How to choose materials for long-distance running?

With the rapid development of sports science and technology, the performance of competitive sports is constantly improving, which puts forward higher and stricter requirements for athletes' personal conditions. At the same time, due to the rapid development of scientific training and sports information work, it is impossible to maintain advantages for a long time simply by relying on advanced training methods and means. Only by selecting outstanding young talents for special training can their growth cycle be shortened and their success rate be improved. Ullmer, a former professor in West Germany, once said: The so-called material selection refers to measuring the genius factors of candidates directly or indirectly, and analyzing and predicting their future competitiveness according to the existing measurement results. To make athletes reach the advanced level at home and abroad, 50% success lies in the selection of materials. Some people list it as the following relationship: excellent seedling+excellent coach+scientific training = Olympic athletes. (2) The system theory holds that "sports training is a multi-level, multi-factor and multi-change dynamic open system, and the improvement of athletes' level is the overall effect of various social conditions. "So, the main factor in selecting talents for middle and long distance running training lies in how the coach controls this process. Coaches act on athletes through their own material selection, management education and teaching and training, and then select excellent seedlings for training by measuring athletes' age, body shape, physical fitness, special ability, psychological factors and physiological functions, so as to obtain information reference for middle and long-distance running training and material selection and correct the control process; Only in this way can training and material selection advance along the predetermined goals. (III) Selection and Prediction of Body Shape At present, all sports powers attach great importance to the body shape selection of middle and long distance runners. In the process of body shape selection, we should not only consider the innate physical factors, but also consider the actual cardiopulmonary and running ability. Under normal circumstances, people with slender figure, light weight and slightly longer lower limbs than upper limbs are suitable for middle and long distance running. Of course, it does not rule out that shorter people can't engage in middle and long-distance running. The physiological selection of middle and long distance runners has become an objective index to predict their future performance. When selecting young middle and long-distance runners, we should generally pay attention to two age groups: (1) male 10- 12-year-old female 10- 16-year-old. During this period, the test of sports physiological function is relatively clear. (2) Male 15- 16 years old, female 14- 15 years old. At this age, the first developmental period of normal teenagers has basically ended. At this time, the characteristics of human body function, movement, form and subject inheritance are relatively clear. At the same time, we can clearly observe teenagers' hobbies and interests in sports, their willingness to participate in sports competitions, their natural technical characteristics and physical fitness. (IV) Physiological and psychological material selection In physiological material selection, the following main links are generally grasped: (1) Heart rate material selection: When measuring the changes of heart rate before and after the load, the athlete's heart rate rises by 65,438+080 beats/min after the ultimate load, and drops to 65,438+060 beats/min after a rest of 65,438+0 minutes. (2) Selection of muscle fiber type: The proportion of ST fiber in muscle fiber of middle and long distance runners is about 65.5%, while that of long distance runners is as high as 72.2% on average. Therefore, according to the different proportion of ST fiber, determine the special project it is engaged in. Generally, the higher the proportion of slow fiber, the better its talent and ability, and the better its development prospects. Recent studies have proved that the type of muscle fiber is greatly influenced by heredity, which is 99.5% for men and 92.2% for women. (3) The maximum oxygen uptake should be selected. In the process of middle and long-distance running training, the maximum oxygen uptake plays a great role in improving the training results of middle and long-distance running. The performance of middle and long distance running events is basically related to the maximum oxygen uptake. The absolute value and relative value of maximal oxygen uptake are high, and the exercise performance is outstanding. The percentage of maximum oxygen uptake is also a very important factor. For example, when an athlete's oxygen intake per minute is 1.5 liters and the maximum oxygen intake is 3 liters, the percentage utilization rate of the athlete's maximum oxygen intake is 1.5/3 * 100% = 50%. If another athlete's oxygen intake per minute is 1.5 liters and the maximum oxygen intake is 4 liters, then the percentage utilization rate of his maximum oxygen intake is 37.5%. Although the oxygen intake of the two athletes is the same, the first athlete saves effort when exercising. When the oxygen uptake reaches a certain percentage of the maximum oxygen uptake, lactic acid begins to accumulate. It can be seen that the greater the maximum oxygen uptake of athletes, the higher the percentage utilization rate of maximum oxygen uptake when lactic acid accumulates in large quantities, and the better the endurance. Therefore, when selecting materials, it is necessary to observe the value of maximum oxygen uptake and calculate its utilization percentage, which can improve the accuracy of material selection and predict the future development and potential. There are many kinds and methods of selecting materials for physiological functions, such as hemoglobin selection, blood lactic acid concentration selection and blood type selection. These are the important basis for selecting materials for middle and long distance running. Middle and long distance runners must also consider psychological selection when selecting materials. If they don't have good psychological quality, the cerebral cortex can't withstand repeated and single stimulation for a long time. The psychological characteristics of candidates, such as temperament and personality, should be considered when selecting materials. Generally speaking, lively and quiet is suitable for middle and long-distance running, lively, calm and patient, and middle and long-distance running is bitter and monotonous. Therefore, when selecting talents, athletes are required to have strong will and tenacious fighting spirit, so that they can better control emotional changes and cope with various complex competition scenes. (5) The development of physical quality selection science and technology and the emergence of sports informatization have promoted the continuous improvement of competitive sports achievements, and at the same time put forward higher standards for athletes to understand and predict their future development ability, providing a theoretical basis for scientific training. In the process of selecting physical qualities, we should make a comprehensive investigation according to five physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, agility and flexibility. Endurance is the key quality of middle and long distance running. With the continuous improvement of the speed of middle and long distance running, higher requirements are put forward for the speed endurance of athletes. The genetic factors of endurance and maximal oxygen uptake are very large, accounting for 93% and 93.4% respectively. Therefore, when selecting materials, we must be sure. Speed is the second quality of middle and long distance running. At present, both middle and long distance running have put forward higher requirements for speed. Therefore, when choosing children, we should pay attention to their speed quality. Generally speaking, athletes with good speed will definitely improve their performance in the future, other things being roughly the same. Flexibility and sensitivity, because the genetic ability is relatively small and the training plasticity is large, it is enough to take necessary considerations when selecting materials. In short, when selecting materials, the choice of physical quality occupies a large proportion in the whole project. Only by special achievements, the elimination rate is bound to be great; Only by combining scientific methods to select materials can the grades reach the advanced level quickly. Therefore, we believe that in order to improve the performance of middle and long distance running, besides the training system and the level of coaches, we should first attach importance to the scientific selection of teenagers and children. We should not only look at the athletes' external performance, but also measure the functional status of various tissues and organs in the body. Only by combining the two aspects according to the requirements of sports practice can we improve the selection level of middle and long distance runners, formulate an effective selection standard and plan, and guide the regular training for many years. Through various forms, using various means and methods, the middle and long distance runners are given a comprehensive physical exercise, with the aim of avoiding athletes being just a flash in the pan.