What are the Japanese grammars?

In the whole Japanese system, words are classified according to their meanings, forms or functions, and generally divided into twelve categories, namely nouns, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, descriptive verbs, conjunctions, adverbs, conjunctions, exclamations, auxiliary verbs and auxiliary words.

According to the characteristics of language structure, Japanese belongs to sticky language and Altaic language family. In terms of language expression, it can be divided into simplified and honorific terms, and there is also a developed honorific system.

Grammatical features

As a basic structure, 1 is a typical Japanese subject-predicate-object sentence. For example, Tarou garingo wo ta beta literally means "taro ate an apple".

On that day, I feel that the listener can understand from the context, that is, when the speaker or author is confident that the interviewee has a certain understanding of the situation, he often omits the subject or object. In this case, the above sentence may become りんごをべた ("ate an apple") or just :べた ("ate").

Japanese is different from English, and word order cannot show the grammatical function of nouns in a sentence. Nouns, like some languages, will not change because of grammatical needs. Instead, function words after nouns are used to express grammatical functions. The more important ones are が (GA), は (WA), ぉ (O), に (Ni) and の(no). The function word は(wa) is especially important because it marks the theme of the sentence.

Verb inflections in Japanese can't reflect the person and the singular and plural. In modern languages, all the verbs in the dictionary end with the vowel u, so the verb "taberu" is like the prototype of the verb "to eat" in English, although it is actually in the present tense, meaning "eat"/"eats" or "will eat". Other forms of modification are "tabenai" ("don't eat" or "won't eat", which means that English is not eaten now or in the future). "Eat べよぅ" (tab you) ("let's eat" or "someone may eat") "tab etai" ("want/want to eat." Tabereba "(if someone eats it) and" べろ"(tabero "! "The imperative sentence in English is to eat! ) 。

Tenses in Japanese

There are three main tenses in Japanese: past tense, present tense and future tense. Among them, the present tense and the future tense have no obvious tense markers (that is, they all use verb prototypes), which depends on the relationship between the types of verbs and the context. Therefore, morphologically, we can also think that Japanese tenses can be divided into past tense and non-past tense.

For example:

(1) Past tense: (that is, with the tense mark "た")

① The English word for "completed" is "read by others";

② んでぃた (unfinished) んでぃた's English is "He is reading". It's more like the Spanish past imperfect tense. )

(2) Non-past tense: (that is, there is no tense marker "た")

(1) "He wants to read/he is reading" (continuous/repeated actions) in English;

The English equivalent of "in progress" is "he is reading" (this form can be considered as in progress when used in words indicating actions such as "in progress", and should be considered as the continuity of the result caused by an action that has ended when used in state verbs. )

write

Usually, Japanese is written vertically. However, with the popularity of computers, Japanese has also appeared horizontal writing. In writing, when you meet a character with Chinese characters, you must write Chinese characters. When writing horizontally, the corresponding pseudonym should be written on the top of the Chinese characters, and when writing vertically, it should be written on the right side of the Chinese characters (Japanese Chinese characters may not be all traditional characters, that is, the "regular characters" called by Hong Kong and Taiwan in the past).

emphasize

In terms of punctuation, Japanese and Chinese have periods, exclamation points and ellipsis, and there are two kinds of commas: ","and ","and only one paragraph can be used. The rules for using quotation marks are the same as those in Chinese. There are question marks in Japanese, but they are rarely used, and they are generally simplified when used. Usually it means that a question needs to be added at the end of a sentence, and the end of the sentence is still a period.

In addition to commas and periods, modern Japan also uses the following symbols.

1. Quote ""is used to quote sentences and write dialogues. It's called single quotation mark, which is equivalent to Chinese quotation mark, but not used in Japanese.

2. The quotation mark ""is used in the quotation mark sentence again, which is equivalent to double quotation marks in Chinese.

sign

1.々—overlapping text symbol

For example: Ren, Guo, Zuo Mu

Note: In the past, the second edition of Simplified Chinese Characters Scheme promulgated by Chinese mainland (abolished) also adopted the grammar of "?" as the symbol of reduplication.

2.~- wavy line symbol, which means "from" ... to ".

Example: Tokyo to Osaka from March to May.