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First, the privileges of Prime Minister Xiao and Prime Minister Cao. After the establishment of the Great Han Dynasty, Liu Bang enfeoffed his ministers, and Xiao He ranked first among them. The Emperor of Heaven gave him the privilege of "taking a sword to the temple and not going to court". "Take the sword to the temple, that is, the minister can go to the temple without taking off his shoes, and there is no need to trot. Usually, ministers have to go through security check when attending court meetings or talking with you, and their swords have to be kept by the imperial guards in the palace, and their shoes have to be taken off, so they bend down and run to meet you. It is the ultimate achievement of a person and a minister that a minister can get the privilege of "the sword is biased and cannot be changed constantly". Xiao He, the first prime minister of the Han Dynasty, wrote The History of Xiao Family. Although your majesty died in Shandong several times, Xiao He has always treated your majesty in Guanzhong, which is a great achievement. Today, although hundreds of people have died, why are they still short of Korea? You don't have to wait for the whole process. Why add eternal work to the past? Xiao He is the first and Cao Can is the second. " Gaozu said, "Good." So Xiao He went first, gave the sword to the temple, and did not enter the court. However, there are exceptions to everything. Compared with the privilege of Prime Minister Cao Cao, the privilege of Prime Minister Xiao He will be short. After Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and Han Sui's troops in Xiliang, the troops moved back to North Korea. Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty personally greeted him in the outskirts of Shili and wrote a letter to Cao Cao: He praised him for not being famous and not going to court, and took his sword to the temple, just like the story of Xiao He in the Han Dynasty. Since then, it has become Megatron at home and abroad, and all the ruling and opposition parties have followed in the footsteps of Prime Minister Cao. Cao's effect of holding the emperor to make the princes really achieved. "The History of the Three Kingdoms Emperor Wei Zhi": "The son of heaven ordered the public to praise the nameless, not to go to the DPRK, and the sword went to the temple, like the story of Xiao He." "Of course, compared with, the privilege of Prime Minister Xiao He is naturally inferior to that of Prime Minister Cao, except that he" goes to the temple with a sword and does not go to court ". Due to too many privileges of Prime Minister Cao, many ministers in the Han Dynasty regarded Cao as a Chinese thief, and Liu Bei even put up a huge slogan during the Hanzhong War: No bias, no harmony between Chinese thieves. In 2 13 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty conferred Cao Cao as Duke Wei, added nine tin, built the State of Wei, and named it Yecheng. Wei has ten counties in Jizhou, and there are hundreds of officials such as the Prime Minister, Qiu and General. The vassal state that had declined in the Han Dynasty reappeared, and this vassal state was not Liu, but Cao. Xiao He made a great contribution to the Han Dynasty, and was named the marquis of Han Dynasty. That is to say, Xiao He, the prime minister, is just a prince, and Cao, the prime minister, is already the king of a country. In April of 2 16, Cao Cao, the last prime minister of the Han Dynasty, was named Wang Wei by Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, with a city of 30,000 households, ranking above the princes. Not for princes, not worshipped by imperial edicts, but for the emperor's crown, car clothes, flags, rituals and music. Call the police when going in and out. Ancestral temples, ancestors and wax figures were all made in the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao's philosophers are all princes, while Cao Mengde is nominally a Han minister, but actually an emperor. What needs to be pointed out in particular is that Cao Cao is Hanwang and there are 30,000 households in the food city. These 30,000 households are not registered in Wei State, but registered in Han Dynasty. The 30,000 households in the food city were paid to Cao Cao by Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty! Cao, the prime minister of Wang Wei, was not only Wang Wei, but also the prime minister of Han Dynasty, and gave him 30,000 food cities as salary. In contrast, Xiaohe's Wanjia Food City is worse! There are 10,000 households in the same food city, but the prime minister of Xiao He is Marquis, the prime minister of Cao Cao is Baron, and Cao Cao is a food city with 30,000 households, 20,000 more than that of Xiao He. Cao Cao's prime minister is a very important person! Second, Zhong Ming Shi Ding and the Troika Tang Dynasty poet Wang Bo wrote in "Preface to Wang Tengting": Yan Lu rushed to the ground, Zhong Ming Shi Dingjia; Ge boat maze, the fat of green finch and Huanglong. In the pre-Qin period, nobles ate at the same table, each with a table and a portion of food and wine. Dishes are served in a tripod, and musicians ring bells and dance, which is very pleasant. It is called the hometown of bells. In addition to eating and drinking, these nobles all carry swords, which are weapons of gentlemen and symbols of status. After all, civilians and slaves are not qualified to wear swords. Scholars can wear swords, but most of their swords are not as good as those of nobles. These scholars are called samurai or celebrities. Zhong Mingding, an official in Xia and Shang Dynasties, was able to enter the temple directly with a knife and shoes at first, just by putting an equal sign at the gatekeeper. Officials don't have to bow down in front of the monarch. When they see him, they just bow down and nod, and then they can sit directly in their seats and talk to the monarch. Most of the officials at that time were princes of vassal States. Speaking of it, these officials are also the kings of a country. They don't need complicated etiquette to worship the son of heaven. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to consolidate the rule of the dynasty, Zhou Gongdan worked hard to compile a set of etiquette, and used these etiquette to regulate the behavior between monarch and minister. This etiquette system is called "Zhou Li". At this time, the monarchs and courtiers of the vassal States need to call the number, and they can only enter the temple with the permission of the son of heaven. The shoes will be taken off, but the sword can still be taken. After all, the sword is a status symbol. When entering the temple, you need to step into the temple quickly to show your respect for the son of heaven; When courtiers see your face, they can't turn around until they leave the hall. It is disrespectful to turn your back on the son of heaven, and there will be death. But in the Zhou Dynasty, ministers did not stand or kneel, but sat and talked. There are benches and tables at the top of the hall. After the minister enters the hall, he can sit directly in his position without the help of the monarch. Around the time of Song Taizu, the minister went to court and stood up. Only the emperor's special minister can sit down and talk. In the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu put two wings on the official hats of ministers to prevent them from communicating privately when meeting the king. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial power was further strengthened, and the minister's face became kneeling. In the Qing dynasty, ministers generally called themselves slaves, not vassals. The politics of the official hat in the Song Dynasty in the pre-Qin period was advanced by the troika of monarch, prime minister and general. The general is responsible for military struggle, the prime minister is responsible for internal affairs, and the monarch is responsible for overall coordination and final decision-making. The general and the prime minister have their own duties, and they are in charge of their own affairs. There is no need to report to the monarch for non-major events. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the war was fierce, the power structure was relatively simple, the procedures were few, the authority of officials was relatively large, and the troika pulled the country forward, which would be more efficient. In order to ensure the stability of imperial power, the power of ministers is getting less and less, and finally the emperor decides every detail! So the emperors of the Qing dynasty were very diligent. Without diligence, things cannot be done. Without Zhu Pi, things can't be done. " The Book of Shang Jun Tan Min governs the country: breaking the king of the family, breaking the official and breaking the king. Third, in the pre-Qin period in The Four Assassins, the folk customs were tough, where there was blood, there was fighting, men practiced martial arts, and literati had swords. Scholars are divided into samurai, celebrities and chivalrous men: samurai is a national army, celebrities are celebrities with a hundred schools of thought contending, and chivalrous men are famous rangers. Chivalrous culture prevails in China, and he thinks that chivalrous people are people with high martial arts, besides helping the weak, punishing evil and promoting good. Jin Yong even defined chivalry as: the great chivalry is for the country and the people. In fact, the Mohist guard swordsman is the earliest knight! Sima Qian's Biography of Assassins recorded five assassins: Cao Mo, Zhuan Xu, Yurang, Nie Zheng and Jing Ke. These five assassins are world-famous, and they all have the ability to assassinate the king! Although it went down in history, it also changed the tradition of ministers taking swords to the temple. In particular, Nie Zheng killed South Korean Prime Minister Xia Lei, and Jing Ke assassinated Qin Shihuang. It became a tradition for ministers to take swords to the temple. Don't let the minister take the sword to the temple, not only to prevent the minister from killing the king, but also to prevent the assassin from killing the king with the minister's sword! When the state of Qi was in full swing, Nvxia successively captured several cities in the state of Lu. In the general's words, when the wall of the capital of Lu fell, it fell into the territory of Qi. Qi Huangong and Duke Zhuang of Lu formed an alliance in Kedi, and General Cao Mo also took part in this alliance. During the alliance, Cao took the opportunity to approach and threatened to return the land of Lu with a dagger, otherwise he would perish together. Qi Huangong was forced to agree to General Cao's request. Judging from the fact that General Cao Can personally threatened Qi Huangong, it was normal for ministers to face the king with swords in the Spring and Autumn Period. After General Cao Mo threatened Qi Huangong, the monarchs of the vassal states stepped up their security work, surrounded by soldiers and soldiers. It is much more difficult for Zhuan Xu to stab the prince of Wu. Zhuan Xu pretended to be a chef, cooked fish for Wu Wangliao, then hid a fish intestine sword in the fish's stomach, and killed Wu Wangliao with the fish intestine sword while serving fish. Zhuan Xu was chopped to pieces by the samurai. Although he died, his killing of the king was shocking. Nie Zheng is the highest swordsman among the five assassins. He didn't sneak attack like General Cao Mo, nor did he engage in assassination like Zhuan Xu. He drew his sword and went straight to the prime minister's office. The Prime Minister's House, where South Korean Prime Minister Xia Lei is located, is full of soldiers, with swords like wheat clubs and halberds like wood. However, Nie Zheng went straight into the Prime Minister's Mansion with a three-foot sword in his hand, and the military personnel were like paper. It was really invincible, and those who stood in the way would die. Nie Zheng broke into the Prime Minister's Mansion, beheaded the Prime Minister of Xia Lei with a sword, then highlighted the Prime Minister's Mansion, killed dozens of pursuers along the way, and finally committed suicide by caesarean section! Nie Zheng's Historical Records. Biography of the Assassin went to Korea with a sword. Han was tired sitting in the palace, holding a halberd and guarding the waiter. Straight into, summer was stabbed and tired, and it was a mess. Nie Zheng shouted, dozens of people were killed. They died because they cut their eyes and slaughtered their intestines. Jing Ke is the most famous of the five assassins, because he is related to the famous Qin Shihuang! Jing Ke once chopped dragons in the Yangtze River, once boiled wine and discussed swords with famous dog butchers in Yan State, and once listened to songs and danced swords with music master Gao Jianli. Later, at the request of Prince Dan of Yan State, he took the warrior Qin Wuyang to the State of Qin to assassinate Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. The rampant assassins make my king restless for a day, so the security of Qin State is very strict, and ministers are not allowed to bring swords like temples. In addition, there is a magnet in the hall, which can suck the iron away. Jing Ke got Mrs. Zhao Xu's dagger with one hundred gold and poisoned it. Once, a man was cut by a dagger, bleeding to death, and dozens of people died under the knife. It stands to reason that the king of Qin should be killed on the spot, but the only thrill will be blessed, and Jing Ke misses, giving A Zheng a chance to escape. The two men walked around the column. Jing Ke ignored the dignity of the assassin and stopped him if he missed, but he still killed the king of Qin several times. In the panic, the king of Qin's sword could not be parted. At this moment, Xia Wu, a physician, used his quick wits to hit Jing Ke with a medicine cabinet. Qin took out a long sword and cut off Jing Ke's thigh. Jing Ke fell to the ground, but still threw the dagger at the king of Qin, but missed the king of Qin and hit the copper pillar. The king of Qin was furious and stabbed Jing Ke with his sword. Jing Ke bled to death! After Jing Ke stabbed Qin Shihuang as emperor, he was assassinated by an assassin, but all failed. So the emperor is a high-risk occupation, and many people want to kill him. In the 29th year of Qin Shihuang, Sean ambushed Qin Huang in Bolangsha and smashed the emperor's co-pilot with a hammer, but Qin Huang was not in the car and had to wait for death! In the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang visited Xianyang incognito, only to be ambushed by an assassin. The four warriors around him fought a bloody battle with the assassin, and the situation was very critical. Fortunately, the patrol rescued Qin Shihuang in time, and Qin Shihuang was saved from death. "Historical Records" In the twenty-ninth year of Qin Shihuang, the emperor began to travel eastward. I was startled by a thief in the sand of the Wolf of Five Wolves. Seeking fortune is to let the world spend ten days ... In December of thirty-one, the first emperor took a trip to Xianyang and four warriors, and went out to steal Lanchi every night. Seeing embarrassment, the warrior kills the thief and is locked up for 20 days. Four. The evolution of sitting, standing and kneeling After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he strengthened the construction of imperial power, abolished the vassal system and changed it to the central county system. Central officials and county magistrates were directly appointed by the emperor. In the past, the supreme king was demoted and the supreme ruler was made emperor. So many etiquette changes have been made: no swords, no shoes, no walking slowly, no names, no going out to the DPRK, and ministers still have seats, but they can't be ordered by the emperor and can't speak at will. You need to disarm before entering the main hall, and be guarded by the imperial guards in the palace, and then get your own weapons after leaving the DPRK. Qin Shihuang accepted soldiers from all over the world, sold cymbals, and cast them into twelve golden men, standing in the square outside the main hall, similar to Jiuding in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Qin Shihuang basically standardized the etiquette of ministers and princes, and everything was fixed in the form of Qin law. Offenders will be punished even though they have rendered meritorious service. Because the Qin dynasty implemented the county system, all officials received state salaries, and there was only one monarch in the world, that is, the emperor. People who were detained were no longer monarchs. Han inherited the Qin system, but gained a lot. Liu Bang basically inherited the Qin system in an all-round way. After the destruction of Chu in the Han Dynasty, the world was unified. Forced by the situation, Liu Bang promoted the parallel county system. Prime Minister Xiao He's contribution is equivalent to that of Jiang Taigong in Zhou Dynasty, but he is not the king of a country after all. In order to reward Xiao He's contribution, Liu Bang granted Xiao He the privilege of "taking a sword to the temple and not going to court". In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, hundreds of schools were ousted and Confucianism was the only one. Confucianism is not beneficial to governing the country, but it is very beneficial to maintaining stability. Confucianism is very determined to maintain the etiquette system. The princes sat in their seats, waiting for the emperor to face the court. After the Prime Minister came to the imperial court, the emperor stood up to pay tribute to the Prime Minister. The ministers sat down with the emperor to discuss the Tao, which spread from the pre-Qin Dynasty to Kang Youwei's "Imperial Decree of Exemption from Bowing" in the Northern Song Dynasty: in the Han Dynasty, the emperor was the prime minister; In the Jin, Six Dynasties and Tang Dynasties, both the monarch and the minister sat down; Only Song Naili, Yuan Nai knelt down, and later generations followed. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu released the relieving power with a glass of wine, and all the relieving power of the military commanders was returned to the emperor. The emperor's military orders are not allowed, and the generals are not allowed to mobilize troops. Offenders will die. Fan Ju, the prime minister of Song Taizu, was once an emperor. One day, he sat and reported to Mao. Mao said my eyes were bad. You brought me the article. Fan Ju took it and came back to see that the seat had been removed by Mao. Since then, the Prime Minister has no seat. The prime minister, the head of a hundred officials, wants to speak standing, so ministers naturally have to speak standing. Standing on national politics, standing on the surface also has the advantage that ministers can communicate with each other. They used to sit far away, but now they stand very close. In order to prevent ministers from communicating with each other, Song Taizu specially designed an official hat with a pair of wings, so that the distance between officials naturally became farther, and it was impossible to communicate in a low voice. Little wings in the official hat of the Song Dynasty is 40 cm long on one side and 80 cm long on both sides. Plus the width of people, it is at least one meter away. When they are one meter apart, they can't hear in a low voice, but it is not appropriate to speak loudly, thus effectively avoiding the courtiers' private discussion in court. "History of Song Dynasty Yu Fu Zhi" records: "In the system of the state dynasty, the monarch and his subjects used to wear flat feet, ride Yu or fold clothes. At first, it was made of rattan grass towel as lining and yarn as surface, and painted. After that, only the paint is solid. If you go to rattan, you will get a 10% discount in front. Flat feet, iron for it. "After the Yuan Dynasty entered the Central Plains, all ministers should speak on their knees. This tradition was handed down from Mongolia. After all, Mongolia entered the feudal society from slave society for less time and had no cultural tradition of its own, so it formed a ceremony of bowing down. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang further strengthened the imperial power. Courtiers generally knelt down to the king and could not speak until they were ordered by the emperor to stand up straight. The Ming Dynasty also invented the Zhang Ting system, that is, beating ministers with sticks in public in front of civil and military officials, beating the disabled lightly and killing the severely. In the Ming dynasty, when officials went to court, they would write a suicide note to their families in advance. They may be court officials in the morning, but they died at night. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Zhang Ting continued the system of the Ming Dynasty, but its imperial power was further strengthened. Every detail is approved by the emperor. Without the approval of the emperor, no policy can be implemented. It is worth mentioning that before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, it was still a tribal alliance system. Courtiers are slaves of the flag Lord or Khan, calling themselves slaves. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the ministers of Banners called themselves slaves before the emperor, and the ministers of Han nationality called themselves ministers before the emperor. Slaves are more important than priests. Only Manchu ministers and ministers brought into Manchuria can call themselves "slaves" when they meet the emperor. Han Chen can't call himself a slave, otherwise he will be guilty of trespassing. If Manchu and Han ministers jointly wrote a letter, they were all called slaves, and Han ministers were not allowed to obtain the title of slaves in this way. Emperor Qianlong also issued an imperial edict, stipulating that if Manchu ministers jointly went to war in the future, they must be vassals together, and they should not call Manchu ministers slaves again. From kneeling to calling slaves, the imperial power was supreme in feudal society, from sitting with a sword to kneeling to calling slaves, which reflected the gradual strengthening of imperial power. However, things will go to extremes. Although the strengthening of imperial power is conducive to the stability of the regime, it also stifles vitality. The imperial power of the Qing Dynasty reached its extreme, but in the end it had to be constitutional. Because of the far-reaching influence of imperial power, it is impossible to carry out top-down reform, so the imperial power was completely overthrown through revolution.