Chinese knowledge points for seventh graders (details for each lesson)

First of all, I recommend a few good books: "New Curriculum Standard Middle School Chinese Reading Score Improvement Training: New Concepts for Seventh Grade/Fangzhou", "Upgraded Version Three Points One Test", "Introduction and Improvement of Composition for Junior High School Students" , "1+1 Easy to Win Optimized Training", "Yu Yingchao* Junior Middle School Chinese Innovation and Practical Lesson Plan"

I think the main composition is important, and the junior high school composition is generally 50 points. As long as you study the basics well, I will give you some suggestions on writing.

Habits are stable and lasting conditioned reflexes and natural needs that are consolidated through repeated practice. Developing good study habits is an important task in Chinese teaching. Habits are the bridge that transforms "knowledge" into "ability". With good study habits, the machine of the student's mind will continue to operate, just like an aircraft that breaks through numerous resistances and enters the space orbit. It can basically rely on inertia. It's running on its own. Mr. Ye Shengtao believes that from primary school teachers to university professors, the task is to help students develop good study habits.

So, what good habits should you develop when learning Chinese?

1. The habit of accumulation.

Ancient Chinese scholars attached great importance to the role of knowledge accumulation. Xunzi, a scholar during the Warring States Period, warned people in his article "Encouragement to Learning": "If you don't accumulate small steps, you can't reach a thousand miles; if you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become a river." Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty said: "Collect everything and prepare for use. ." ("Jin Xue Jie"). Su Shi of the Song Dynasty advocated: "Extensive knowledge, extensive knowledge, and profound accumulation." ("Miscellaneous Theory") This shows how important accumulation is to Chinese language learning. Judging from the practice of Chinese language winners in the college entrance examination, accumulation is indeed important. Wei Yijia, the top scorer in the college entrance examination in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, scored 136 points in the college entrance examination. When talking about his Chinese learning experience, he said: "Chinese learning is slow work and cannot be achieved overnight. It is a long-term accumulation process, bit by bit. Knowledge is like grains of yellow sand. If you accumulate a grain of sand today, it will gather into a tower tomorrow. "His high score comes from the accumulation of three years of hard work in high school. Accumulation is also a need for college entrance examination. A high school student must first accumulate knowledge.

There are four main ways to accumulate: one is excerpting, the other is recitation, the third is memory, and the fourth is training.

There are three methods of accumulation: one is the unit accumulation method. It means that after studying a unit, you should promptly summarize the difficult-to-pronounce words, easily misspelled words, idioms, allusions, and wonderful passages learned in this unit, and strive to be concise and practical. The second is the test point accumulation method. It is to summarize the language knowledge scattered in textbooks, materials, and test papers based on the college entrance examination test points specified in the College Entrance Examination Chinese Language "Examination Instructions", and pay attention to highlighting the key points and difficulties. The third is the easy-to-confuse point accumulation method. It is to summarize the confusing knowledge points encountered in daily training and the knowledge points that made mistakes in the exam, and focus on identifying doubtful points. For example, when reviewing Chinese character glyphs, you can summarize them from the perspective of easy confusion: for example, when reviewing the memorization of Chinese character glyphs, you can use this method to accumulate some characters with similar glyphs that are easy to make mistakes. For example, the word "Si" for a restaurant or restaurant is the same as the word "Xiao" for "Xiye"; the word "Xuan" is for chatting with others and the word "Xiao" is for noisy.

The newly revised "Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Middle Schools" has clearly stipulated that "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of the works, and recite a certain number of famous works." This "certainly "Quantity" is stipulated in the outline as 50 poems and songs such as "The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Slow Voice", "Farewell at the Long Pavilion", and 20 ancient articles such as "Encouragement to Learning", "Preface to the Lanting Collection", and "Red Cliff Ode" ( part). This is the minimum requirement for every high school student. As the number of recited passages increases, your ability to perceive the language of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level of classical Chinese will also become higher and higher. This is like building a house before laying a good foundation. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built. Recitation is the foundation for learning classical Chinese. This is the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Apart from this, there is no better way. If you don't want to spend time on this, then asking what to do when the time comes for the exam is like pulling your own hair to leave the earth. There is really no way around it.

(4) Accumulate famous quotes, aphorisms, allusions, stories, and wonderful passages.

Accumulating famous quotes, aphorisms, allusions, stories, and wonderful passages is an important means to improve language cultivation and composition level. Every year, I investigate students with relatively good Chinese language scores in their senior year, and I find that they have a unique characteristic, that is, they pay attention to excerpting some famous quotes, aphorisms, wonderful passages, and even excerpts from entire articles; they also pay attention to collecting historical allusions and vivid stories. A story with thoughtful connotations. Whenever I have time, I will read it. Over time, I will be infected. These aphorisms, allusions, stories, etc. will become my own, active in my articles, and I will improve my language level unconsciously. It increases the literary grace of the language and enriches the content of the article.

It should be noted that we must also have the idea of ????"learning to apply". In the past, some students also asked me, I have excerpted two books this semester, but why do I still feel speechless when it comes to the composition? There are two reasons for this: First, if you have "soldiers", you will not use "soldiers". "Raise soldiers for a thousand days, use them for a while." The most direct purpose of our accumulation of materials is to use them when writing articles. When the time comes, you will Think of these materials and learn how to use them. The student who asked the question just copied them and didn't use them. Second, when copying, there is no useful consciousness. Our study time is very precious. When we copy something, we must think about whether it is useful or not. If the material is useless, then I would rather take a rest than copy it. Last year, I held a Chinese learning experience introduction meeting in the class I taught. Hu Sen said that he copied a story and added annotations below to remind himself what perspectives it was used in. I think this approach is worth learning. It can be said that Hu Sen's approach is a more economical and efficient excerpting method. You can give it a try.

(10) Answering skills. Question-answering skills are an important subject. Some students lose points not because of their knowledge and ability, but because of their lack of question-answering skills. Mastering good problem-solving methods and techniques can make review more effective. For example, when reviewing problematic sentences, you must not only grasp the characteristics of the six types of faulty sentences, but also master some methods of analyzing faulty sentences:

(1) Reading method. The critical reading method is to find the flaws in the sentences through careful reading. Generally speaking, anything that sounds awkward to read and vague to the ears may be a problem. After finding the problem, analyze and judge carefully, find out the cause of the speech problem, and then correct it. For example, "In response to the rising international crude oil prices, the United States, India and other countries have established or increased oil reserves. Our country must also establish a national strategic oil reserve system as soon as possible." Read the first clause "In response to the rising international crude oil prices," If it doesn't make sense, add words like "situation" or "situation" at the end to make it smoother.

(2) Compression method. The contraction method is to remove the modifying elements of the sentence and check the main part for language defects. For example, "He immediately convened the Standing Committee to conduct research, and uniformly arranged the content, time, and attendees of the on-site meeting, as well as issues that should be paid attention to during the meeting." After condensing it, it is "He arranged the content, time, personnel, and "Problem." Obviously, "arrange" and "problem" are not the right combination.

(3) Analogy. It can also be called the "imitation method", which is to imitate the sentence according to the format of the sentence that you suspect has a grammatical defect. If the imitated sentence has a grammatical defect, then the original sentence also has a grammatical defect. For example, "This Spring Festival, this city's 210 fire trucks and more than 3,000 fire officers and soldiers gave up their vacations and always insisted on working at their respective posts." If this sentence makes sense, you can use an analogy to test: "Several people in this factory Ten machines and hundreds of workers gave up their vacations. "Dozens of classrooms and dozens of teachers in this school gave up their vacations." Obviously, "machines", "classrooms", and "fire trucks" will not "give up their vacations." .

(4) Comparative method. When selecting items with grammatical defects, two of the four options are often easy to eliminate. The remaining two are difficult. The option with greater interference factors also gives people a specious impression. At this time, it is necessary to conduct Careful and detailed comparison. If it is confirmed that there are problems with both items, choose the one with the larger and more obvious problem.

Another example is the modern reading questions:

1. Have text awareness.

We must learn the ability to "deduct" the answer from the original text, instead of asking you to take it for granted and answer according to your own point of view, but to be able to grasp the author's ideological point of view, but this ideological point of view It is not necessarily correct, and when students do the questions, they often do not screen the author's views, but write down what is generally considered to be the correct view.

For example, the following paragraph,

2. Have context awareness.

Understanding context and improving the ability to understand sentences in specific contexts are the key to improving the overall level of modern reading. Specifically speaking, it includes the following aspects;

(1) Understand the meaning of relevant statements in conjunction with the context. In a paragraph, sentences express certain meanings and omit and imply certain meanings, which are complementary to each other. Some are inherited one after another, some are complementary to each other, some define the scope first and then analyze it, some are expressed and some are omitted... If you turn a blind eye to relative sentences, your reading comprehension will inevitably deviate from the context.

For example, when we read Lu Xun's "The True Story of Ah Q", it begins with a awning boat "carrying great unrest to Weichuang, and before noon the people of the whole village were shaken." The beginning of the next chapter says, "The people of Weichuang are becoming increasingly peaceful." There is a chapter of narrative description in between, and then there is a story about braids, about the failure of the revolution, and about the robbery of the Zhao family. Ah Q finally did not come forward. , and another sentence, "There is no moon on this night, and Weichuang is very quiet in the darkness, as quiet as the time of Emperor Xi."

Question-answering skills are a big topic, for high school students facing the college entrance examination It is also very important. We will talk about it more specifically in the future. Let’s take a look at the questions first and ask students to constantly summarize and accumulate their own answering skills.

The ancients said: "The river comes from Minshan, and its source can be traced back to the source." The richer the accumulation of knowledge, the easier it is to display intelligence and ability, and it is conducive to the formation of ability.

2. Reading habit.

(1) Reading. Reading is reading with sound. Ancient people called going to school "reading", which shows how much traditional Chinese education thought attaches importance to "reading". The fundamental reason why many students today have poor Chinese literacy is that from junior high school to high school, they only focus on doing various mock tests without serious "recitation" training. But the formation of a person's language ability is completed precisely in the process of reciting. Therefore, we should read the excellent works selected in the textbook, especially the articles that require memorization, carefully. In addition to these, we should also find some articles with rich literary and emotional meanings, read them over and over again, and subtly improve our own reading ability. Chinese literacy.

Some students may think that reading is not tested in the college entrance examination, and reading articles is meaningless for the exam. In fact, many questions in the Chinese language test paper are not based on rational analysis but on high language sensitivity. You may get some multiple-choice questions right, but you may not be able to answer the reason why. This does not mean that you got it right based on luck. In fact, you got it right based on your sense of language. Where does the correct sense of language come from? From reading.

There is a question to examine recitation.

Fill in the appropriate idioms on the horizontal lines.

Even a ship of thousands of tons will bump up and down when encountering such a big wind and wave, ------ such a small ship. (Moreover, besides, besides)

If analyzed from a grammatical perspective, all three words express a progressive relationship and are often used at the beginning of the second clause. We really can't confirm which word to fill in. At the same time, as a high school student, it is impossible to grasp the usage and meaning of modern Chinese function words in detail. Even if you remember some of their basic usage, it is difficult to judge when you encounter specific sentences. However, if you try reading it, you will be able to conclude that the word you should choose is "what's more". If you choose "and, what's more," it will not be read smoothly. If we pay attention, we will find that when we usually speak and write articles, the sentences after "and, besides," are generally relatively long, while the sentences after "what's more," are relatively short.

We must develop the habit of not reading or writing. One is to write down useful knowledge at any time, new words, new words, vivid sentences, and beautiful paragraphs, and combine reading with accumulation. The second is to comment on the reading materials, making targeted and unique comments on their content, structure, language, techniques, and word choice and sentence making. Commentary reading is a traditional Chinese reading method. In ancient times, there were Mao Zonggang's commentary on "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and Jin Shengtan's commentary on "Water Margin". In modern times, there is Mao Zedong's commentary on "Twenty-Four Histories". The third is to write reading notes, insights, etc., to combine reading and writing.

3. Writing habits.

(1) Accumulate materials. "It's hard for a clever woman to make a meal without rice." Materials are the basis of composition. The accumulation of materials should start from the following aspects: first, your own personal experience and experience (including your own surrounding environment), which is an extremely rich and actionable source of materials; second, the content of the texts you have learned, which is also a considerable The third is the material library; the third is the typical materials, wonderful fragments, famous sayings, etc. found in extracurricular reading (books, newspapers, movies, etc.) that reflect social life. "Reader" and "Youth Digest" are two magazines with strong story-telling. Many students like to read them, but they should not forget them after just reading them. They should extract the wonderful stories and passages from them. Just now I mentioned that you need to be aware of the usefulness when excerpting, and there is also the issue of how to use it. The September 16 issue of the "Chinese Language Newspaper" that our classmates subscribed to published an article "Going on the Road with Confidence." The author of this article, He Mingcan, is a student in the second experimental class of the third year of high school in our school. He is now studying at Northeastern University. Let's read this article Article, feel the important role of accumulation in writing.

Go on the road with confidence

He Mingcan from the experimental class of Henan Taikang No. 1 High School

When you are at the helm of the river of life, what controls you is not the waves but the waves. It is the compass that remains unchanged in my heart: self-confidence. -------Inscription

Edison said: "Confidence is the first secret of success." Yes, young people who dream of success, facing the dangerous ocean of life, can only bring confidence and be full of hope. Only with hope can we sail through the waves, rush from the dark night and darkness to the morning light and dawn, and sail from the dangerous shoals to the clear water and blue sky------

Listen to the story of Pando and Seiji Ozawa, Maybe you will gain some confidence.

The biting cold wind mixed with snowflakes and ice mercilessly hit his face. The thin air was suffocating. The rocks under his feet were slippery and steep. Pando slipped off the boulder again. Come down. We were almost at the top of the mountain. All our teammates had climbed over the boulder, and Pando was the only one left. As the only female team member, she does not think she is weaker than others. She believes that she will be able to reach the top of Mount Everest. Her teammates also encouraged her. Her face turned purple and she was out of breath, but she climbed onto the rock again, gritted her teeth, and bit by bit - Pando climbed over the boulder, climbed to the top of the mountain with his teammates, and stood on the In the snow, she felt endless pride and pride.

Confidence gave Pando strength and the courage to overcome difficulties, allowing her to break through all obstacles with great perseverance, climb over boulders, climb to the highest point in the world, realize her dreams and achieve success. That feat in history.

The famous musician Seiji Ozawa is also a model of success through self-confidence. In the finals of an international music conducting competition, the top two contestants both performed a short period of unpleasant music during the conduction process, but they both conducted the performance "seriously" and bowed to the referee's seat with an apologetic smile. Seiji Ozawa was the third and last person to ascend the podium. The performance was going very smoothly. Like the previous two, he suddenly saw a small section of disharmony in the music score. He tried to conduct, but finally stopped and asked the people on the referee's bench if they had made a mistake. The referee responded coldly: "Please continue to play, this is the most authoritative score!" Ozawa Seiji tried to conduct again, but finally He stopped again and said that there was a mistake in the music score. The referee warned him not to disrespect authority, but he firmly shouted: "No! This must be a mistake!" At this time, the referees all stood up, applauded warmly, and congratulated him. Seiji Ozawa won the grand prize.

Didn’t the first two conductors discover the mistake? However, success only favors confident people like Seiji Ozawa.

Facing Mount Everest, Pan Duo climbed over with confidence; facing "authority", Ozawa Seiji used confidence to question. Let us follow in their footsteps, wear a brilliant outfit, have a sincere heart, go on the road with confidence, and use our strength to overcome the obstacles and move towards the light!

[Teacher’s Comments] The novel title, eye-catching inscription, and bright beginning are the highlights carefully created by the author, and have achieved a head start effect. Two typical examples illustrate that in the face of difficulties and opportunities, only with confidence can you succeed. The analysis after the examples is concise and to the point. The ending wraps up the whole article and points out the theme.

[Comments] The beginning of the article uses concise words to point out the reasons for writing, and closely follows the material to put forward a point of view: Repay kindness with kindness. The main part does not adopt the traditional method of "inheriting and transferring", but calmly and leisurely tells three short stories of "repaying kindness", clarifying one's own views in an interesting narrative, which is borrowed from the prose of various scholars. The legacy of fables and reasoning. Quoting famous aphorisms at the end can also summarize the connotation of the story and make the theme more clear and profound.

I hope this article can give some inspiration to students on how to use materials from other people’s articles.

(2) Be good at thinking. Some students' compositions always simply describe trivial matters around them, without profound ideological connotations and novel insights. They do not observe and think about life deeply enough, and fail to grasp the key to sublimating the theme of the article. If candidates want to write articles with profound thoughts and unique insights, they must have in-depth feelings, understanding, and thinking about life phenomena, and refine them by "removing the false and retaining the true, removing the rough and retaining the essence, from the outside to the inside", and strive to improve the quality of life. From the ore, the precious "gold" of life is extracted. The material is the "flesh and blood" of the article, the profound ideological connotation is the "soul" of the article, and the profound thinking is the means and process of making the "soul" emerge from the "flesh and blood". Without careful thinking, it is impossible to refine life and sublimate the theme. Learn to start small and dig deeper. Through the analysis and excavation of specific and ordinary trivial things, objects and relevant details, the profound ideological connotations contained in them are revealed. A drop of water reflects the brilliance of the sun, embodying the great spirit in every detail. For example, in the article "The Little Heat in Winter", I wrote that due to my serious vanity, I was afraid of being laughed at by other students, so I did not dare to bring tea eggs to school to eat. Later, after observing and thinking about the hard life of the aunt who sells tea eggs, , realized the difficulty of life, and resolutely brought the tea eggs that were hidden behind others in front of the classmates who were "eating hamburgers". This is a way to say goodbye to the vain "I". The author wrote: "The outer skin of (tea eggs) is bitter and hard, but the inside is steaming, burning my heart. In life, there is no escape from hardship and monotony, and the beauty and enthusiasm of life are contained in this hardship and In the monotony, we need to explore instead of just complaining and feeling sorry for ourselves.” This passage reveals the essential meaning of life and is the spark of thought produced by the collision of positive thinking and simple life.

(3) Copy the sample essay. Students with poor composition skills and a low starting point should first work hard on copying articles, that is, copy according to the three points mentioned below: First, choose appropriate essays, for example, better essays in newspapers and periodicals, or outstanding essays among classmates. Composition; secondly, copy sentences into sentences, do not read one or two words, copy one or two words, but read and copy one sentence, and do not even copy the wrong punctuation; thirdly, you must persist, if you copy a thousand words every day, then If you persist for at least two months, you will have significant results. If you persist for half a year, your composition level will make a qualitative leap, which is more effective than reading any writing method book.

(4) Be diligent in practicing writing. "The song never leaves the mouth, and the punch never leaves the mouth." The same goes for writing articles. The more you practice, the more practice makes perfect. You can practice pen writing in the following ways: First, develop the habit of writing a diary. The second is to often write fragments of life, life scenes, etc. in the style of a painter's sketching, to accumulate materials and skills. The third is to write down your life feelings in time. Life is rich and colorful. Some things touch your soul and make you feel, think and gain, so you can record them in time.

These thoughts from life often shine with the aura of personality, and they will shine with dazzling brilliance when written into articles.

(5) Repeated revisions. Most of the students I have taught who are able to write and publish articles pay great attention to revising their articles. After they complete their compositions, they are always willing to listen to the teacher's opinions and then either make revisions or redo them. Write. This is probably one of the important reasons why they can write good articles. However, it is unrealistic for teachers to provide specific revision suggestions for every essay. It is best to understand the general essentials of revision, do it yourself, practice revision frequently, and develop the habit of revising articles. If you really can't make up your mind and don't know how to modify it, ask the teacher for his opinion again, or try the modification and then listen to the teacher's opinion. A major prerequisite for revising an article is that the article you write can really be revised. That is to say, an article can only be revised if there are no major problems in content, structure, and language. If the intention is off-topic, the content is empty, the ideas are confusing, and the language is too poor , it is not suitable for modification, because modification cannot solve the problem in this regard. If your articles are often in the lower grades of Category 3 or Category 4 in the exam, then you should work hard on copying first.

(6) Standardize operations. Examination composition is different from ordinary literary works, and also different from daily practice pens. It has its own characteristics and operating specifications. Only by complying with these operating specifications can you get high scores.

1. The habit of making an outline first.

During daily training, some students do not pay attention to writing composition outlines, and the articles they write are often tight at the front and loose at the back, top-heavy. Due to the large amount of written text in the Chinese language of the college entrance examination, most candidates do not write a draft when composing, so it is particularly important to first make a detailed outline of the questions and follow the outline.

2. The habit of getting into the topic quickly.

To get to the topic quickly is to get straight to the point and express the main content of the article quickly. Sometimes it is divided into several layers, but also to "start with the topic", and then push through the layers to explain the topic clearly, those "objective topics" There is no need to say "clichés" or "cut-scenes". If you are writing an argumentative essay, you should enter into reasoning as soon as possible. You should not repeat the topic material in large quantities or highlight existing problems. This is because "representing one's opinions with narration" often interferes with the reasoning content of the discussion.

3. The habit of writing carefully.

Illegitimate writing, messy corrections, and difficult to decipher handwriting directly affect the expression of content and the emotions of marking teachers, and may even result in low scores. The neat roll surface and correct fonts themselves give people a sense of beauty and are often favored by marking teachers. Develop good writing habits in daily life, take them seriously in the examination room, and create a writing surface that adds color to the article.

4. Write the text according to the title.

"The vastness of the sea depends on the leap of the fish." A fish swimming in the sea is extremely free, but it cannot swim to the shore. From this perspective, its freedom is limited. The same is true for topic composition. Candidates must write within the scope of the topic, that is, write according to the topic, so as to "conform to the meaning of the topic" and lay a good foundation for getting high scores.

5. Follow the rules.

Examination composition is a contest with rules, and every contestant must abide by the rules. For example: (1) Number of words. The composition is required to be no less than 800 words. This is a rule. If you write too much, you will feel bloated. If you write too much, you will be deducted one point for every 50 words. In practice, the points will be deducted more than This regulation is much higher. (2) The composition style is of your own choice, but once a certain style is chosen, candidates must abide by the writing standards of that style, otherwise they will lose points. (3) Make no typos and maintain a good writing image. Typos and unclean writing often cause some people's compositions to fall into the fourth category. The detailed rules for grading essays stipulate that 1 point will be deducted for three typos. In fact, the points deducted for typos are much higher than this rule. Unclean writing is a reflection of a bad learning attitude. The fonts are scrawled and scrawled at will, resulting in ink stains on the scroll.