The composition characteristics of "Kalan Blade" China naval special forces and its role in modern warfare

The Development of Chinese Marine Corps and Its Role in Future War

In the naval sequence of major naval countries in the world, the Marine Corps is an important strike force. Since King Charles I of Spain established the first Marine Corps in the history of human war in 1537, the Marine Corps has become an elite strike force of the world's naval powers with its unique amphibious joint combat capability and powerful attack power. Has been playing an important role in the war. Especially in World War II, the powerful amphibious combat attack capability of the Marine Corps and its pivotal position in the war were vividly demonstrated. Among them, the US Marine Corps was invincible in landing operations such as Normandy landing in the Atlantic Ocean in Europe, Guadalcanal landing in the Asia-Pacific, Iwo Jima landing and Okinawa landing, and became the symbol of the entire US Navy. Won the praise of "the most offensive army". At the same time, it also played the name of "the fifth service of the United States." Become the pride of the American army.

The great role and outstanding performance of the Marine Corps in World War II prompted all maritime powers in the world to vigorously develop the Marine Corps. China is a maritime power with more than 3 million square kilometers and more than 6,000 islands, and immediately began to form its own Marine Corps after the founding of New China. 1953, the Chinese People's Liberation Army Marine Corps was formally established. At that time, a * * * had five marine divisions and two chariot regiments, and its strength at its peak was close to 1 10000. Shortly after its establishment, the young Chinese Marine Corps took part in the world-famous 1955 1.08 Liberation of Jiangshan Island. He played an outstanding role in the battle. Become the core strike force of the ground troops in the whole campaign. However, due to the lack of understanding of the importance of the Marine Corps. 1957 65438+ 10, China cancelled the establishment of the marine corps. The original personnel and weapons were incorporated into the army. Since then, China's army has not had a large-scale amphibious combat force for a long time.

The withdrawal of the Marine Corps has seriously affected the comprehensive combat capability of China's army. Its evil consequences were vividly demonstrated in the subsequent recovery war of Xisha Islands. 1974 1 year, the China People's Liberation Army launched an operation to recover the Xisha Islands occupied by South Vietnam. When the officers and men of the South China Sea Fleet created the miracle of defeating Vietnamese ships with four boats, the China military immediately decided to reinforce Xisha in a big way. In addition to mobilizing naval warships to reinforce, it also mobilized about four battalions of the army to participate in the war to recover the three islands of Ganquan, Coral, Gold and Silver occupied by South Vietnam. Although the participating troops showed high fighting spirit. And won the battle. However, because the army is not used to cross-sea amphibious operations. Except for a few amphibious tank units, many officers and men of other units have some uncomfortable reactions, such as seasickness and inadaptability to rubber boats. Seriously affected the play of combat effectiveness. Cause unnecessary losses. This result forced the China Army to reconsider the role of the Marine Corps. Later, with a large number of islands and reefs in the South China Sea, especially the Nansha Islands occupied by neighboring countries such as Vietnam, the form of the Taiwan Province Strait became increasingly tense. China finally decided to reorganize the Marine Corps. 1979 12.20, heavy marine corps resumed its organizational system. 1 On May 5, 980, the South China Sea Fleet1Brigade was established in Longzhou, Hainan Island. Subsequently, the Marine Corps Brigade was established in the North Sea and the East China Sea Fleet.

The newly formed Chinese Marine Corps includes the equipment and technology of almost all arms: signal soldiers, scouts, armored soldiers, chemical defense soldiers, artillery, engineers and so on. At present, the Chinese Marine Corps is mainly equipped with light equipment, supplemented by a small number of old amphibious armored transport vehicles and light tanks, with poor firepower and armor protection capabilities.

At present, the main mechanized equipment of the Chinese Marine Corps includes Type 59 medium-sized tanks, Type 63 amphibious tanks, Type 77 amphibious armored transport vehicles, Type 89 122 mm self-propelled howitzers and towed artillery. Among them, the Type 59 tank was copied from the T-54 medium-sized tank in the 1950s and 1960s of the former Soviet Union, and the Type 63 amphibious tank was also improved with reference to the PT-76 amphibious tank in the 1950s and 1960s of the former Soviet Union. Two kinds of vehicles have been in service for half a century. Their firepower, protection and fire control systems are outdated and cannot meet the needs of future operations. Although China successfully developed the 63-A amphibious tank in 1990s, its firepower, protection and fire control system have been greatly improved compared with the earlier 63-A amphibious tank, but in order to float, its protection is still insufficient. Although the Marine Corps Type 59 medium tank has made some improvements, such as replacing the105mm gun, new fire control system and adding reactive armor, it still cannot meet the demand.

The biggest factor that restricts the combat effectiveness of the Chinese Marine Corps comes from the means of transportation and delivery. This is mainly landing ships and helicopters. At present, the main amphibious warship of China Navy is a large amphibious tank landing ship. Including 073 series, 074 series and current 072 series. Among them, the 072II "Yuting" class is the latest tank landing ship of the Navy. The ship redesigned the helicopter landing deck on the basis of the original Type 072. It can carry two helicopters for landing operations. With a full displacement of 4,800 tons, it can carry 250 fully armed soldiers, 10 chariots, 4 landing craft for personnel and vehicles, 1 722 domestic air cushion landing craft and 1 medium helicopter. It is the absolute main force of China Navy's amphibious operations at present. However, the ship still cannot meet the development needs of the Marine Corps. China's navy will definitely develop towards ocean-going and reloading in the future. Type 072II is incompetent in all aspects.

In 2006, the data began to reveal the progress of a new generation of large-scale ocean-going amphibious dock landing ships in China. The ship was launched in February 2006. The full-load displacement of the new amphibious dock landing ship is1.8-20,000 tons, which is equivalent to the British "ocean" class. The command room, control cabin, medical rescue cabin and some living quarters of the new ship are mainly located on the L deck and the tall superstructure, while the living quarters, offices and kitchens of the crew and landing troops are located on the 2nd floor. The landing cabin is placed under the No.2 deck in two sections, the front section is 2 floors, which can store armored vehicles and some other materials. A small elevator is installed at the entrance and exit for moving goods between the two floors, and a jump door for vehicles to land is installed on the bulkhead in the front section. The back section is the dock landing cabin, with a total length of about 70 meters, which is mainly used for parking various types of air-cushion landing craft, mechanical landing craft or vehicle landing craft. People in the front cabin or armored vehicles can go to the rear cabin from special passages to board the hovercraft. There is a closable docking area at the stern, which enables the landing craft to board the ship quickly and safely through the ballast water at the stern, and drive in and out directly. The weapon system of the new ship includes two Russian-made AK-630 short-range anti-aircraft guns arranged on the left and right sides of the middle and rear of the bridge, eight combined "Haihongqi -7" short-range air defense missile systems in front of the bridge and 1 door domestic 76mm rapid-fire guns.

The appearance of the new amphibious dock landing ship marks that the amphibious combat capability of the China Navy has officially begun to develop to the ocean. The amphibious landing war in the future is no longer a single beach landing. It must be a three-dimensional combat mode of land and air joint. Especially the vertical landing of helicopters will be an important part of amphibious landing in the future. China Navy's Zhi-18 helicopter is a multi-purpose helicopter imported from France by China in the late 1970s. It is a large multi-purpose helicopter with excellent performance. It can carry up to 39 people, a BJ_22 jeep and its crew, or 3000 kilograms of cargo to fly 500 kilometers, which is very suitable for amphibious landing operations. At present, the latest improved version of the domestic Zhi -8 has begun to equip troops in batches. The appearance of the newly improved Zhi -8 has changed a lot, and it is difficult to connect with the prototype. The improved performance has been greatly improved, which can fully meet the needs of landing operations.

As an important means of beach scouring, air cushion landing craft is of great significance to amphibious beach scouring. In the past, the displacement of domestic small 7ll, 7 16 and 722 air-cushion landing craft equipped by the Chinese Marine Corps was below 80 tons. Functions barely carry a small number of light infantry. Can't meet the needs of future operations. In 2005, it was reported that China would introduce Ukrainian bison-class large hovercraft. But this ship has many shortcomings. If the reliability of the engine is low, faults will often occur. And the volume does not match the domestic new amphibious dock landing ship. Therefore, it is unlikely to be introduced. In fact, the development of air-cushion landing craft in China is not bad. In 2006, China officially unveiled the latest domestic heavy-duty air-cushion landing craft. Unlike the original expectation, this ship is more like the American LCAC. The cab is located on both sides of the ship, which surrounds the central cargo hold like a wall. The power plant is four new gas turbines. It can load 1 99 main battle tank and a class of infantry at a time. It fully meets the needs of China's navy.

With the service of a series of new ships, the amphibious combat capability of China Navy has made a qualitative leap. However, the new amphibious dock landing ship still has considerable shortcomings. One of the most important points is that the carrying capacity of helicopters is obviously insufficient. You can load up to 3 straight-8s at a time. The vertical delivery capacity is obviously insufficient. This is determined by the congenital deficiency of the new amphibious dock landing ship. Therefore, the only solution is that the China Navy must develop a large ocean-going amphibious assault ship that can directly enter the deck.

At present, the world's major maritime countries have begun to develop large-scale ocean-going amphibious assault ship. Japan and South Korea around China have been equipped with such ships. Japan is "Otsuka" class, while South Korea is "Bamboo Island" class. The appearance of these amphibious assault ship is an important warning to China's navy. The large ocean-going amphibious assault ship has incomparable advantages over amphibious dock landing ships. This amphibious dock landing ship can be competent for all large ocean-going amphibious assault ship. Moreover, in terms of the use of air power, amphibious dock landing ships are not at the same level as large ocean-going amphibious assault ship. In addition to helicopters, large ocean-going amphibious assault ship can also carry fixed-wing combat attack aircraft, because its large through deck is similar to an aircraft carrier. This is absolutely impossible for an amphibious dock landing ship. It is very important for the Marine Corps to have its own fixed-wing combat attack aircraft. Both Japan and South Korea's amphibious assault ship have the ability to carry fixed-wing combat attack aircraft. In fact, Koreans themselves clearly refer to the "Bamboo Island" class as a light aircraft carrier, and clearly indicate that they will carry the American F-35 short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft in the future. In this way, the "Bamboo Island" class will become a veritable aircraft carrier.

If the Chinese Marine Corps wants to go to the ocean in the future, it must be equipped with a large ocean-going amphibious assault ship. This is a necessary condition. In the future, the full-load displacement of China-made large-scale ocean-going amphibious assault ship will reach at least 20,000-28,000 tons. Large displacement can ensure the carrying capacity. China's future large-scale ocean-going amphibious assault ship should learn more from the "Gafur" class multi-purpose light aircraft carrier, rather than other types of ships. "Gafur" class has a full-load displacement of 27100t, a total length of 244m, a width of 39m and a draft of 8.7m.. "Gafur" class is not an aircraft carrier in the general sense, but a new type of multi-purpose ship. It can be used as an aircraft carrier and has all the performance of amphibious assault ship. It represents the future development direction of amphibious assault ship.

China Navy's future large-scale amphibious assault ship should be designed with reference to "Gafur" class. The ship's hull adopts a straight flight deck with a diagonal deck. The full-load displacement should reach at least 20,000-28,000 tons. The bow of the ship adopts the sliding deck, which can further increase the take-off weight of the fixed-wing aircraft, increase the bomb load and oil load, and increase the operational radius. It can carry 12 straight -8 and 6-8 fixed-wing combat attack aircraft or 4 large air-cushion landing craft. Ship-borne weapons should be equipped with vertical launch domestic 12 Guanhongqi-16 ship-to-air missiles and domestic new technology missile-gun integrated near defense system to deal with air threats. The electronic command and control system is quite mature in China. In the future, the new large-scale amphibious assault ship should have the function of a command ship. This can be used as the core command ship of the future ocean amphibious assault formation to command other ships to cooperate with the operation.

An important factor that restricts China Navy's future large-scale amphibious assault ship combat capability is the fixed-wing combat attack aircraft. Due to the limited deck area, large amphibious assault ship can only carry short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft. China is still blank in this respect. China has made efforts in this field. Including the British "Harrier" short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft developed by ourselves and tried to introduce. But none of them succeeded. China can cooperate with Russia in this respect in the future. Russia's technical strength in short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft exceeds that of Britain. The world's first supersonic short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft is the Russian Yako-14 1 "Free" short-range/vertical take-off and landing combat attack aircraft. The technology of this machine is quite mature. The lack of funds after the disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the stop of the development of the project. However, Yake Design Bureau has been looking for partners to continue development. China can carry out technical cooperation with Russia to jointly develop Jacques-14 1. Of course, since China has paid the price for this, it must master all relevant technologies and make it home-made. At the same time, the prototype must be improved. This machine was developed in the early 1990s. Now some technologies, especially avionics systems, are relatively backward. The existing technology can be used to systematically improve the stealth and avionics system of aircraft, such as using new composite materials and radar absorbing coatings to improve the stealth performance. In the avionics system, the aircraft used to use the fly-by-wire control system, which has matured in China. It can be replaced by domestic three-axis four-redundancy telex control system. In terms of fire control system, due to the size limitation, we can replace the domestic FC- 1 "Xiaolong" light fighter with a complete set of fire control system including radar. These measures will greatly improve the combat effectiveness of the original Jacques-14 1. At the same time, in the future, the sliding deck adopted at the bow of large domestic amphibious assault ship ships can further improve the bomb load and operational radius. At the same time, space should be reserved in the hull when designing, and the catapult should be installed after the technology is mature. This is not uncommon. American wasp-class amphibious assault ship is equipped with catapults. Fixed-wing combat attack aircraft equipped with catapults on domestic large-scale amphibious assault ship will be able to fight with full bomb load and oil load. The attack capability and operational flexibility of the Chinese Marine Corps with its own fixed-wing fighter will be improved unprecedentedly. This large domestic amphibious assault ship will give the Chinese Marine Corps a strong air-ground joint operation capability.

The combat nature of the Marine Corps determines the cruelty of its combat environment. At present and in the near future, China may have a war in Taiwan Province Province, followed by Nansha Islands. Among them, the future unification war in Taiwan Province Province will be a "Normandy"-style large-scale amphibious joint landing operation. Nansha Islands will be an island-by-island battle. On these two battlefields, the Chinese Marine Corps will be the first attack wave to carry out beach landing operations. However, the cruel environment of landing operations requires very high equipment protection and firepower. Otherwise, it will bring huge casualties to the troops who carried out the first wave of landing operations, and it will also be extremely unfavorable to the subsequent operations. In order to fight the war for the reunification of the motherland, the army of Taiwan Province Province has been preparing for landing resistance for more than 50 years. In particular, the beach is more fully prepared for anti-landing operations. The Taiwan military has established a multi-level, three-dimensional and in-depth comprehensive anti-landing firepower system at the beach head. Vietnam in Nansha has occupied China Island for many years, and has also established a fairly stable comprehensive defense system. This writing is a serious threat to the future Chinese Marine Corps. Strong protection and firepower are exactly what all the mechanized equipment of the Chinese Marine Corps lacks at present.

At present, the marine corps in developed countries are equipped with advanced main battle tanks. For example, the US Marine Corps is equipped with M 1-A 1, and the Russian Marine Corps is equipped with T-80U. However, the Chinese Marine Corps, which plays an important role in safeguarding national territorial unity and maritime rights and interests, is still blank in this respect. At present, there is no public information that the Chinese Marine Corps is equipped with main battle tanks. Type 59 is totally unsuitable for future wars. However, the protection ability of the current 63-A amphibious tank is even worse.

The initial factor limiting the Chinese Marine Corps' reloading is delivery and delivery tools. However, with a series of new ships coming into service, this situation will be completely reversed. The next question is what kind of main battle tank the Chinese Marine Corps should be equipped with.

At present, there are two kinds of equipment suitable for the Chinese Marine Corps. One is the Type 96 main battle tank. The other is the famous Type 99 main battle tank. In my opinion, of these two tanks, the Type 99 main battle tank is more suitable for the Chinese Marine Corps. Although the weight of Type 99 main battle tank is heavier than Type 96. But heavier weight means better protection. And protection is exactly what the Marine Corps needs. At the same time, as an elite armed force, the Marine Corps should be equipped with advanced tanks. Compared with Type 99 main battle tank, Type 96 main battle tank is a typical low-grade equipment. In all respects, it is not as suitable for the Marine Corps as the Type 99.

ZTZ-99 main battle tank: It is the latest main battle tank of our army with excellent bulletproof appearance. Its turret and car body are all made of composite armor, and its bulletproof ability has doubled. It is the main assault force of our armored division and infantry division, and is known as China's land trump card. The total combat weight of the tank is 5 1 ton, and the muzzle is 10 m when moving forward, with a length of 7.6 m, a width of 3.5 m and a height of 2.37 m. The maximum road speed is 70 kilometers per hour, and the acceleration time of 0-32 kilometers is 65,438+02 seconds. After refitting Type 99 with a new engine, the maximum road speed is 80km/h and the maximum off-road speed is 60km/h. Our ZTZ99 main battle tank is equipped with a125mm high bore pressure sliding bore tank gun. When using tungsten alloy tail to stabilize armor-piercing projectile, it can penetrate 850 mm homogeneous armor at a distance of 2000 meters, while when using special alloy armor-piercing projectile, its armor-piercing ability exceeds 960 mm at the same distance. The gun can also launch Russian-made125mm caliber gun-launched missiles copied by China. 7.62 mm parallel machine gun [2500 rounds]; The base number of shells is 40 rounds; The fire control system adopts the internationally advanced and popular hunter-fighter fire control system (also known as the dual command ceremony). Its most notable feature is that the commander can surpass the fire control system, including shooting, tracking targets and indicating targets. A laser dazzling suppression jamming device is installed at the back of the tank turret. At present, compared with the main battle tanks in major western countries, our system is really unique, with night combat capability, equipped with thermal imager, the observation distance of tank targets can reach 2000 meters at night or under complex meteorological conditions, and it has the ability to shoot moving targets at day/night. Tank protection ability: Turret is composed of composite armor plate, which can be hung with composite reaction armor plate or shielding armor. The car is equipped with an efficient automatic fire extinguishing/explosion suppression device, which can extinguish the fire within 10 millisecond; At present, Type 99 tank adopts 1500 HP turbocharged intercooled high-power diesel engine, with a maximum road speed of 80km/h and an acceleration time of 0 ~ 32km12s. The maximum journey is 600 kilometers.

Strong protection, excellent fire control system, strong firepower and excellent maneuverability. All these excellent performances make the 99-type main battle tank undoubtedly the first choice for the Chinese Marine Corps to change clothes. With the publication of new domestic amphibious infantry fighting vehicles and new 63-A amphibious tanks, the attack capability of the Chinese Marine Corps will be greatly improved. At the same time, the China version of AAAV amphibious assault vehicle has also been reported this year. There are two varieties that have been exposed. The first is the basic type of ordinary equipment, equipped with 30 mm caliber artillery. The other is to change the turret of 63-A amphibious tank and the105mm tank gun with enhanced firepower. The service of this type of vehicle will enable the Chinese Marine Corps to have long-distance and high-speed assault capability away from the mother ship and the coast. This is of great significance to future amphibious assault warfare.

Most importantly, with the updating of weapons and equipment and the improvement of combat effectiveness, China Navy and Marine Corps will enter the ocean-going era completely. Accompanying the oceanization will be the qualitative change of China Navy's original marine strategy, naval warfare thought and operational concept, and even the national strategy. This is the most important thing for the China Navy and the entire China Army!

In the future, through the installation and service of a series of new ships and weapons and equipment and the renewal of operational ideas, the Chinese Marine Corps will gain unprecedented ocean reloading and delivery capabilities. The Chinese Marine Corps will change from a lightly equipped offshore defense force to a heavy ocean-going amphibious assault force with ocean-going delivery capability. By then, the Chinese Marine Corps will be able to ensure that at least two heavily armored brigades will be deployed in the first attack wave in the Taiwan Strait to land on the beach in the future, so as to ensure that the Taiwan military's defense forces on the beachhead are destroyed and establish a solid beachhead position, creating good conditions for the subsequent troops to land. It will be easier to recover those Nansha Island reefs occupied by Vietnam and other countries. At the same time, with the increasingly complex international situation. With the continuous improvement of China's international status, China will carry out more peacekeeping missions or send troops to help friendly countries in the future. The Chinese Marine Corps will be another important rapid reaction force after the airborne troops. The Chinese Marine Corps will show China's powerful deterrent power to all forces trying to get their hands on China's maritime rights and national interests!