Complete religious invasions in modern Chinese history, such as Caozhou religious plans and other religious plans

Religion has existed since ancient times. Engels believed that Christianity in ancient societies in the world was the religion of slaves and the oppressed. Starting from about the 2nd century AD, members of the ruling class joined Christianity. Christianity gradually became the religion of the country, and Christianity gradually became an indispensable tool for the ruling class to rely on to tame the masses of the people. The missing mental oppression tool. Foreign missionaries are preaching in China, and a small number of missionaries use "missionary work" as a guise to implement the will of their own government and promote its policy of cultural aggression against China. In 1840, the Opium War broke out. All missionaries in China were directly or indirectly involved in this war. In March 1840, after the British government decided to launch an expedition to China to launch a war of aggression, the American missionary Pi Zhiwen arrogantly declared: "The time has come, China must surrender or fail." ~2j (Seven Catholic Nanjing leader Aiweike is Pu Dingcha Provided a large amount of military and political intelligence. In 1844, France forced the Qing government to sign the "Treaty of Whampoa", which enabled the great powers to obtain provisions to protect the Catholic Church; in 1858, the great powers passed the "Tianjin Treaty" and obtained the privilege of missionaries to preach in mainland China. .

Under the protection of the treaty system, missionaries from Western capitalist countries poured into China. From 1846, the Catholic Church established three bishops in Macau, Nanjing and Beijing. By the end of the 19th century, there were 800 Catholic missionaries and 700,000 Catholics in China; the number of Christian missionaries in China was 44. From

31 people in 1999 to 1,500 at the end of the 19th century, there were about 80,000 believers. In addition, Orthodox priests from Tsarist Russia also poured into the northeastern and northern regions of our country. The essence of the "folk religion" conflicts created in China is the struggle between aggression and counter-invasion, slavery and counter-slavery, oppression and counter-oppression, conquest and counter-conquest. It cannot be simply reduced to "Culture Conflict". When foreign missionaries came to China, they first built churches. The so-called "returning churches" included the "returning churches" that were confiscated by the Qing government before the Opium War. Decades later, the Tianfeng Church and other churches ceased to exist. The missionaries relied on their privileges, or "stifled the gentry and people's possessions, insisting that they were the churches of the time and forcing the people to give them back." Or "guild halls, public houses, and nunneries" were "used as churches." Such incidents occurred frequently in Jinan, Tai'an and other places in Shandong Province.

The so-called "building of churches" refers to places where missionaries go. Establishing new churches. The most typical example of missionaries "seeking land and real estate without first consulting with local officials and imposing deeds" can be found in almost every province in the country. In the late 1980s, the leader of the German Society of the Divine Word, An Zhitai, attempted to establish the Yanshi Church in the Lunan area, the birthplace of Confucianism. The "church building" move by German missionaries was a natural move.

Unexpectedly, they were resisted by the people of Shandong, who angrily expelled An Zhitai and his German consul. The establishment of a church in Yanzhou by Germany was not followed until the Juye Church Incident in 1897. The country's military strength must be realized.

Attachment: 1 Yanzhou Lesson Plan: The north campus of Yanzhou Campus of Qufu Normal University in Shandong Province was originally the site of the Yanzhou Church. The area of ??the Yanzhou Church at that time was recorded to be larger from the north to the south. It is 368 meters wide and 216 meters wide from east to west. It was one of the largest Catholic churches in the country at that time. The remaining buildings of the Yanzhou church today are only a small part of the main church building at the north end. The church's luxury and magnificence can be called the masterpiece of Yanzhou and surrounding areas. A piece of scenery. It was during the construction process of this Yanzhou church that a religious incident in Yanzhou broke out that shocked both China and the world. It also wrote a page about the extremely bloody nature of the people of Yanzhou in ancient times.

The Yanzhou Church was originally built creatively by a German missionary, An Zhitai, in the twelfth year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1886 AD). He first secretly bought a house named Lu in Yanzhou City to use as a missionary site. After the matter was discovered by the local people, a massive anti-foreign religion trend was launched in Yanzhou city, led by Yanzhou Mingxian Tang Gao and others. They not only organized people to post slogans everywhere, "Kill the traitors to clear up civil strife and drive out foreigners." "Teaching to appease foreign worries", he also picked up a stick and patrolled around, threatening to cut off the ears and hands of anyone who preached foreign religions. An Zhitai and others were so frightened that they fled before they could make any bigger moves.

A year later, Mrs. An Zhi came to Yanzhou again to buy a house and build a church. This time she bought a house and built a church. However, when the people found out, they blocked the city gate and shouted that they were going to arrest him. The traitor who bought the house not only failed to allow the church to be built, but also built an examination shed as quickly as possible on the site where the church was built.

As for the people of Yanzhou who were determined not to build churches in the city, the Prime Minister's Office at that time, which was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing government, explained this: "China believes in the teachings of Confucius and respects them very much. Confucius in Yanzhou My hometown is also the foundation of Confucianism. If you want to build a church there, not only the local people will be indignant, but people all over the world will also be horrified." In the words of the local people, foreign religion is a crooked religion, a scourge that specializes in deceiving people and apostasy. Therefore, no matter what happens in Yanzhou, which is close to the hometown of Saint Confucius, they must not be allowed to build churches casually. So despite several plans and various ways to build a church here, either the visitors were beaten up and driven out of the city, or the temporary missionary site was demolished overnight.

Until 1890, Anzhi returned to Germany and was received by the Kaiser, and obtained the right to protect Christianity in Shandong. For this reason, the German envoy Sigunde made a special trip to Yanzhou and threatened to build a church here. As a result, another storm broke out in Yanzhou city against the construction of the church. After the people in the city and the countryside learned the news, "there were countless crowds on the street. Like the rolling sea water, the horse wash field was like a wasp's nest. People were trying their best to get in there, where weapons were being distributed." "At the entrance to the place where the conspiracy was planned," deafening savage shouts and the sound of gongs and drums came one after another, frightening the German minister without saying a few words and once again fled in panic.

Until later, Mrs. An Zhi led a group of people to Yanzhou, accompanied by a group of senior officials. The local people ignored them at all and swarmed in again, surrounding them. Even local dignitary Yanyi Caoji Taoist member Yao Xiezan did not dare to agree in person. As a result, one of Mrs. Anzhi's attendants expressed dissatisfaction when they went out, causing public outrage. The attendant was beaten on the spot by the crowd until his nose was black and his eyes were swollen. The county prince was pushed directly under the table. Mrs. Anzhi was dragged out of the sedan and received a bad beating. beat. In the words of a local official at the time, "The people are united as one, and they are likely to die without regrets."

The confrontation over the Yanzhou church lasted for ten years, and the local people refused to allow foreigners to build a church here. Then came 1895. At that time, Germany was looking for reasons to carve up China. In an official document sent to the Kaiser, it was publicly stated that Yanzhou would not allow the construction of churches, which could be used as a reason to attack. The weak and corrupt rulers of the Qing Dynasty had to make concessions after the German armed forces occupied Qingdao. In addition, the Juye Missionary Incident that killed German missionaries occurred at that time. Germany obtained colonial rights in Shandong. In 1897, the Yanzhou church case that lasted for ten years finally came to an end. With the country weak and humiliated, under the armed protection of the Qing government, the German rulers finally built a large-scale Catholic church in Yanzhou City.

2 Caozhou Mission Case: A case caused by the conflict between the masses and German missionaries in Juye County, Caozhou, Shandong Province in 1897. Also known as Caozhou Lesson Plan. It was one of the important teaching plans at that time. After the incident, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Jiaoao Concession Treaty" with Germany. In the 1890s, German imperialism actively expanded into the Far East. In 1890, it wrested the protection rights of German missionaries from France from France and tried its best to use missionaries to serve its aggression. From 1896 to 1897, Germany twice requested to lease Jiaozhou Bay from the Qing government, but was rejected both times. Kaiser Wilhelm I wanted to resort to force, but Prime Minister Hohenno advised him to be patient, believing that the issue of lesson plans could be used as an excuse for Germany to take action in one or two years.

The public in Caozhou was always dissatisfied with the German missionaries who instigated the Catholics to oppress the people. On the night of November 1, 1897, Da Daohui Hui Chaoxian, Lei Jishen and others went to the Zhangjiazhuang Church in Mopan, Juye County, and killed the German missionaries Neng Francis and Han Li who were staying in the church. At the same time, in Shouzhang, Jining, Shanxian, Chengwu and other prefectures and counties, incidents of destroying churches and beating up priests and parishioners also occurred. After the case occurred, the Qing government immediately sent senior officials to investigate and deal with it. However, on November 6, Germany ordered the German naval admiral Delis, who was stationed in Wusong, to lead a fleet to Jiaozhou Bay and occupy key passes, cities and other strongholds. On November 10, the German Minister to China Heijing made six unreasonable demands to the Qing government. The Qing government accepted them all and signed the "Jiao'ao Concession Treaty".

Li Bingheng, the governor of Shandong, was dismissed from office; he compensated the church for the loss of 3,000 taels of silver, built 3 churches on behalf of the Chinese (each costing 66,000 taels of silver), and 7 priests' residences (costing ***24,000 taels of silver); issued an edict to protect German priests; benefited from Chao Xian and Lei Jishen were executed, and Xiao Shengye and three others were imprisoned for 5 years; Germany was allowed to lease Jiaozhou Bay for 99 years, and enjoyed the privilege of building the Jiaozhou-Jiji Railway and mining 30 miles of minerals along the line. As a result, Shandong became Germany's sphere of influence.