Revealed: Mao Anqing’s eight months in Heilongjiang incognito

In August 1945, the Japanese invaders surrendered unconditionally. In November of that year, the people's power of Keshan County, which was still part of Bei'an Province at that time, was established. The county working committee and the county government decided to distribute the military land, development land, nurseries, and agricultural and livestock land occupied by the Japanese puppets to the landless or small land at no cost. farmers, issue land licenses, and determine ownership.

In 1947, Keshan County was placed under Heilongjiang Province. From September to December of that year, Keshan County launched the "equal land distribution" movement. It was at this time that 24-year-old Mao Anqing (pseudonym Yang Yongshou) came to Keshan County from Harbin. His main job was to Do some propaganda and mobilization work on land reform policy.

(1)

Mao Anqing is the second son of Mao Zedong and his first wife Yang Kaihui. On November 14, 1930, after his mother Yang Kaihui was arrested and killed by the Hunan warlord He Jian, Mao Anying and his brother Mao Anying were released on bail. After many twists and turns, Mao Anying and his brother Mao Anying lived on the streets.

Around the Spring Festival of 1931, the underground party organization found the brothers Mao Anying and Mao Anying. Arranged by uncle Mao Zemin, grandma Xiang Jinxi and aunt Li Chongde secretly sent Mao Anqing, brother Mao Anying, and brother Mao Anlong to Shanghai. My underground party arranged for them to be adopted by the orphans of revolutionary martyrs and children of Communist Party leaders who were separated in Shanghai. Datong Kindergarten, pseudonym Yang Yongshou. Soon, his younger brother Mao Anlong died of illness in Shanghai Guangci Hospital.

Due to the traitor's betrayal, the Shanghai underground party was severely damaged at that time. The children in Mao Anqing's kindergarten were evacuated urgently. The two Mao Anqing brothers were placed in the home of Dong Jianwu, an underground party member, and the party organization subsidized their living expenses on a monthly basis. Later, due to the situation at that time, the two brothers Mao Anqing began to wander around, living in a dilapidated temple and making a living by selling newspapers. They often push carts on the street and are humiliated. Once, after Mao Anqing learned about the death of his uncle Mao Zetan, he angrily wrote slogans "Down with imperialism" on the street. He was beaten by foreign policemen and suffered a concussion, which left him with lifelong pain.

In 1936, the underground party organization found Mao Anqing and his brother Mao Anying in a ruined temple in Shanghai, who had been wandering for 5 years. At the beginning of the next year, under the arrangement of the underground party, Mao Anqing and his brother Mao Anying were sent to the Second International Children's Hospital in Monino, a suburb of Moscow, by Zhang Xueliang's subordinate Li Du. This is an international children's hospital run by the Communist Party of China. It is specially designed for children A nursery school established by the children of leaders of communist parties in various countries or famous international communist movement activists, with a 10-year schooling period. At this time, Mao Anqing still used the pseudonym "Yang Yongshou" and his Russian name was "Guo Liang". In September 1945, Mao Anqing was admitted to the Moscow Institute of Oriental Languages.

In May 1947, Mao Anqing and He Zizhen, who had taken care of him in the Soviet Union (he called He Zizhen Mother He), returned from the Soviet Union and came to Harbin to temporarily live in Li Fuchun, the leader of the Northeast Bureau of the Communist Party of China. The home of Cai Chang and his wife. Here he applied himself, and after being introduced by Li Fuchun and Cai Chang, Mao Anqing was honored to join the party. Soon, He Zizhen heard that Keshan County was carrying out a land reform pilot, and felt that Mao Anqing had been wandering away from home since he was a child and was not familiar with rural China. He should take this opportunity to exercise. In fact, Mao Anqing already had the idea of ????going to the countryside to exercise. When his mother told him, he immediately agreed.

(2)

Mao Anqing had just returned from the Soviet Union and was not very fluent in reading and writing Chinese. He occasionally spoke in Russian and wrote mostly in Russian. I was also not used to eating. In the Soviet Union, I was used to eating bread and milk. When I came to the Northeast, I could only eat millet, cornmeal pancakes, and vegetables such as sauerkraut and frozen tofu. Mao Anqing doesn't even know how to use chopsticks and eats with her hands. After discovering this situation, Han Yu, who was the Organization Minister of Keshan County Party Committee at the time, taught him how to use chopsticks. Wu Jishui, a member of the work team who is about the same age as Mao Anqing, left the biscuits he gave out to Mao Anqing when he went to work overtime in the countryside for Mao Anqing to eat.

Mao Anqing gradually adapted to eating in a big pot, and learned to use chopsticks. She also got used to living on a fire bed in a farmer's home, and she tried her best to speak Mandarin with a Hunan accent when talking to people. To carry out land reform, we often have to go from village to village, and sometimes the distance between villages is so long that we have to ride horses.

At that time, horses were the means of transportation for county leaders, so Han Yu gave guard Liu Zhilian's horse to Mao Anqing. Since Mao Anqing couldn't ride a horse, he tripped a lot at first, so Xiao Liu taught him for a while before he learned.

Mao Anqing (left) and Mao Anying

Soon the weather got colder. In order to mingle with the farmers, Mao Anqing asked to change the cotton military uniform he was wearing into the common people's coarse cotton-padded jacket. See Looks like local farmers. Keshan has a high latitude, so the snow comes early. By the end of October, heavy snow began to fall on the ground. On this day, there was "big smoke" blowing on the ground (bad weather with wind and snow), the temperature was minus 30 degrees, and the hands and feet were so cold that they felt like cat bites. Mao Anqing, Wu Jishui, and Han Yu's guard Comrade Liu Zhilian, three people, Together we rode horses and sledges to Gujiadian. Mao Anqing, Wu Jishui and guard Liu were sitting on a horse sledge, their dog-skin hats covered with hoarfrost. However, Mao Anqing was not afraid of the severe cold and asked Wu Jishui enthusiastically about the status of the land reform work along the way.

Wu Jishui introduced the progress of local land reform work to Mao Anqing: "Comrade Yang, the struggle situation in Gujiadian Village is extremely complicated. Bandits often appeared here and often harassed the people." At this point, Wu Jishui asked: "The struggle situation here is so complicated. Are you afraid of land reform here?" Mao Anqing immediately replied: "No, the struggle in the past was the same!" Wu Jishui asked him what he did before coming here. Mao Anqing told Wu Jishui that before he came here, he worked in He studied at Moscow State University and returned to China after graduation. Wu Jishui asked what his parents did for a living. Mao Anqing told Wu Jishui that his mother had been killed by the enemy for the revolution. At that time, Wu Jishui did not know that the mother of "Comrade Yang" was the revolutionary martyr Comrade Yang Kaihui.

Mao Anqing loved riding on a horse sledge that was galloping on the snow. Once while riding on a horse sledge, everyone suddenly discovered that Mao Anqing was missing. They quickly stopped and went back to look for him, only to see him sitting on the sledge. He was laughing at everyone on the snow. Sometimes the weather is too cold, and sitting on the sledge for a long time will freeze your feet, so people have to get down and walk quickly with the sledge. Once, Jin Langbai of the land reform team discovered that Mao Anqing was limping when he walked. It turned out that he had a big blood blister on his foot, which was very painful. Jin Langbai threaded a hair strand onto a needle and asked Mao Anqing to insert the needle into the blood bubble and pull it back and forth. After the blood in the bubble was released, the pain in the foot stopped within a few days.

Soon after, Mao Anqing became familiar with Keshan and devoted himself wholeheartedly to the land reform movement. From December 25, 1947 to February 6, 1948, the entire Keshan County carried out a mass movement to equally divide land and liquidate assets. At that time, pilot projects were carried out in Henan and Binhe townships, and a county-wide rural cadre meeting was held. At this meeting, the County Working Committee reviewed the "lack of mass viewpoints" and "arrogation and substitution" in the above-mentioned land reform work, and decided to "freely mobilize the masses and fiercely attack the feudal forces." In this movement, poor farmers had the final say. They mined treasures, floated property, and broke down the boundaries between townships, districts, and counties, bringing the struggle to a fever pitch. During the movement, due to the one-sided emphasis on "letting go and mobilizing the masses," leaving everything to the poor peasants and laborers, a "left" bias emerged, which expanded the area of ??attack and wrongfully targeted the middle peasants. At its worst, 16 landlords committed suicide in one day out of fear of crime.

After Mao Anqing learned about the above situation at the grassroots level, he reported to the county that such an approach was wrong, but it did not attract the attention of the county party committee leaders. Therefore, Mao Anqing reported it to the provincial party committee, and soon the provincial party committee sent The working group went to Keshan to make corrections. In 1948, the Provincial Party Committee issued a document to correct several problems in the land reform, including the issue of "expansion of the land reform struggle." The Northeast Bureau took this as a warning and immediately promoted Keshan County's approach to correcting and preventing the expansion of the land reform struggle in the Northeast. Later, This experience was also extended to the whole country. As a result, Keshan County's approach to correcting and preventing the expansion of the land reform struggle became a model for the whole country.

After the land reform, Mao Anqing continued to work in Keshan for 5 months. During this period, Mao Anqing had been living and working with farmers in Henan Township, Keshan County. Mao Anqing found that more than 30,000 farmers in Keshan County are independent in their own affairs. Only 11% of them have farm animals and farm tools and can produce independently. Most farmers are short of labor, have few farm animals, and have no farm tools. The situation in Sunjia District (now Fafa Township) was even worse. Minsheng Village in this district had only 25 horses on 6,000 acres of cultivated land, and Sizuo Village had only 16 horses on 5,640 acres of cultivated land.

Therefore, combined with the experience of collective farms in the former Soviet Union, Mao Anqing organized farmers to solve the above problems through cooperation and mutual assistance, explained to farmers the practices and effects of collective farms in the former Soviet Union, and proposed that rural areas should adopt agricultural mechanization and mutual assistance. The path of cooperation. Mao Anqing was very immersed in his speeches. Once when he gave a speech at Keshan Middle School, when he talked about the Soviet Union, he couldn't help but stand up from his seat and shouted loudly in Russian, which made everyone laugh. He was embarrassed after reacting.

Photos of Mao Anqing's life

Mao Anqing also wrote "Land Reform Ballads" and "Mutual Aid Group Ballads" for publicity and mobilization. The "Land Reform Ballad" is:

When the poor turn over, they cannot throw away the land; when they turn over and throw away the land, the landlord smiles.

If we work together as one, the loess will turn into gold; if the crops are well taken care of, we will turn over again.

The "Mutual Aid Group Ballad" is:

Those who cooperate to shovel the ground are not sleepy, and the lazy people are energetic at work.

One person shovels a line, and more people shovel a larger area.

Due to Mao Anqing's active propaganda, rural mutual aid work developed rapidly. At first, there were only three or five temporary mutual aid groups, but later there were fixed large mutual aid groups in spring, summer and autumn. During this period, Mao Anqing and the staff worked together with the team. They went to the fields to preach during the day and lived in people's homes at night. They worked more than ten hours a day. The people praised the Communist Party for being wholeheartedly serving the people. In the "Summary of Heilongjiang Agricultural Production", the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government fully affirmed the Keshan County Party Committee's efforts to arrange spring plowing production and establish mutual aid groups.

Mao Anqing stayed in the Soviet Union for a long time. After returning to China, he did not master a rich Chinese vocabulary, and he still spoke with a Hunan accent. For example, he pronounced his brother as "Guo Guo" and his father as "huqin". In order to get the correct pronunciation, Mao Anqing studied hard and humbly asked comrades for advice. He was not good at writing Chinese characters, so he asked comrades who were good at writing to write examples for him and practiced by himself. Soon, Mao Anqing not only became good at calligraphy, he could also copy other people's calligraphy. "Land Reform Ballads" and "Mutual Aid Group Ballads" were his own creations. Looking at the neat calligraphy, comrades were filled with admiration.

Abacus is also unfamiliar to Mao Anqing. When he arrived in Keshan, he had to use abacus to divide the fields and do statistics. Mao Anqing practiced with the comrades of the work team. He played very slowly at first, so he trained hard. He was so focused on training that he didn't even bother to eat. It was common to practice until midnight. After a while, Han Yu organized an abacus competition, and Mao Anqing's speed and accuracy surpassed everyone.

Mao Anqing is good at singing and dancing, and can play many musical instruments, especially the flute. In order to perform programs for farmers during the conference, the work team specially formed a literary and artistic propaganda team, and Mao Anqing naturally became one of them. Not only during the performance, but also during the rehearsal, he was very serious. Sometimes, he would also adjust the atmosphere. That time, the literary and art propaganda team rehearsed the small chorus "Without the Communist Party, there would be no new China" and "The sky in the liberated areas is bright." During the break, Mao Anqing took out the chorus from the Soviet Union He raised his head and put the flute on the tip of his nose. He walked back and forth, but the flute remained upright. This stunt won unanimous cheers and warm applause.

Before the Spring Festival of 1948, the Keshan County Support Committee deployed various units to organize condolence groups to perform condolences to hospitals and families of military martyrs. Mao Anqing also joined the Keshan Middle School Art Troupe, which had a full range of Chinese and Western instruments. He sang and danced with the team members, and also taught the team members to sing the Soviet song "Katyusha". During the condolence performance, the Keshan Middle School art team performed "The White-Haired Girl", "Blood and Tears", "Heroes Defeat the Dadu River", "Yellow River Cantata" and other programs. The Land Reform Task Force's art and propaganda team also performed "Heaven is in the Liberated Areas" "Bright Sky", "Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China" and other programs.

The flute played by Mao Anqing showed professionalism. Amid the warm applause of the audience, he played several Soviet pieces of music. Everyone asked for an encore, so Mao Anqing sang "Evening on the Suburbs of Moscow" in Russian, which again won a round of applause.

(3)

After the Spring Festival, Han Yu took Mao Anqing to Jianguo Village in Gucheng District to participate in the land reform review and correction work. The conflict in this village was sharp during the land division, and incidents of hurting people occurred. Han Yu and Mao Anqing analyzed the specific incidents in detail, and together they corrected the mistakes in the land reform process.

During the meeting with the villagers, Mao Anqing talked about the Soviet collective farms and agricultural mechanization in order to guide them on the road of mutual assistance and cooperation. Those vivid examples fascinated everyone.

Mao Anqing kept his word. He helped the farmer mutual aid group exchange jobs, formulate production plans, solve problems such as livestock power, farm tools, seeds, etc., and also went to the fields to sow spring seeds with farmers. He put on his "Jinfan" (handmade animal skin shoes) and was responsible for "stepping on the grid" (treading the seeds buried in the soil). During the labor period, Mao Anqing chatted with everyone about household matters and told them stories, which was a great time.

After the land reform, Keshan was full of vitality. Seeing the seeds of a good harvest being sown on the endless black soil, all the farmers who turned over were smiling. One day in May 1948, Wang Heshou, secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, came to Keshan County to inspect the work and said to Mao Anqing: "Comrade Yang Yongshou, your task has been successfully completed and you can go back." Mao Anqing said happily: "In the future, our farmers will continue to work. I won’t be exploited anymore!”

The next day, Wang Heshou, Zhang Tongzhou, Han Yu, Jin Langbai and other comrades from the county committee went to Keshan Railway Station to see Mao Anqing off. When they were about to drive, Wang Heshou held Mao Anqing's hand and said, "Go back and say hello for me!" The team members were confused: Where did Yang Yongshou return to and who did he say hello to?

Family photo: Mao Anqing , Mao Xinyu, Shao Hua

From left to right: Mao Anqing, Zhang Shaolin, Mao Zedong, Liu Songlin, Shao Hua, Yang Maozhi (photographed at his residence in Zhongnanhai in 1962)

Heading to Harbin The train started, and Mao Anqing waved goodbye to those who were leaving through the window. As the train went further and further away, Han Yu told everyone that "Yang Yongshou" was none other than Mao Anqing, the second son of Chairman Mao Zedong, and his mother was the revolutionary martyr Yang Kaihui.