Twenty-four solar terms knowledge handwritten newspaper

The 24 solar terms originated from the Yellow River valley, and were the crystallization of the long-term experience and wisdom of the working people of the ancient Han nationality. As far back as the Spring and Autumn Period, four solar terms, namely, mid-spring, mid-summer, mid-autumn and mid-winter, were set. After continuous improvement and perfection, by the Qin and Han Dynasties, the 24 solar terms had been completely established. In 14 BC, taichu calendar, written by Deng Ping, officially set the twenty-four solar terms in the calendar, and defined the astronomical position of the twenty-four solar terms.

the time that the sun travels every 15 degrees along the yellow meridian from zero degree is called a solar term. It runs 36 degrees every year, and * * * experiences 24 solar terms, 2 times a month. Among them, the first solar term of each month is "solar term", namely: 12 solar terms such as beginning of spring, Jing Zhe, Qingming, long summer, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Hanlu, beginning of winter, heavy snow and slight cold; The second solar term of each month is "Zhongqi", namely, 12 solar terms such as rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, summer solstice, great summer heat, summer heat, autumn equinox, first frost, light snow, winter solstice and great cold. "Solar terms" and "neutral gas" appear alternately, each lasting 15 days. So far, people have collectively referred to "solar terms" and "neutral gas" as "solar terms". [2]

In 14 BC, the taichu calendar, written by Deng Ping, officially set the twenty-four solar terms in the calendar, and defined the astronomical position of the twenty-four solar terms.

In order to make it easier to remember, people have made up the lyrics of the twenty-four solar terms:

Twenty-four solar term song

Spring rains startle the spring and clear the valley, summer is full and summer is hot,

Autumn is exposed with cold and frost, winter is snowy and winter is chilly.

Seven-character Poems of Twenty-four Solar Terms

The earth goes around the sun, and it takes one year to complete a circle.

A year is divided into December, and the twenty-four sections are closely connected.

according to the Gregorian calendar, the two gases will not change every month.

the first half of the year is June and 21st, and the second half is every August and 23rd.

these are the festivals, and the difference is only one or two days.

There are twenty-four verses in turn, and the following formulas are in mind:

A slight cold in January is followed by a severe cold, and it rains in beginning of spring in February;

The spring equinox is in March, and it is April in Qingming Grain Rain.

long summer and Xiaoman in May, and Summer Solstice Company in June;

July summer heat and July summer heat, beginning of autumn summer heat in August;

September is the white dew followed by the autumnal equinox, and first frost is full of cold dew in October;

It snows lightly in November in beginning of winter, and the winter solstice welcomes the new year with heavy snow.

pay close attention to busy production in the season, and plant crops in time to ensure a good harvest.

With the spread of China calendar, the 24 solar terms have spread to many parts of the world.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the concepts of solar solstice in the south and solar solstice in the north came into being among Chinese people. Subsequently, people divided the year into 24 equal parts according to the natural phenomena such as the running position of the sun and the moon at the beginning and the middle of the month, the weather and the growth of animals and plants. And gave each equal part a proper name, which is the twenty-four solar terms. By the end of the Warring States Period, there were eight names of solar terms: beginning of spring, Equinox, long summer, Summer Solstice, beginning of autumn, Equinox, beginning of winter and Winter Solstice. These eight solar terms are the most important of the 24 solar terms. These eight solar terms mark the change of seasons and clearly divide the four seasons of the year. Later, when the book Huainanzi was published, the names of the 24 solar terms were exactly the same as those in modern times.

some people think that the 24 solar terms are subordinate to the lunar calendar, but in fact, they are defined according to the solar calendar. That is, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic, a year is divided into 24 equal paragraphs. That is to say, the ecliptic is divided into 24 equal parts, each of which accounts for 15 degrees of the ecliptic. Because the time required for the sun to pass through each equal portion is almost equal, the Gregorian calendar dates of the 24 solar terms are roughly the same every year: the first half of the year is around the 6th and 21st, and the second half is around the 8th and 23rd. And there are two formulas:

six or twenty-one in the first half of the year, and eight or twenty-three in the second half of the year.

In ancient times, solar terms were called "qi", and there were two qi in each month: the former was called "solar terms" and the latter was called "neutral qi". The monthly distribution of the 24 solar terms is shown in the following table, which is closely related to the arrangement of the lunar leap month. In the lunar calendar, beginning of spring is the first of the 24 solar terms. The names of the twenty-four solar terms were named after the places referred to by Dougang and the natural climate and landscape at that time. The so-called Dougang means that the three stars of the Big Dipper, Kui, Heng and Yu, point in different directions and positions with the movement of celestial bodies, and the position they refer to is the month they represent. For example, the first month is Yin, the spoon refers to Yin at dusk, the middle of the night refers to Yin, and the daytime refers to Yin; February is the base, the dipper at dusk refers to the base, the balance at midnight refers to the base, the chief refers to the base during the day, and so on in the rest of the months.

beginning of spring: Standing means beginning, and beginning of spring is the beginning of spring.

rain: when the rain begins, it will increase gradually.

Sting: Sting means hiding. Sting refers to the sudden movement of spring thunder, which awakens the animals dormant in the soil and hibernating.

vernal equinox: The equinox means equal share. The vernal equinox means that day and night are equally divided.

Qingming: It's sunny and lush.

Grain Rain: Rain makes a hundred valleys. With sufficient and timely rainfall, cereal crops can thrive.

long summer: the beginning of summer.

xiaoman: the seeds of summer crops such as wheat begin to be full.

awn seed: awned crops such as wheat are mature.

summer solstice: hot summer is coming.

Slight summer heat: Summer heat means hot. A slight summer heat is when the climate starts to get hot.

General Office: The hottest time of the year.

beginning of autumn: the beginning of autumn.

summer heat: place means to stop and hide. Summer is the end of a hot summer day.

white dew: the weather turns cold, and the dew is condensed and white.

autumnal equinox: divided equally between day and night.

cold dew: dew is cold and will freeze.

first frost: It's getting colder and frosty.

beginning of winter: the beginning of winter.

xiaoxue: it begins to snow.

heavy snow: with the increase of snowfall, there may be snow on the ground.

winter solstice: the cold winter is coming.

slight cold: the climate began to get cold.

severe cold: the coldest time of the year.

24 solar terms is the discovery of the wisdom of China ancestors. Now many people are saying that 24 solar terms is very good, but it is only suitable for China, or more precisely, it is only suitable for North China in the Yellow River Basin. It doesn't apply any further. Is this really the case? Let me study this problem by analyzing the name of 24 solar terms.

First, 24 solar terms's name is divided into four groups according to the sub-sequence, and each group is divided into two halves:

beginning of spring, Rain, Sting, Equinox, Qingming and Grain Rain;

long summer, Xiaoman, Mangzhong, Summer Solstice, Minor Summer Heat, Great Summer Heat;

beginning of autumn, Chu Xia, Bailu, Autumnal Equinox, Cold Dew, first frost;

beginning of winter, light snow, heavy snow. Winter solstice, slight cold, severe cold.

As soon as this is put out, you can immediately see that the first four characters are followed by the second half, followed by the four characters "Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter". What does this mean? It goes without saying that the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter stand up from four, and standing up is the beginning. The second half of "spring, summer, autumn and winter" is accompanied by two words "fen" and two words "zhi". What do you mean by points? The simplest "split" is "split in two", which shows that the season is split in two here. What about the other two words "zhi"? It is easy to misunderstand the meaning of "the end", but what is the end? Don't think it's the end of the season, but the sun has gone north or south and is going back. If the original meaning of the word "zhi" is exactly investigated, "zhi" means extreme. For example, when we say "at least", that is to say, it can't be less, it's extremely small. The summer solstice means that the sun has gone north to the extreme and will turn back, but the summer is not over, but just at the midpoint. The winter solstice is similar. The sun has just reached the extreme south point and started to turn to the north. Winter is halfway through.

these eight solar terms are usually called four seasons and eight festivals. Actually, it's four beginnings and eight middle schools. They define the four seasons. But what do the four seasons mean? Isn't it hot in summer? Isn't it cold in winter? Why is it that it's not until the end of summer that it gets hot, and it's not until the end of winter that it gets cold? Isn't this summer and winter crooked?

this question really makes sense. Did the ancients set the four seasons wrong? Only by thinking deeply can we understand the mystery.

It turns out that cold and heat depend on the sun's irradiation, but the reasons why people feel cold and heat are very complicated, and the sun is not the only decisive factor. For example, a big house has two doors at both ends. In winter, a pot of fire enters from the left door, moves slowly to the right door, and finally exits from the right door. Do you think the temperature in the house was the highest when the fire moved to the center? I'm sure you said no, but the temperature was the highest when the fire moved to the right door. The reason is that it takes time for the fire to dissipate heat into the air, and when the fire moves to the middle, the heat has not yet dispersed. Sun exposure is similar, and the factors affecting temperature are much more complicated. Therefore, the concept of season, when it first happened, was very simple, based on the direct feelings of people. When people want to define the accurate concept of the four seasons and want to incorporate the concept of the four seasons into the calendar, people realize that they can't define the four seasons just according to the temperature. At the same time, the temperature varies from place to place, and the temperature is not always the same in the same duration in different years. Therefore, we must find the most stable and universally applicable standard for determining the four seasons. Our clever ancestors found this standard, that is, the north-south position of the sun. This standard is astronomical. Although the north-south position of the sun can not only determine the temperature in a place, it can generally affect the temperature change in a year at a regular rate. Therefore, it is of practical value to determine the four seasons according to the north-south position of the sun. Of course, the four seasons determined in this way must be different from the direct seasons determined by temperature. Usually, the direct seasons are called meteorological seasons. Meteorological seasons cannot be used as calendar seasons. The astronomical seasons mentioned just now can be used as calendar seasons. Meteorological seasons usually lag behind astronomical seasons, and the Yellow River Basin in China lags behind by about three periods. The four seasons set by the above eight in 24 solar terms are the astronomical seasons and the calendar seasons. This can explain why the great heat and cold are not in the middle of summer and winter.

Four seasons and eight festivals are the skeleton of 24 solar terms and the calendar. The other 16 solar terms are branches or meat on the skeleton. The use of branches or meat is a bridge between astronomical seasons and meteorological seasons.

We see that "rain" and "fright" are inserted into the bisection between beginning of spring and the vernal equinox. These two names describe the meteorological or biological characteristics of the first half of spring. It's going to rain, and the little life hiding in the ground for the winter will start to wake up when it hears the call of the sun. Between the vernal equinox and long summer are "Qingming" and "Grain Rain". From the "rainy season", we can know the climate in Tomb-Sweeping Day. Literally, we can know from Grain Rain that this is the season when crops need rain to promote growth. Insert "Xiaoman" and "Mangzhong" between long summer and the Summer Solstice. When Xiaoman is filled with wheat, awn seed is a busy season for wheat harvest and autumn planting. Between the summer solstice and beginning of autumn, there are "light heat" and "great heat", which is the hottest month. Between beginning of autumn and the autumnal equinox, the words "summer heat" and "white dew" are inserted, which is the end of summer heat and the early autumn season when dew begins to appear sooner or later. The meaning of inserting "cold dew" and "first frost" between the autumnal equinox and beginning of winter is self-evident. Insert "light snow" and "heavy snow" between beginning of winter and the winter solstice; The meteorological significance of inserting "slight cold" and "severe cold" between the winter solstice and beginning of spring is more clear, so it is unnecessary to explain. In a word, the sixteen solar terms inserted between the eight sections are used to describe the meteorology and phenology of the Yellow River Basin in China. Any other part of the world can imitate and give appropriate names to these sixteen solar terms according to the meteorological and phenological characteristics of each place, just like the relationship between world time and zone. So: 24 solar terms is actually applicable all over the world. The origin of the twenty-four solar terms

The twenty-four solar terms originated in the Yellow River Basin. As far back as the Spring and Autumn Period, four solar terms, namely, mid-spring, mid-summer, mid-autumn and mid-winter, were set. After continuous improvement and perfection, by the Qin and Han Dynasties, the 24 solar terms had been completely established. In 14 BC, taichu calendar, written by Deng Ping, officially set the twenty-four solar terms in the calendar, and defined the astronomical position of the twenty-four solar terms.

the time that the sun travels every 15 degrees along the yellow meridian from zero degree is called a solar term. It runs 36 degrees every year, and * * * experiences 24 solar terms, 2 times a month. Among them, the first solar term of each month is "solar term", namely: 12 solar terms such as beginning of spring, Jing Zhe, Qingming, long summer, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Hanlu, beginning of winter, heavy snow and slight cold; The second solar term of each month is "Zhongqi", namely, 12 solar terms such as rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, summer solstice, great summer heat, summer heat, autumn equinox, first frost, light snow, winter solstice and great cold. "Solar terms" and "neutral gas" appeared alternately, each lasting 15 days. Now people have collectively referred to "solar terms" and "neutral gas" as "solar terms".

the 24 solar terms reflect the annual apparent movement of the sun, so the dates of the solar terms are basically fixed in the current Gregorian calendar, with the first half of the year on the 6th and 21st, and the second half on the 8th and 23rd, with a difference of 1-2 days.

Twenty-four solar terms are the original cultural heritage of working people in China, which can reflect the changes of seasons, guide agricultural activities and affect the food, clothing, housing and transportation of thousands of families. Since 2, the main political activity centers in China have been concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, and the 24 solar terms have been established on the basis of the climate and phenology in this area. Because of China's vast territory and changeable terrain, the 24 solar terms are only a reference for many regions.

The origin of the "twenty-four solar terms" in the lunar calendar

According to the different positions of the sun on the ecliptic in spring, summer, autumn and winter, it is further divided into 24 different positions, which are called solar terms. The ancestors divided the winter solstice to the next winter solstice into 12 equal parts, each of which is called "zhongqi", and then divided the length of zhongqi into two parts, and its points are called "solar terms". These twelve gas and twelve solar terms are collectively called "twenty-four solar terms". In the western calendar, there are only four solar terms: vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice, which correspond to the four moments when the sun crosses the equator twice and the northernmost and southernmost parts on the ecliptic as the center of the four seasons. In the Chinese lunar calendar, the solar terms are divided very finely, and 24 solar terms are set, and the adjacent two solar terms correspond to the sun running 15 degrees on the ecliptic. The names of solar terms mostly reflect the starting point and midpoint of phenology, farming time or season, which is obviously based on the convenience of farming, and can be said to reflect the position of the sun and the cold and warm climate. This concept came into being at the latest in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The earth revolves around an elliptical orbit, and its speed is faster near the perihelion (winter solstice) and slower near the apohelion (summer solstice). Therefore, from the earth's point of view, the sun's speed on the ecliptic is also faster in winter and slower in summer, and the time required to run 15 degrees is naturally different, so the time between the two solar terms is also different. The solar terms in winter are dense, while those in summer are sparse. The division of the 24 solar terms is completely based on the length of the tropic year.

In order to reconcile the differences between the tropic year (solar calendar) and the lunar calendar, the even number of the 24 solar terms in the lunar calendar is called Zhongqi, and the odd number is called Solar Term, and it is stipulated that each Zhongqi is calibrated in a lunar month, for example, the rain must be in the first month, the vernal equinox must be in February, Grain Rain must be in March, and so on. In addition, the name of the month must also be consistent with the corresponding gas.

The moon is generally shorter than the time when the sun moves 3 degrees on the ecliptic. Therefore, after several months, one of the months arranged according to the moon is not neutral, and this month is designated as a "leap month" in the lunar calendar. Because it has no month name, it still uses the month name of the previous month, and it is called a leap month, which is after May of the 1998 lunar calendar.