zu Ti The historical facts of the Western Jin Dynasty are invisible in the textbooks of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; the founding of Khitan by Abaoji in 916 is invisible within the time limit of the Five Dynasties

; at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhong Xiang's slogan of "equal high and low, equal wealth and poverty" is invisible in the peasant war of the Southern Song Dynasty; Mongolia The Yelu Chucai of the political power persuaded Zhiwo

The destruction of agriculture by Kuotai Khan was hidden in the Yuan Dynasty ancestor's exhortation to teach farmers; the knowledge of the Spring and Autumn Period's skin blasting and iron smelting, the rise of Turks and Khitans in the Northern Wei Dynasty was hidden behind

Supplement to the chapter. The late Eastern Zhou Dynasty was the Warring States Period, but the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty was from 475 BC to 256 BC, which does not mean that it was all the Warring States Period, because the Warring States Period ended in 221 BC, which was longer than the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In 1935, this historical fact was hidden in the deletion list of textbooks. Therefore, students should pay attention to the connection between previous and previous knowledge when studying.

3. Hidden Knowledge in Illustrations

The illustrations are inserted into the textbooks to vividly emphasize the importance of the historical facts and reduce the lengthy textual expressions in the textbooks, thus causing confusion among students. Hidden knowledge that is ignored

. For example, "Liberty Leading the People" hidden in the color picture on the title page reflects the French July Revolution; "Leonardo Da Vinci's Self-Portrait" hidden in the character illustration in the book makes it difficult for people to notice. The textbook lists three representative works of Leonardo da Vinci; the illustrations hidden in books and periodicals

also hint at a lot of knowledge. The first year of the Republic of China in the "Presidential Oath" is Refers to the 1912 picture "Yan Xia and His Main Translations"

In addition to "On the Evolution of Heaven", there is also a book with a different title from Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws" "The Will of the Dharma" and so on. When studying, the implicit knowledge of illustrations cannot be ignored.

4. Invisible knowledge in maps

This type of knowledge is hidden in the historical maps in textbooks. For example, the "Territory Map of the Yuan Dynasty" and the "Water Transport Map" clearly tell people that due to flooding, the Yellow River diverted its course into the Huaihe River. The annotations of ancient and modern place names attached under the historical maps in Chinese history textbooks hide many important knowledge points. For example, Kaifeng today was called Daliang during the Warring States Period and Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty; But it is called Ningbo. Beijing was called Youzhou, Nanjing, Zhongdu and so on in the Song Dynasty only. There are surprisingly more important knowledge points hidden on the maps of world history textbooks: For example, the "Map of the Independence Situation of the United States" shows that in 1783, in the treaty recognizing the independence of the United States, Britain included the Appalachian Mountains To the west, large tracts of land east of the Mississippi River were annexed to the United States.

On the "19th Century Latin American Independence Movement" map, students are clearly told that in Latin America, in addition to the two colonial powers of Spain and Portugal, there are also the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France. Therefore, when students study textbooks, they should analyze and digest them in conjunction with maps.

5. Hidden knowledge in annotations

Annotations are supplementary explanations for part of the textbook. It is said that there is not much knowledge that must be memorized. However, the college entrance examination does not rule out questions here, and some unexpected questions often appear in the notes. For example, in the 1993 test question "Question Market", the general answer was "the border market in the Song Dynasty". But this doesn't work, it has to be answered as a "taxed trade market" as explained.

Therefore, the annotation has become a knowledge point that cannot be ignored: Bronze wares began to be manufactured during the period of patrilineal clan communes

; Halley was a modern British astronomer; the Forbidden Army refers to the emperor's personal soldiers in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and refers to the national regular army in the Northern Song Dynasty "Tiao" refers to the household tax, which is essentially a poll tax; "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" cannot be recognized as a mathematical treatise based on the word "Suan Jing" or the fact that it contains the Pythagorean Theorem. The elective version of "History of Ancient China" clearly states that it is an astronomical work; the Temple of Amun is the Temple of Karnak, etc. These knowledge are all expressed through annotations.

come out, so you can’t ignore it when studying.

*** Five memory methods for college entrance examination history ***

1. Classification memory method

Organizing and classifying historical knowledge can make the knowledge organized and systematized, which not only facilitates students' memory, but also cultivates students' ability to summarize. For example, after finishing the lecture on ancient Chinese history, the textbook content can be summarized. Classify according to the centralized system, social and economic development, the evolution of the tax system, the development of the land system, the development of science and technology, ethnic relations, foreign relations, peasant uprisings and peasant wars. , ancient Chinese

cultural history content, and can be classified according to clues such as astronomy, medicine, agriculture, scientific and technological works, paintings, etc., to consolidate students' knowledge

through classification. It can get twice the result with half the effort.

2. "Condensation" memory method

The "condensation" memory method is to summarize and condense some complicated content into a few key points. , so that students can grasp the key points in an outline

And if the key points are expanded, the original appearance of the historical content can be presented.

Example 1, World War I, can be " "Condensed" into the following key points;

Background: The two major military groups formed by the imperialist countries in the struggle to re-divide the world are frantically expanding their arms and preparing for war, exacerbating the war crisis

.

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Time: 1914 to 1918.

Passed through: (1) Three fronts: the Eastern Front, the Western Front, and the Southern Front (2) The Battle of the Marne River. The Battle of Lake Masur, the Battle of Verdun, the Battle of the Somme, and the Battle of Jutland. Nature and consequences: They were predatory and unjust wars between imperialists. . It brought serious disasters to the people of the warring countries; the first socialist country - the Soviet Union

Example 2, the development clues of the American War of Independence, mainly grasped six. Points: (1) Outbreak: The gunshots of Lexington. (2) Founding of the Army: The Second Continental Congress decided to establish the Continental Army. (3) Founding of the Republic: The Declaration of Independence was issued. (4) Turning point: Victory at Saratoga (5) Victory: British troops surrendered at Yorktown (6) Peace treaty: Britain and the United States signed a peace treaty.

3. Thread memory method

Through threading, the same type of historical events or the activities of the same person in different periods can be presented to students according to the clues of historical development

Previously, it is easier for students to understand and consolidate. For example, the evolution of the taxation system in ancient Chinese history can be summarized as follows:

(1) The "initial tax acres" of the Lu State in the Spring and Autumn Period.

(2) The "household registration system" of the Western Han Dynasty.

(3) The rent transfer and corvee system in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

(4) Renyong modulation in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

(5) The Two Taxes Law in the late Tang Dynasty.

(6) A whip method in the late Ming Dynasty.

(7) In the Qing Dynasty, the land was divided into acres and the land was collected.

Another example is the content about Li Dazhao's main revolutionary activities in the junior high school "Chinese History" textbook, which is scattered in some chapters of the second and third volumes.

When teaching

I organized it in chronological order as: (1) Leading the New Culture Movement; (2) Leading the "May Fourth" Movement; (3) Founding the "Weekly Review"

. Propagate Marxism; (4) Participate in the founding of the Communist Party of China; (5) Participate in the formation of the united front of the two parties and revolutionary classes in China; (6) Heroic performance in Beijing in 1927

die a martyr.

4. Song Memorization Method

It is difficult for students to remember historical dates, historical dynasties, names of political powers or feudal emperors of a certain dynasty using ordinary methods. Some can be compiled

in the form of songs. For example, the positions of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period can be compiled as follows:

Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han.

From southeast to northwest to the middle.

For example, the names of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms after the Tang Dynasty can be compiled as:

Five Dynasties: Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou, with the suffix in front and the suffix in front.

Ten Kingdoms: Southern, Northern, Han, Fujian, Chu, and Wu,

Southern Tang, Nanping, and former Shu,

There is also Wu and Yue.

5. Interesting memory method

Students will be deeply impressed by interesting knowledge and remember it firmly. Therefore, according to the students of different grades, teaching materials can be combined with the content, and methods such as telling historical stories, quoting poems, poems, couplets, making up riddles or using homophonics can be used to give students a novel feeling. , to arouse students' interest and improve memory. For example, when I talked about the Battle of Julu, I briefly added allusions to the idiom "The cauldron sinks the boat". When talking about the Chu-Han War, add allusions such as "a last-ditch battle" and "besieged on all sides". When talking about the Battle of Red Cliff, he recited poems such as Su Shi's "Reminiscing about the Past at Red Cliff". Talking about Shang Yang's Reform

Telling students to use the homophonic pronunciation of "owing three pots of wine" to remember the time of 359 BC can have a better effect.

Some people say that history is reality. In other words, things that happened in history are still happening now, but the form has changed, and many things in reality have the shadow of history. There are many such examples, such as our current reforms, which have happened many times in history, and the current disputes and wars in various countries around the world. Looking back at history, there are China's Warring States Period, the Three Kingdoms Period, and the empires in Europe and West Asia. The times are so similar. The tragedies and comedies of joys and sorrows in history are also repeated in our reality.

So to learn history well, don’t separate history from reality, understand history with reality, and use history to take care of reality, then you will have fun

Then you will have a deep understanding of history and a deeper understanding of reality, which seems to open up a new world.