What types of art are included?

Introduction to art

Art refers to art that occupies a certain plane or space and has a visible image for appreciation. Also called plastic arts and visual arts. According to the purpose, it can be divided into two categories, namely pure fine arts and industrial arts. The term "art" first appeared in Europe in the 17th century, and some people believe that it officially appeared in the mid-18th century. In modern Japan, free translation of Chinese characters was introduced to China around the time of the May 4th Movement and began to be widely used. Concept: Let art integrate into life, into thinking, into soul, and live in the moment.

Definition

One of the categories of art. Use certain material materials, such as color, paper, canvas, soil, stone, wood, metal, wood, etc., to create a visible two-dimensional or three-dimensional visual image to reflect nature and social life and express the artist's ideas and emotions. an artistic activity. Also called plastic arts and visual arts. Mainly includes painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc.

Source

When Europe began to use the term "art" in the 17th century, it generally referred to activities and products with aesthetic significance, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music, Dance etc. Some people think that the term "art" should officially appear in the middle of the 18th century. After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the scope of fine arts expanded, including painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural arts, etc. In the East, it also involved calligraphy and seal cutting arts. This term began to be commonly used around the time of the May 4th Movement in China. In recent decades, European and American countries have rarely used the term "art" and often refer to it as "art".

Mainstream classification

It mainly includes painting, sculpture, crafts, architecture, calligraphy, seal cutting, design, new media and photography. Each category can be further divided into several subcategories according to the subject matter of the performance and the subject matter used.

Painting is the most important art form in plastic arts. It refers to the use of artistic languages ??such as lines, colors and shapes, and through artistic means such as shape, color and composition, in a two-dimensional space (i.e. plane ) is an art form that creates a static visual image to express the author's aesthetic feelings. There are many types of paintings, which can be divided into different categories from different perspectives. From the perspective of region, painting can be divided into Eastern painting and Western painting; from the perspective of tools and materials, painting can be divided into ink painting, oil painting, mural, printmaking, watercolor painting, gouache painting, etc.; from the perspective of subject matter and content, painting can be divided into figure painting and landscape painting. , still life paintings, animal paintings, etc.; from the form of works, paintings can be divided into murals, New Year pictures, comics, comics, propaganda posters, oil paintings, blow paintings, illustrations, etc.

Different types of painting forms have their own unique expressions and aesthetic characteristics due to their different historical traditions. Chinese painting, also known as Chinese painting, has its own system and unique characteristics in the field of world painting, and is the mainstream of the oriental painting system. In terms of tools and materials, Chinese painting uses brushes and ink to paint on rice paper and silk. It pays attention to pen and ink and focuses on using pen and ink to create shapes. In terms of expression method, Chinese painting adopts a scattered perspective method; in terms of composition of the picture, Chinese painting pays attention to the complementarity of poetry, calligraphy, painting and sealing, forming a unique beauty of form and content. Oil painting is the representative of Western painting, and it is the most influential type of painting in the world.

Tools and Materials

Oil paintings are made with oil paints on cloth, wood or thick cardboard. A type of painting that uses oil (linseed oil, walnut oil, etc.) to mix paint and operate on linen, cardboard or wooden boards.

Expression method

Traditional oil painters use the focal perspective method to paint. In the composition of the picture, it pays attention to the enrichment of the sceneries in the picture, filling the picture according to the natural order, and showing the true state of nature.

Fine art paintings

The works include: Western Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and "Portrait", Van Gogh's "Starry Night" and "Sunflowers"

Sculpture

Sculpture is an art form that uses material materials that can be carved and shaped to create a physical image to express thoughts and feelings. The types of sculptures can be divided from different angles. In terms of production technology, sculptures can be divided into sculptures and sculptures.

Sculpture is to cut and dig out excess parts from a complete and solid body, such as stone carvings, wood carvings, jade carvings, etc. Sculpture is to use adhesive materials to connect and form the required shape, such as clay sculptures, pottery sculptures, etc. . In terms of subject matter, sculptures can be divided into commemorative sculptures, architectural decorative sculptures, urban garden sculptures, religious sculptures, mausoleum sculptures, and display sculptures. In terms of expression form, sculptures can be divided into round sculptures and relief sculptures. The round sculpture is a three-dimensional sculpture that is not attached to any background and can be viewed from all directions. Relief is a raised artistic image carved on a flat surface. Expression techniques often rely on volume and structure.

The emergence and development of sculpture are closely linked to human production activities, and are also directly affected by social ideologies such as religion and philosophy in various eras. Such as the French Paleolithic round sculptures of nude women, horses, wild boars and other reliefs, and the Neolithic stone carvings, bone carvings, portraits and goddess painted heads discovered 5,000 to 6,000 years ago in Hejiawan, Shaanxi, Lingyuan and Jianping, Liaoning. etc., reflecting human beings' worship of natural forces and animals, as well as the process of understanding people themselves and the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum recreate the power of the imperial army more than 2,000 years ago. Sculpture is the crystallization of the times, thoughts, emotions, and aesthetic concepts, and is a visual record of social development.

Arts and crafts

Arts and crafts refers to products that have a strong aesthetic value after daily necessities have been artistically processed. We generally divide arts and crafts into practical arts and crafts and arts and crafts for display appreciation. Practical arts and crafts is the main body and foundation of the entire arts and crafts, including crafts for clothing, food, chemistry, transportation, and use. Practical value is the main value of this type of crafts, and aesthetic value exists as an auxiliary value. Such handicrafts include decorated tea tableware, lamps, wooden furniture, embroidery products, grass and bamboo woven products, etc. Display appreciation crafts refer to those crafts whose main function is decoration and appreciation. This kind of crafts takes aesthetics as its primary value, has strong craftsmanship, and has no obvious practical value or has completely disappeared, such as jade, gold and silver jewelry, and ivory carvings. , cloisonné, lacquerware, wall hangings, ceramics, etc.

Architectural Art

Architecture is the collective name for buildings and structures. It is an art in which humans use bricks, stones, tiles, wood, iron and other material materials to build or construct internal and external spaces in fixed geographical locations for living and activities. Architectural art refers to following the laws of beauty and using the unique artistic language of architectural art to make the architectural image have cultural and aesthetic value, have symbolic and formal beauty, and reflect the national character and sense of the times. Based on its functional characteristics, architectural art can be divided into types such as monumental buildings, palaces and mausoleums, religious buildings, residential buildings, garden buildings, and production buildings. Generally speaking, architectural art, like arts and crafts, is also an art that combines practicality and aesthetics. The essence of architecture is a living place built by humans for living and activities. Therefore, practicality is the primary function of architecture. However, with the development of human practice and the advancement of material technology, architecture has become more and more aesthetically valuable.

Art Exhibition

China International Exhibition Center Beijing Exhibition Hall National Agricultural Exhibition Hall New National Exhibition Center National Art Museum of China Science and Technology Exhibition Center

Organizer: Chinese Literature and Art Federation of Art Circles, Beijing Government, China Artists Association, co-organized by China Art Institute: Institute of Fine Arts, China Academy of Arts, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture, China Exhibition and Exchange Center

Remarks: First exhibition venue: Beijing ·National Art Museum of China

Second exhibition venue: Beijing·China Millennium Monument Art Museum

***More than 400 works are on display.

Art branch

Chinese painting

The traditional painting form of the Han nationality is to use a brush dipped in water, ink and color to paint on silk or paper. This kind of painting is called Chinese painting was developed after the May 4th Movement compared with Western painting, and is also called Chinese painting.

Traditional Chinese painting (different from "Western painting") generally refers to the Chinese national painting that has been formed and developed on the soil of the Chinese nation for a long time and has its own unique system in the field of world art. Its spiritual core is "pen and ink".

It uses brushes, inks and Chinese painting pigments to paint on special rice paper or silk. According to the theme of expression, it can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboos, birds, animals, insects, fish, palaces and other painting materials. According to the expression means and techniques, it can be divided into fine brushwork, freehand brushwork, hook drawing, boneless, coloring, ink painting and other painting methods. According to the format, it can be divided into vertical scroll, horizontal scroll, album, fan and other styles. Chinese painting attaches great importance to pen and ink, using lines, ink colors and light and heavy colors, using hooks and spots, and using both dry and wet shades to express the physical structure of objective objects, combining yin and yang back to back; and using techniques such as the combination of virtual and real density and "blank space" to obtain Clever composition effect. The space processing in Chinese painting is also relatively free and flexible, that is, you can use the method of "looking at the small from the big" to draw mountains and mountains; you can also use the method of "looking at the mountains from a horse" to draw the Yangtze River thousands of miles away. Chinese painting emphasizes "both form and spirit" and "vivid charm". It not only advocates "foreign masters of nature", but also inscribes poems and seals on the screen, integrating poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting. According to the progress of world culture and art, Chinese painting broadly encompasses two major types of painting: traditional Chinese painting and modern Chinese painting. They are independent of each other in a narrow sense, and integrated with Western art in a broad sense. This is mainly reflected in the significant differences in artistic conception and picture meaning. .

Oil painting

Oil painting is the main type of Western painting. A type of painting made by mixing pigments with easy oils (linseed oil, poppy oil, walnut oil, etc.) on linen, cardboard or wooden boards. The thinners used when painting are hair-strengthening turpentine and dry linseed oil. The pigments attached to the picture have strong hardness and rich colors, which can fully express the color changes of objects and are extremely realistic. When the picture dries, it can maintain its luster for a long time. Oil paintings generally emphasize resemblance, reproduction, and rationality, and use knowledge such as focused perspective and anatomy to create images.

Printmaking

Printmaking (print) is an important category of visual art. Printmaking in a broad sense can include graphics printed before the industrialization of printing, which generally have the nature of printmaking. The concept of contemporary printmaking mainly refers to artistic works conceived and created by artists and produced through plate making and printing procedures. Specifically, they are carved or etched on wood, stone, hemp glue, copper, zinc, etc., using knives or chemicals, and then printed. The picture comes out. The art of printmaking has been technically accompanied by the invention and development of printing. Ancient printmaking mainly refers to woodcuts, with a small number of copperplate engravings and color printing. The unique taste of knife and wood gives it independent artistic value and status in the history of Chinese culture and art.

Sculpture

Sculpture is a kind of "plastic art" and is a general term for the artistic image created by the three production methods of carving, engraving and molding. Using a variety of plastic clay, wood, stone and other materials that can be carved and carved, various images with real volumes are made. The expression techniques generally rely on volume and structure. Sculptures are generally divided into two types: round sculptures and relief sculptures. Due to different uses, they are also divided into shelf sculptures, commemorative sculptures, decorative sculptures, architectural sculptures, etc.

Abstract Chinese Painting

Chinese abstract Chinese painting is a kind of modern Chinese painting in Chinese painting. It must have the most important characteristics of Chinese cultural elements. It is the inheritance of traditional Chinese painting art. , development and sublimation. At the same time, this kind of Chinese abstract traditional Chinese painting art with profound artistic conception from "ancient times" has put forward higher artistic requirements for traditional Chinese traditional Chinese painters who are truly engaged in "painting art".

Inner painting

Inner painting is a unique traditional craft in my country. It originated from painting snuff bottles. The painting method of the inner painting is to use a special deformed fine pen to hand-paint a meticulous picture on the pot blank made of glass, crystal, amber and other materials, with elegant style and exquisite brushstrokes. The art of interior painting is divided into four major schools: Beijing, Hebei, Shandong and Guangdong. Among them, the interior painting of the Hebei school has the highest level, the largest scale, the fastest development and the greatest influence. Not long ago, it was selected into the national intangible cultural heritage protection list. The birthplace - Hengshui, Hebei Province, was also named the "Hometown of Chinese Interior Painting" by the Ministry of Culture.

In the 16th year of Guangxu’s reign in the Qing Dynasty, Beijing’s interior-painted snuff bottle craftsmanship was spread to Boshan, Shandong, the hometown of colored glaze.

Painter Bi Rongjiu used locally produced high-grade glazed crystal materials to make pot blanks and began to make glazed snuff bottles with interior paintings. He became the founder of Boshan interior painting art and a famous teacher in the history of domestic painting in China. The invention of the internal painting brush is an important milestone in the history of internal painting art. Compared with the original bamboo brush, the inner painting brush has great advantages. It is easy to use, suitable for both writing and painting, which greatly enriches the expressive power of inner painting art and improves efficiency. On this basis, the interior painting artists created "108 Generals of the Water Margin", "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", "Dream of Red Mansions", "Luoyang Xingdian", "Hundred Sons", "Hundred Beasts", "Hundred Beauties", "Hundred Cranes", "The Majestic Profile of Mount Tai" and a large number of interior painting art treasures. These works are mostly created based on historical allusions, myths and legends, and traditional themes. The scenes are grand, there are many characters, the composition is full, the layers are clear, the depiction is subtle, and the animals are lifelike. The craftsmanship and techniques have their own styles, forming their own unique style. The artistic characteristics of interior painting are praised as the "Inner Painting School" by domestic and foreign collectors, enthusiasts and the International Tobacco Bottle Association.

Hand-painting

Hand-painting is also called hand-painting or graffiti. It should be considered a new line in China in recent years (around 2000), such as hand-painted shoes, hand-painted T-shirts, human-shaped pillows, hand-painted wallets, etc., which are all main hand-painted objects. Hand-painting means that on the basis of the original solid color items, according to the style, fabric and customer's preferences of the product, the painter uses special hand-painted pigments to draw exquisite and personalized pictures on the upper, without affecting the usability of the product, but also adds other features. Observability. For example, the picture of a pair of shoes can be a comic cartoon, a real-life sketch, or a landscape, pattern or decorative pattern; it can be a story fragment with text, or it can be a picture of the customer's favorite plus a true confession. As long as it can be painted, it can basically be displayed on the shoe. Simply put, shoes with hand-painted pictures on the uppers are called hand-painted shoes. Because of its manual nature, it has more appreciation value than the industrial machinery of printed matter; because of its painterly nature, it has more artistic value than the practicality of industrial design. It draws on prints, but more inspiration comes from painters; it uses industrial design and produced good products as a carrier, but it is not influenced by it, and hand-painted designers can give full play to it. Hand-painted shoes, because they are shoes and commodities, must have commodity attributes, but the value of hand-painted shoes has duality: one is the value of the shoes; the other is the value of hand-painting. Therefore, its price cannot be compared only by the price of shoes, but also the value of hand-painting should be taken into consideration. Hand-painted shoes are a new and unique product that can fully express young people's personality and pursuit of art, and greatly satisfy the DIY mentality of modern people. They have been sought after by fashionable young people since their emergence, especially among fashionable young people. In recent years, a whirlwind of "graffiti culture" has emerged in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and other places. Hand-painted works have begun to become the new favorite of the times, and have begun to appear in large shopping malls, hand-painted wholesale companies and specialty stores in China.

Finger painting

Finger painting is also called finger painting. Finger painting has a history of more than 300 years and is a branch of traditional Chinese painting. In finger painting, a brush is generally not used or rarely used. The founder clearly recorded in history books was Gao Qipei during the Kangxi period of the early Qing Dynasty. From then on, more and more people were doing finger painting, and one of the outstanding achievers was Master Pan Tianshou. His finger paintings are broad and profound in style, with novel and elegant patterns.

Arts and crafts

It is a kind of plastic art that artistically transforms and processes material materials to make them have practical and aesthetic value. It not only meets people's material life needs, but also meets people's spiritual life needs. It is the combination of practicality and aesthetics, the unity of technology and art. From the perspective of use, it can be divided into daily arts and crafts and furnishing arts and crafts; from the perspective of the history and art form of development in our country, it can be summarized into five categories: folk crafts, special crafts, visual communication, industrial design and environmental design.

Sketch

A form of painting that mainly uses monochromatic lines and blocks to express objects. It is usually used as a means to practice basic painting skills to train the ability to observe and express the shape, structure, light and shade, texture, volume and space of objective objects. Sketching can also be used in creation as an independent art form.

For example, the work "Blood Clothes" by the painter Wang Shikuo is an example.

Gouache painting

A picture drawn by mixing powdery pigments with water. The color of gouache is generally opaque, has strong covering ability, and can be used for deep and detailed painting. Properly used, it can combine the richness of oil painting and the brightness of watercolor painting.

Art calligraphy

Art calligraphy is a practical font that has been beautified and decorated with artistic processing. The font is neat, eye-catching, beautiful and easy to recognize. It is an indispensable tool for publicity and education, such as Artistic calligraphy must be written on banners, blackboards, wall posters, venue layouts, exhibitions, product packaging and decoration, all kinds of advertisements, newspapers, magazines and book bindings.

Characteristics of fine art fonts

1. Old Song style: dignified and generous, with thin horizontal strokes and thick straight strokes, with pointed tops and rounded bottoms, horizontal strokes and closing strokes with a corner, and strokes with a corner when turning. obvious.

2. Imitation Song style: upright and beautiful, with straight and thin strokes, and obvious pauses when starting and ending the strokes.

3. Black body: The strokes have square heads and square tails, which are eye-catching and powerful.

4. Including numbers, text, and foreign languages ????can be designed into artistic fonts.

5. Nowadays, almost all fonts related to art can be designed to be beautiful, beautiful, and rich in artistic colors.

6. Adding brightly colored artistic calligraphy to a piece of art will enhance the entire work and attract more attention.

The process of writing artistic calligraphy

1. Checking: Determine the size and shape of the characters according to the needs of the application.

Most students tend to neglect grid making, so this step should be emphasized.

2. Layout: The layout of artistic calligraphy must first understand the organizational structure of the font and the characteristics of the basic strokes.

The combination structure of Chinese characters includes individual structures, such as "民", etc.; there are left-right structures, such as "行", etc.; there are left-center-right structures, such as "do"; there are up-down structures, such as "春" ", etc.; there are upper, middle and lower structures, such as "草", etc.; there are closed structures inside and outside, such as "国", etc.; there are semi-closed structures inside and outside, such as "区", etc., and there are also combinations of "PIN" characters, such as "Sen" etc.

When laying out, the proportions of each part should be divided according to the combination structure of each word.

3. Determine the skeleton: Use a single line to draw the glyph. The pen should be light and the handwriting should be light.

4. Double-hook glyph: The strokes should be unified, and the strokes should be drawn according to the position of the skeleton.

5. Color filling: Select the color as needed. When filling color, generally draw the outline first and then fill in the middle.

The method of changing artistic calligraphy is not a rigid formula, but can be applied flexibly. Some methods can be combined. For example, a three-dimensional artistic calligraphy can also change strokes, glyphs or structures. Only in this way can we truly write artistic calligraphy well. Nowadays, traditional art calligraphy courses have been replaced by font design courses. Font design can get rid of the mechanization of fonts. Font design can only design one word or a few words, without considering the design strokes of other words. The designed font can be used as a logo. , can be used as illustrations and so on.

Fresco

A picture painted on the walls or ceiling of a building. It is divided into rough background murals, brush background murals and mounted murals. Murals are one of the oldest forms of painting. Many ancient murals have been preserved in Egypt, India, and Babylon. During the Italian Renaissance, mural creation flourished and many famous works were produced. Since the Zhou Dynasty, my country has had the system of decorating palaces and even tombs with murals; with the rise of religious beliefs, they have been widely used in temples and grottoes (such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Ruicheng Yongle Palace). A large number of famous murals have been preserved to this day. Buddhist murals and Taoist mural remains).

Comics

Comics are one of the types of paintings, also known as caricatures. The word "high-speed painting" comes from the Italian word "Caricare", which means exaggeration. It later evolved into the word "Caricature" to refer specifically to pictures with ironic and comical meanings. Through exaggeration, deformation, assumptions, metaphors, symbols and other techniques, it satirizes, criticizes (or praises) people and things in real life with humorous, interesting and witty artistic effects.

Sketch

A traditional term for Chinese painting. Paintings that depict flowers, trees, birds, animals and other creatures are called life sketches, such as Huang Quan's "Sketch of Rare Birds from Life" in the Five Dynasties. In the common modern painting terminology, any description that directly uses real objects or scenes as objects is collectively called sketching.

Sketch

A painting method that uses quick and accurate observation and concise lines to briefly depict the demeanor, body, movement and other characteristics of the object. It is an important painting method to cultivate the painter's keen observation and the ability to quickly grasp the characteristics of objects. It is also an important method to record life and accumulate creative materials.

Line drawing

The white drawing method uses ink lines to depict objects without color. The white drawing method mainly uses lines, and can also render light ink. When drawing lines, the brush and ink must be combined with the characteristics of the form. The twists and turns of the brushwork and the thickness of the lines must be based on the texture or characteristics of the object being represented. For example, using thinner and lighter lines to draw flower petals can easily express its characteristics. Delicate and soft; it is easier to draw leaves and branches with thicker and thicker lines to express their hard and thick texture; it is easier to express fluffy feathers when drawing bird feathers with thin lines that are slightly dry and empty at the beginning and end of the brush. And soft feeling.

There are two types of tracing: single hook and compound hook. What is drawn with a line at once is called a single hook. Single hooks are sometimes made with one color of ink, and some are made with two shades of ink depending on the specific object, such as flowers with light ink and leaves with thick ink. To re-hook, first use light ink to completely hook, and then decide to re-hook part or all of it according to the specific situation. The re-hook line cannot be hooked rigidly over the original line. The purpose of re-hooking is to accentuate the changes in texture and shade, making the object look more vibrant. Line drawing is an expression technique that uses lines and ink line shades, thickness, virtuality and solidity, weight, hardness and softness, and straightness.

In line drawing, the quality of lines is the main key to the success or failure of a painting. When drawing in white, the brush should be centered at the center. The pressure and speed of the pen should be even. The drawn line should have the effect of "soft on the outside and hard on the inside". The power should be contained within and should not be exposed to the outside. Lack of connotation The words are difficult to read for a long time. Excessive sharpness and exposed strength can easily give off a domineering image, and sometimes fashion can reduce the beauty of certain flowers and birds. Therefore, the lines drawn in white should be "embellished with gracefulness".

In the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty, Zou Dezhong summarized the rich creative experience of his predecessors and mentioned the term "Eighteen Paintings" in his book "The Enlightenment of Painting". These eighteen painting methods are:

1. Drawing of flowing clouds

2. Drawing of ancient gossamer silk

3. Drawing of iron wire

4. Drawing of willow leaves

5. String drawing

6. Leech drawing

7. Mixed drawing

8. Prong nail drawing

9 .Cao Yi drawing

10. Nail head and rat tail drawing

11. Folding reed drawing

12. Reduced stroke drawing

13 .War brush water pattern drawing

14. Bamboo leaf drawing

15. Olive drawing

16. Earthworm drawing

17. Jujube Nuclear sketch

18. Dry wood sketch

The above eighteen description methods were understood by the ancients based on the clothing at that time (mostly wide robes and long sleeves), and some of them were available before the Tang Dynasty. As you can see, some were gradually added later. However, these eighteen descriptions do not include all the description methods of the predecessors. Some people advocate simplifying them into five types, or merging them into three major categories. Mr. Dong Mengmei, a contemporary painter who is good at line drawing of figures, pointed out that it is inappropriate to name the eighteenth name after the shape of line drawing. He proposed the "Ten Methods for Using Pens", namely

1. Hanging needle brush method

2. Drawing brush method

3. Free brushwork

4. Wire brushwork

5. Come and go without a trace (double-pointed brushwork)

6. Connected brushwork

7. Dragging brushwork

8. Good at fighting brushwork

9. Jumping brushwork

10. Inverted brushwork

Mr. Dong Mengmei above Some of the ten subdivided brush-using methods are also applicable to line drawings of flowers and birds.