Boxwood white cloth, an ornamental medicinal flower, grows in the tropical rain forest climate! ! !

Climate classification is to classify flowers according to the climatic characteristics of the producing area, because the climatic conditions of the producing area basically determine the ecological habits of flowers, which also affects the cultivation and management methods of flowers. This is the most common classification method, which is usually divided into four categories. 1. Tropical flowers include tropical rain forest and monsoon forest flowers, tropical plateau flowers and tropical desert flowers. This kind of flower is weak in cold resistance and strong in heat resistance because of the climatic conditions of its origin, which are high temperature in four seasons and not cold. 2. Subtropical flowers This kind of flowers includes four subtypes: (1) Mediterranean climate flowers, such as Gerbera jamesonii, gladiolus and sweet pea. It is required to be warm in winter and cool in summer, and the growth in hot summer areas is slow or stopped in summer. (2) The flowers in subtropical monsoon climate, such as Cuiju, Camellia, Rhododendron, can adapt to the summer heat, but not to the cold. (3) Subtropical alpine flowers, such as Primula, Gentiana scabra, Rhododendron, etc., prefer cool in summer and avoid high temperature and humidity in summer. (4) Plateau flowers and subtropical desert flowers, such as succulents such as aloe and cactus, are characterized by heat and drought tolerance, but their cold tolerance is poor. 3. Warm temperate flowers can be divided into two subtypes: (1) European climatological flowers, such as pansy, daisy and violet. Like cool summer and warm winter; (2) The climate flowers in China, such as peony, chrysanthemum and safflower, are more suitable for the hot climate in Leng Xia in winter, with large annual temperature difference. 4. Flowers in cold temperate zone include flowers originating in cold regions such as Northeast, Northwest, North America and Central Europe, Northern Europe and Eastern Europe in China, such as lily, Rosa davurica, clove, etc. These flowers are cold-tolerant, but avoid high temperature and high humidity, especially lilies, which do not grow well under high temperature and high humidity and are easy to be infected. Morphological classification of herbaceous flowers: that is, flowers without main stem or with main stem but without lignification or only with lignification at the base of body. According to the length of their life cycle, these flowers are divided into perennial herbs and biennial herbs. Woody flowers: refers to a kind of flowers with high degree of lignification of plant stems. According to its stem morphology and ecological habits, it can be divided into trees, shrubs and bamboos. Practical classification is classified according to use and cultivation management mode: 1, open-field flowers; 2. Greenhouse flowers; 3. Cut flowers, cut leaves and raise flowers; 4. Dry flowers grow flowers. 2 Common garden flowers in Kunming 2. 1 Annual and biennial flowers Annual flowers: These flowers complete their whole life cycle in one growing season. Such as impatiens, cockscomb, cosmos, marigold, Petunia, etc. Biennial flowers: this kind of flowers need to complete the whole life cycle in two growing seasons. Such as carnation, feather Gan Lan, daisy, pansy, etc. 2.2 Perennial and bulbous flowers Perennial flowers: evergreen all the year round or spend winter or summer with underground fibrous roots. Like chrysanthemums. Bulb flower: the underground part becomes spherical to meet the needs of survival, and there are hypertrophy terminal buds at the top. Such as cyclamen and gladiolus. 2.3 Woody flowers refer to a kind of flowers with high lignification degree of plant branches and leaves. Trees: Plants have tall trunks. Such as Cinnamomum camphora, osmanthus fragrans, camellia yunnanensis, begonia, plum blossom and crape myrtle. Shrub: The plant has no obvious trunk, strong branching ability and slow plant growth. Such as rhododendron, Michelia, Camellia, Gardenia and other evergreen shrubs, as well as deciduous shrubs such as Chinese rose, peony and forsythia. 2.4 Aquatic flowers refer to perennial herbaceous ornamental plants that grow in water or swamps all the year round. According to its ecological habits and relationship with water, it can be divided into: emergent plants: roots are born in muddy water, and stems and leaves protrude from the water. Such as lotus, road yellow and so on. Floating plants: Rooted in muddy water, with leaves floating on or slightly above the water. Like water lilies, Wang Lian. Submerged plants: rooted in muddy water, all the stems and leaves are immersed in water, and only occasionally emerge from the water when the water is shallow. Such as water shield and algae. Floating plants: roots extend in the water, leaves float on the water, float and flow with the water, and can take root in the mud at shallow places. Such as duckweed and water hyacinth. 2.5 Wildflowers The so-called wildflowers are herbaceous flowers that have not been domesticated artificially. Yunnan is the kingdom of wild flowers, and there are great prospects for the development and utilization of wild flower plant resources. The plant height of wild flowers varies greatly, from creeping low to as high as 1.5 meters. Such as primrose and gentian. 3 Application and Examples of Garden Flowers in Kunming 3. 1 Application Types of Garden Flowers With the development of society and the improvement of human civilization, urban green space landscape has gradually become an important symbol to evaluate a city's civilization, comprehensive quality and garden level. In urban construction, open space, woodland, sloping land, etc. Outside roads, buildings and necessary structures, trees, flowers and other ornamental plants need to be decorated, so as to create a landscape and artistic conception with beautiful flowers, green grass, fragrant lotus and fresh air, make maximum use of space and meet people's needs for garden culture, entertainment, sports activities, environmental protection and beautification. 3. 1. 1 Application of flowers in garden layout The most common application of flowers in urban gardens is to decorate different landscapes with their rich color changes. The main forms are flower beds, flower borders, flowers, flower groups, flower stands and other flowers, and some creeping herbs can also be used to decorate columns, corridors, fences, scaffolding and so on. (1) Flower beds are generally located in the center, sides and periphery of squares, entrances and exits of buildings and roads. Flower beds require bright colors and neat outlines, so choose flowers with low plants, neat production, relatively concentrated flowering period, close plants and bright colors (or branches and leaves) for layout. Annual and biennial flowers are the main materials for arranging flower beds. There are many kinds of flower beds, which are divided into spring flower beds, summer flower beds, autumn flower beds and winter flower beds due to different seasons. Because of the different flower materials used, it can be divided into: shrub flower bed: mainly decorated with flowers or colored shrubs. Grass bed: It consists of annual and biennial herbs and perennial flowers. Mixed flower bed: It is composed of flowering shrubs and herbaceous flowers. Special flower beds: flower beds with many varieties and categories of the same flower configuration, such as peony special flower beds, rose special flower beds, chrysanthemum flower beds, etc. See attached table 6 for details. (2) Flower border Flower border is a form of drawing lessons from the natural spread and growth of wild flowers on the edge of the forest in natural scenery, and refining it artistically and applying it to the layout of garden landscape. That is, the natural flower arrangement with the background of bushes, trees, hedges, low walls or buildings. Different kinds of flowers are planted in natural patches, and their edges can be natural and smooth curves or straight lines, which vary with different environments. The flower border layout should highlight its natural, extensive and management-resistant characteristics. So the best flowers should be perennial and bulbous flowers. See attached table 7 for details. (3) Flowers in flowers, flowers in flowers and flowers in flowers borrow the landscape of wild flowers scattered on lawns and hillsides in natural scenery, which are usually arranged around open lawns, so that forest edges, bushes, trees and lawns play a role in connection and transition; It can also be used to arrange the turning point of natural curve road, which makes people feel changing; Can also be decorated in small courtyards, paving sites (including small garden roads, steps, etc. ). Biennial flowers, bulbs and perennial flowers are commonly used. See attached table 8 for details. Flower beds Flower beds grow flowers on a pedestal above the ground. Flower beds are generally flat or slightly higher than the ground, but they are surrounded by bricks and stones to form a pool-like closed space, similar to flower beds but smaller in area. Usually located in the center or two corners of the courtyard, at the base of the wall, under the window, beside the door or at the entrance of the building. Hedgehogs and scaffolding in landscape configuration, hedges, lintels, panes, railings and other small scaffolding are often decorated and covered with floral materials. Rock Gardens and Wall Gardens Rock Gardens and Wall Gardens are a kind of garden landscape which mainly draw lessons from the unique scenery of cliffs, crevices and wildflowers scattered between crevices in Shan Ye in nature. Ornamental lawns and leisure lawns are decorated with some herbaceous flowers with low plants, small leaves, strong adaptability and strong self-reproduction ability to form ornamental lawns. The commonly used wild flowers are mixed, mainly perennial flowers, with annual and biennial herbs in the middle. In gardens, besides pools and lakes, there are often special areas to create waterscapes such as streams, fountains, waterfalls, etc. These waterscapes are collected in ponds and lakes, and various aquatic flowers are planted to decorate waterscape gardens or swamp gardens. Aquatic flowers (including aquatic plants) commonly used in landscape include lotus, water lily, duckweed, reed, Pennisetum and so on. 3. 1.2 flowers and decorative flowers, as the main body of urban landscape, are often used to beautify the interior and vicinity of buildings and create a beautiful and comfortable working, living and rest environment in addition to the open landscape layout; Or use flowers to beautify and decorate various assembly and exhibition places to highlight the theme, set off or harmonize the atmosphere. Generally, the flower decorations in stations, docks, plazas, theaters, gymnasiums, museums, hospitals, sanatoriums, shopping malls and other public places that are in extensive contact with the people have appropriate flower arrangements (including ornamental plants), or for people to appreciate and evaluate, or to beautify the environment and properly cover it, or to set off the atmosphere, or to mark and distract attention. At the entrance of the square and around the building, there is usually a garden landscape layout, and flower decoration is only a temporary application before and after the festival or when welcoming guests. Therefore, we must first ensure that traffic, sight and lighting are not affected, and pay attention to the overall effect and distant effect when arranging. You can use neat and tall potted trees or potted flowers to arrange symmetrically, or you can use brightly colored flowers to arrange in rows, or decorate temporary flower beds and ribbons with flowers. Halls, aisles and other places are generally marked, and the arrangement of flowers should be coordinated with them. Potted flowers with strong ornamental value can be placed in groups of three or five, scattered or set up with brackets, which will not affect traffic and occupy too much land, and the ornamental effect is good. The lounge needs exquisite potted flowers, flower baskets, bonsai and so on. And it is best to have a fragrance, which can not only make people enjoy it, but also eliminate people's fatigue and relax people's mood. The flower decoration of holiday street squares is generally made of large bonsai such as tall slogans, signs, portraits, flower baskets and flower balls. , in order to render the festive atmosphere of the festival, and bright colors such as red, yellow and purple should be used more. Flower decoration in residential buildings is mainly used in living room, dining room, bedroom, balcony, living room and so on. Doors, windows and balcony guardrails are best decorated with vines and flowers, and sunny windows or balconies can be made of honeysuckle, morning glory and dill to form flower eaves or green sheds. Flowers with drooping branches and leaves are most suitable to be placed on the outer edges of windowsills and balconies or hung in the center of windowsills. Small vases, potted flowers or miniature bonsai can be placed when there are floor-to-ceiling windows. Generally, potted flowers, flower arrangements or bonsai can be placed on the windowsill for decoration. Indoor corners are best covered or decorated with potted flowers or vases. Evergreen leaves or foliage materials, such as pineapple, Hulk and Fortune Tree, are commonly used. Tables and counters are suitable for placing colorful or exquisite potted flowers, bonsai, flower arrangements, flower baskets, dried flowers, flower bags and other close-up viewing, and it is best to choose smaller ones. Such as impatiens, cyclamen and Anthurium in New Guinea. Indoor natural light is weak, so it is best to choose flowers with strong preference for shade or good shade tolerance. Dried flowers are durable and lively, and they are also common materials for beautifying rooms. Flower decoration and flower exhibition in the exhibition venue can be divided into celebration exhibition, memorial exhibition, popular science exhibition, variety identification exhibition and so on. Or both. The arrangement of flowers and plants in the sightseeing greenhouse is to show tropical and subtropical flowers for tourists to visit and enjoy in winter, so that people can feel the warmth of spring and summer in the cold season, as if they were in a foreign country. In addition, spacious greenhouses are built in cold areas, divided into various climatic zones, and arranged in different climatic zones to form plant landscapes or indoor gardens. 3.2 Configuration of Garden Flowers 3.2. 1 The concept and basic principles of flower landscaping should follow the following basic principles. The principle of regional suitability means that the arrangement and landscaping of flowers should be adapted to local conditions. When choosing the species and varieties of flowers and trees, we should give priority to local native tree species. When introducing flower varieties from other regions or climatic zones, we should follow the principle of "similar climate and site", strengthen relevant scientific research and experiments, and apply them to landscape configuration on a large scale after fully adapting. It should be scientific, safe, reliable, economical and effective. The principle of proper location Every garden, every green land and every scenic spot will have differences in topography, soil moisture, sunny or cool open ground with insufficient light, closed and poorly ventilated environment or open and well ventilated environment, fertile or barren, etc. Therefore, when arranging flowers, we should pay attention to the differences according to the different positions. Flowers with strong drought tolerance should be selected on sunny slopes with high dryness, and flowers with water and humidity tolerance should be selected in areas with low humidity; Shade-tolerant flowers must be planted in a cool environment to avoid strong light, while positive flowers that like light must be planted in sunny places. In the traditional natural landscape gardens in China, the arrangement of flowers and trees is very important. Generally, the arrangement of hilly land is dominated by evergreen coniferous flowers and trees, with colorful trees such as apricot, Liquidambar formosana, maple and bamboo as the background, and interspersed with flowers and shrubs such as rhododendron, gardenia and Spiraea, so as to enrich the level and color of mountain landscape. At the waterside of the valley, plants such as Taxodium ascendens, Sapium sebiferum, Pterocarya stenoptera, weeping willows and Phyllostachys pubescens are usually planted to enrich the waterfront landscape. Generally ornamental aquatic plants, such as lotus, water lily, duckweed and so on. , properly planted in the pond water to decorate the waterscape. In residential areas or courtyards, short perennial flowers such as plum blossom, begonia, magnolia, crape myrtle, osmanthus fragrans, Chimonanthus praecox, Phyllostachys pubescens and plantain can be arranged, and some lawn and ground cover plants can be planted to form a three-dimensional ecological landscape combining trees, shrubs, flowers and ground cover, so as to ensure that there are flowers at all times, scenery at all times, flowers are red and grass green, and the scenery is pleasant. Around a large lawn, there are usually colorful and shaded flowers and trees, such as cedar, Sophora japonica, Liquidambar formosana and bamboo. Lianas or vines such as wisteria, grapes, passion fruit, leaf flowers, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, ivy, morning glory, bird radish, honeysuckle, Spatholobus suberectus and so on are often used in walls, corridors, frames, columns, bridges and so on. The hillside terrace is generally decorated with wild roses, winter jasmine and hibiscus. In short, according to different directions, topography and site conditions, it should conform to the biological characteristics of flowers and trees, take care of the needs of sightseeing and enjoying beautiful scenery, and ensure that the configuration is good and each has its own place. The principle of color suitability means that the color of flowers and trees should be suitable, that is, the color of flowers and trees (leaf color, flower color, stem color, etc.). ) should be in harmony with the surrounding environment, geographical location, local climate conditions at that time, and the atmosphere of the scene (festive, sad, lively and quiet). It is necessary to contrast the atmosphere, highlight the theme and create the artistic conception through the colors and shapes of flowers and trees. Contrast colors are often used when arranging flowers and trees. If used properly, it can show a jumping and refreshing effect, which can highlight the theme and set off the atmosphere. In addition, when arranging flowers and trees, we should also consider the visual feelings of different colors. If yellow is the brightest, it symbolizes the light source of the sun. For example, deep and dense forests or scenic forests often make people feel mysterious and fearful. Such as a tree or shrub with blooming or bright autumn leaves, such as ginkgo, Liquidambar formosana, birch, Yingchun, forsythia, Pistacia chinensis and so on. All of them are planted in open space or forest edge, and the whole forest or scenic spot can be lively and bright, and at the same time, it can expand the sense of space. Red is the color of fire and blood, giving people a warm, festive and unrestrained feeling, which is highly irritating and can well render a festive and lively atmosphere. If you plant a pomegranate in a small garden on the street, it will look like a red cloud when it blooms; Or plant a cluster or a piece of red peach or elm leaf plum on the higher slope, which will be spectacular after flowering. Blue is the color of the sky and the sea, which has a deep, cool, quiet and soothing feeling. Therefore, when arranging the landscape mainly for viewing in summer, we often choose flowers and trees with blue color, such as forget me, fragrant snowballs and platycodon grandiflorum. Purple has a solemn, noble and romantic feeling. Wisteria, lilacs, hydrangeas, cherry blossoms and some alpine flowers, such as forget me, big leaf silk, etc. , often used for landscaping. Especially in the arrangement of flower beds, purple series flowers and trees are often matched with bright yellow or bright yellow flowers and trees, which forms a strong contrast and gives people a strong attraction and a distinct impression. White is leisurely and elegant, which is a symbol of purity and simplicity, giving people a soft, simple, cool and clean feeling. Usually used to soften bright colors, but also commonly used in the layout of summer scenery. In addition, white walls are usually the main landscaping, supplemented by bamboo, weeping willows or colored trees and shrubs, which set off beautiful picturesque scenery. White is also commonly used in garden sculpture, which can better highlight the theme and significance of sculpture with the surrounding colors and landscapes. The principle of suitable seasons means that the seasonal changes of trees and flowers should be taken into account when planting flowers and trees, so that the garden landscape changes due to the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and strive to have flowers in the month and beautiful scenery in the season. In landscape construction, terrain and plants, the two most compatible landscape factors, should be combined to show different landscape themes throughout the year: spring scenery highlights spring-pay attention to the reasonable collocation of plant leaf color and spring flowers; Summer scenery is dominated by rich summer shade-pay attention to the shape of the plant itself and the shading effect behind the crown, and decorate it with summer flowers; Autumn scenery should focus on autumn fruits, autumn fruits and autumn colors-pay attention to the changes of plant colors and fruit shapes, decorate leaf trees and strengthen landscape effects; The winter scenery should highlight the refreshing and cold winter meaning-with evergreen conifers and deciduous plants cleverly configured to form a rich skyline and scattered spatial content, while taking into account natural landscape factors such as ice and snow. This can not only give people a good feeling or a good association, but also make people feel the changes of seasons, the passage of time and the ups and downs of life from the growth and changes of flowers and trees, and increase people's perception of nature and visual stimulation. In the four seasons, the most easily overlooked is the configuration of winter landscape, and of course it is also the most difficult in the construction of garden landscape.