What are the 24 solar terms of the Spring Festival?

The basic explanation of each solar term

The time series changes of the 24 solar terms in a year also correspond to the changes of temperature, climate, phenology and agriculture in a year. Here, together with readers, we will appreciate this changing process year after year.

(1) The spring rain begins with spring, bright and valley days.

① beginning of spring: Early February. It marks the melting of glaciers, the recovery of all things, the return of spring to the earth, the vitality everywhere and the renewal of Vientiane. The scene of freezing and snowing in Wan Li is coming to an end, and spring has begun. Since then, the weather has gradually warmed up and the rain has begun to increase. The wind is no longer so bitter and cold. As if the earth is slightly warm, the spring breeze comes and the willow returns to poetry. People will naturally think of a picture of wintersweet welcoming the spring. "The mountains are gone in winter, the scenery is beautiful, and the birds are singing and the flowers are fragrant in spring." At this time, although spring has arrived, the cold has not dissipated, so it will still give people a feeling of chilly spring. Because the 45th or 46th day from the date of "Winter Solstice" is usually designated as the day of "beginning of spring" in the astronomical calendar, the solar term proverb "beginning of spring hits five Kyubi no Youko or beginning of spring hits six or nine heads" often appears.

② Rain: Late February. It indicates that large-scale snowfall has stopped and started to enter the rainy season (but sometimes it does not rule out light snow). Warm and humid air from the southeast began to land, and the rain gradually increased. Slowly give people a picture of "ten miles of warblers singing green and reflecting red, and the spring rain moistening things silently".

3 fright: early March. It marks that the sky began to thunder, and the temperature and ground temperature gradually increased. Organisms such as insects that hibernate and hibernate in the severe winter begin to revive and go out. When it comes to "being shocked", people have the feeling that "the sound of spring thunder on the flat land awakens everything to sleep, flowers and trees compete for green, and mountains and rivers will want to change their makeup". At this time, stepping into the field, the wheat seedlings have begun to appear blue, and the mountains are near the water. It can be seen that the grass is far away but there is no trace, and the roadside flowers want to vomit.

Equinox: Late March. At this time, the sun shines directly on the equator. Since then, the temperature has obviously risen (called northern spring in meteorology), and the time of day and night is basically half (according to the lunar calendar, day and night are flat, that is, at this time). If you look closely, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west during this period. From then on, the daytime time is longer than the nighttime time, which is mainly due to the fact that the direct sunlight point in the northern hemisphere gradually moved northward from the "vernal equinox". With the point of direct sunlight gradually moving northward after the vernal equinox, the long night in the Arctic at this time has gone away and started a continuous day, which is the so-called "extreme day"-the sun is always above the horizon, and this extreme day phenomenon can last for half a year (equivalent to 19 1 day here), that is, it will last until the autumnal equinox, making the North Pole form. With the arrival of the "vernal equinox", people obviously feel that the morning comes early, giving people engaged in agriculture a sense of urgency in time. At this time, in phenology, poplars are blooming, willow branches are green, and wheat in the field is also rising, which can be described as a moment of spring. As the saying goes, spring struggles against the sun and summer, blaming yourself for missing the farming season. People are required to get rid of the joyful winter vacation and the unfinished mental state some time ago. At the same time, it reminds people that if the time in beginning of spring has passed half since the "beginning of spring", they should devote themselves to intense productive labor as soon as possible.

⑤ Qingming: Early April. At this time, the climate is getting warmer, plants are sprouting, the sky is clear and everything is thriving. Speaking of Qingming, due to historical and folk reasons, it is not only the name of a solar term, but also evolved into the Spring Festival that people yearn for. "Qingming" season, the spring breeze and joy, full of spring, in its environment, but see the beautiful spring, picturesque spring, but also Qian Shan beautiful, magnificent, lush, relaxed and happy lively feeling. During the Qingming Festival, people often go out together, or go for an outing or stroll in the fields, or face the stream; Or climb mountains or enjoy trees. Those who are interested will even set up shelves and swing, fly kites and even take their wives and daughters to dig shepherd's purse in the wild. If it rains this day, it is another matter. People will think of "wet clothes, apricot flowers and rain, blowing cold willows"; "It rains in the Qingming period, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. " ; Poems such as "Four hundred and eighty halls in southern dynasties, misty rain and terraced fields" describe spring, which makes people feel infinite charm. State organs, schools and organizations also organize the masses to mourn, mourn and sweep the revolutionary martyrs in cemeteries and cemeteries during this solar term. Farmers often have the custom of paying homage to their ancestors. In the scene of Tomb-Sweeping Day's sacrifice, the azaleas were dyed red with tears, and the scene of children laughing at the lamp at night came into view from time to time.

What needs to be emphasized here is that in the vast rural areas of China, there is often a saying that "the third day of March (the lunar calendar) is" positive "and" clear ". This statement is actually inappropriate. It should be said that Qingming may be on the third day of the third lunar month, but not every year. There is no necessary connection between the two, and there is no so-called "right" and "wrong". If we refer to the book 190 1-2000 Centennial Calendar published by Science Press in 1979 and compiled by Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory of China Academy of Sciences, we can know that in this century, "Qingming" happens to be the third day of the third lunar month, that is,19/kloc. But the real so-called "positive" should be based on the Gregorian calendar, and the "Qingming" festival is generally on April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. In the 20th century 100, there were 79 in Tomb-Sweeping Day on April 5th, 7 in April 4th (i.e. 1976, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 2000), and 6 in April 14 (. Therefore, the third day of March in the lunar calendar is more "clear" and accurate than the fifth day of April in the solar calendar.

After Tomb-Sweeping Day, farmers must prepare for planting spring crops.

⑥ Grain Rain: Late April. It marks that the rainfall in nature began to increase at this time, which is suitable for the growth of grain. Rain, that is, "rain gives birth to a hundred valleys." Many crops were planted before and after this solar term. As the saying goes, Grain Rain planted cotton before, and Grain Rain planted beans after. In life, thick winter clothes have already been taken off, and light clothes have replaced the upper body. During this period, if we go hiking in the mountains and Yuan Ye, we can see "flowers blooming" and "lush" everywhere.

(2) Summer is full, and summer is summer.

① Long summer: early May. This solar term marks that spring has passed and summer is coming. As the temperature continues to rise, the weather will gradually get hotter, thunderstorms will begin to increase, and people will enter a tense summer busy season. In life, as the saying goes, stand Xia Zhishi and take a fan.

② Xiaoman: Late May. It means that the seeds of summer sowing crops such as wheat and barley in winter wheat area are gradually full, but not yet mature, so it is called "Xiaoman". People all over China who are used to working in the busy farming season will make various preparations for the summer harvest. In production, according to past habits, such as rolling wheat fields, buying grass and seeds, overhauling harvesting machinery, and contacting corn intercropping, preparations began.

③ Miscanthus species: early June. "awn" refers to all kinds of crops with "awn", such as wheat and barley; "Seed" means seed. "Ear seed" means that wheat and barley are mature and will be harvested in the near future. At the same time, it also shows that crops such as late rice, millet and millet are going to be sown, which is the busiest season. Before and after the "Ear Seed", moving pictures of field machines rumbling, golden wheat rolling in, women and children running like shuttles, and human voices echoing in the sky were presented everywhere in the northern region. This solar term tells people that from the day of "long summer", half of the summer time has passed.

④ Summer solstice: late June. On the "summer solstice" day, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, reaching its maximum northward movement, affecting the Arctic Circle. It marks that the sun has moved to the northernmost position on the ecliptic at this time. Because the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer (that is, at 23 27' north latitude, Guangzhou in China is just on this line), there is often a feeling of scorching sun and scorching sun. In all areas north of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun reaches its highest position in summer solstice, that is, the position closest to direct light. At this time, the daytime is also the longest, that is, the sunshine hours are the highest. It is for this reason that the northern hemisphere receives the most light and heat from the sun, and the whole northern hemisphere is in the hottest summer. Based on this, the "summer solstice" has become the longest day in a year in northern China, and is usually called "summer solstice". Of course, the hot summer begins with the summer solstice. Starting from the next day, the time in the daytime (roughly speaking) will decrease at the rate of 1 minute and 20 seconds, while the time in the night will increase accordingly. For example, after the "vernal equinox", the area where extreme sunlight appears on the earth also extends northward day by day, and on the "summer solstice" day, it extends to the Arctic Circle (that is, 67.5 north latitude). In the Arctic Circle, on the day of "summer solstice", there is sunshine for 24 hours, which is really "the sun that never sets". For example, in Sally Hald, the former Soviet Union, around midnight, people will see the sun set obliquely from the northwest sky, and then rise obliquely towards the northeast sky after slightly touching the ground level of the due north point. Of course, this phenomenon is limited to the day of "summer solstice". The closer to the North Pole, that is, the city of Salle Hald in the former Soviet Union and the area north of the Bering Strait, the longer the extreme day lasts; At the same time, the lower the height of the sun at noon, the more oblique the sun is. In the Arctic, extreme days can last 19 1 day. However, during the same period, the Antarctic circle in the southern hemisphere of the earth was completely dark within 24 hours, which was called "polar night". At the two ends of the earth, there are about half a year's "polar day" and half a year's "polar night", but the polar night time is slightly shorter than the polar day time, which is 174 days, but the polar days and polar nights are just the opposite in time. As far as China is concerned, Guangzhou in the south and Harbin in the north (roughly regarded as on the same longitude line) have different sunrise times on the day of "Summer Solstice", the former sunrise time is 5:42, the latter sunrise time is 3:43, and the latter sunrise time is almost 2 hours earlier than the former. It can be seen that the farther north, the earlier the sun shines. On the day of "Summer Solstice" in Mohe, the northernmost part of Heilongjiang, China, the sun sets at about 1 1: 40 in the evening and rises again at about 1 in the morning, reaching the shortest night and the longest day. This phenomenon has become a natural astronomical landscape in China. This place has attracted a large number of tourists and astronomy enthusiasts for many years and has become a must-see place for them to see "light". The solar term "summer solstice" means high temperature, and the growth of trees and flowers is also very strong. During this period, the scorching sun shone brightly, burning like fire, and the relative humidity of the atmosphere was very low, which was really "burning like fire". If you work in the field, you will feel sweating and smoking. This season, some factors that are not conducive to people's lives also come from this, such as the spread of germs and the perishable food. But farmers often seize this hot season and race against time to weed the farmland. As the saying goes, "weeding is noon, sweating is like rain, and the famine is eliminated as soon as possible to prevent the next day."

⑤ Slight summer heat: early July. "Summer" means extreme heat. This solar term indicates that it has entered the hot summer season, but this is only the beginning, and this is the meaning of the word "small". Shortly after the "light summer heat", the weather will be hotter, and it will soon enter the hot and humid climate stage, which also indicates that the "dog days" are coming.

⑥ Summer: Late July. It marks the beginning of the hottest period of the year. "Big" means "very", that is, entering a "hot" or "sultry" weather stage. Usually, whether the autumn harvest crops can get a good harvest depends largely on the light and rainfall during this period. In normal years, from "little summer" to "big summer", the weather is light and hot, the rainfall is abundant, and the flowers and trees are magnificent, which is very suitable for the growth of autumn crops. But during this period, the weather is changeable and thunderstorms are frequent, so people should always carry rain gear when going out. At this time, because I am in the "mid-crouching" stage, I always feel humid and sultry in my life, sweating all day. I feel a little cold at midnight every day, and the food tends to go bad during this time. At this time, field work is mostly carried out in the morning and evening. Because of the thunderstorm, weeding in farmland is often unsatisfactory. This season is also the period of the most concentrated rainfall in the whole year, and it is a crucial period for party committees and governments at all levels to attach great importance to flood control work. On the photo-thermal distribution diagram in Figure 2, it is just the highest point of the curve.

(3) autumn dew, autumn frost.

① beginning of autumn: Early August. It means that autumn is about to begin. "Autumn" means that the crops are about to mature. Usually on the second or third day after "beginning of autumn", people will feel cool in the morning and evening, and they will really feel fresh and tidy after changing their sweaty appearance. There are proverbs in life, such as "In autumn, throw away the fan" and "In autumn in the morning, it is chilly at night". After "beginning of autumn", although people have a long-awaited indulgence, the autumn wind and the bright moon are priceless, and they have the feeling of getting the moon first, but they also have the feeling of "spleen cold" in the morning and afternoon. When "beginning of autumn" arrives, people will naturally think of the agricultural proverb of "beginning of autumn", that is, the growth height of various flowers, trees and crops in more than half a month. It will stop soon, and the crops without heading will also complete the growth and development of heading during this period. After this solar term, the weather is still in the high temperature stage, so there is often a saying in agricultural proverbs that it is still quite hot at noon, but the general trend is that the temperature will gradually drop from now on, and the thunderstorm weather will also decrease. Every time it rains after the solar term, the temperature will drop once, which is the saying that an autumn rain is a cold. At this time, working in the field and looking up at the sky often makes people sometimes have high clouds and sometimes dark clouds roll, giving people an unpredictable feeling.

② Summer: Late August. "Chu" means hiding, letting go and being ruthless. This solar term tells people that the hot summer is coming to an end and people will be in a cool climate from now on. From the meteorological point of view, "summer" is the turning point of temperature from high to low. So after the "summer", the weather gradually cooled down, and the fans in life seemed to be idle.

③ White dew: early September. This solar term indicates that the weather is getting colder. After the "white dew", the temperature drops faster, and it is easier to reach the condition of condensation, showing the weather with high temperature during the day and low temperature at night. The water vapor in the air will condense to form "dew" due to the temperature drop, and it will become heavier and heavier. Production has entered the busy stage of autumn harvest.

Equinox: Late September. The sun crosses the equator again from the northern celestial sphere and returns to the southern celestial sphere. Because the sun shines directly on the equator, the day and night time are (roughly) equal again. At this time, people stand in the field and look up at the sky, and they feel that the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the autumn is crisp. In life, the temperature turns from cold to cold in the morning and evening, and it is really necessary to wear cotton-padded clothes. Astronomically speaking, the northern hemisphere begins with the "autumnal equinox", and in the Arctic, another scene begins. The sun is below the horizon all day (that is, it doesn't shine) and spends 24 hours a day in the long night. Astronomically, it is called "extreme night" phenomenon. During the extreme night, the polar regions lost the sunshine and were extremely cold. From the "autumnal equinox", generally speaking, the daytime time in the northern hemisphere will decrease at a rate of about 1 minute 20 seconds per day, and this time will increase correspondingly at night. At the same time, it also shows people that the autumn time (such as the day of "beginning of autumn") has passed by half. At this time, farmland labor has entered a highly busy stage. The rumble of machines can be heard everywhere in the field, showing a picture of intense labor. As the saying goes, "the autumn wind blows four cigarettes, women and children are busy in the fields, and yesterday there were green gauze everywhere." Today, when I saw Cangshan, the fertile soil was ploughed up, people were buzzing, traffic was even in the sky, and golden wheat seeds were sown in the fields. "

⑤ Cold dew: 65438+1early October. It means that although the weather is cold, it is not cold, the dew is getting thicker and thicker, and it has not yet become ice. "Cold" is dew, white first and then cold. At this time, the vegetation has gradually withered. If you look up at the sky, you often feel that the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the mountains near the water are clearly visible. When the autumn wind blows, there is a feeling of longing for spring. Farmers' field labor is relatively reduced. Occasionally, when working in the field, you will see geese flying from the north to the far south in the shape of "human" or "one" from time to time. People naturally think of the proverb that geese face south and clothes are cotton. In life, gloves are needed to wear sweaters and ride bicycles in the morning and late at night. As the temperature gradually drops, people demand to speed up the work of "Sanqiu".

⑥ First frost: 65438+1late October. It means that the weather will gradually get cold, and soon, the dew will accumulate into frost. Once you see the morning frost, people will naturally think of the tragic poem "Today, the frost on Dongmen Road is heavy and it takes a long time to cross the pond" in the word "He Xinlang" written by Chairman Mao in his early years. Since then, people are required to finish the "Sanqiu" cleaning work in the field as soon as possible due to the frost when the temperature drops. After the "first frost", as soon as we came out of the hill, it was a scene of "all trees were frosty red" and "frosty leaves were red in February" in late autumn and early winter. At the same time, people's feelings of pity and sadness for the passage of time and the brevity of life rise in their hearts, such as "the month has passed the fifteenth autumn and the year is coming to an end."

(4) It snows in winter, it snows in winter, and it is slight cold in winter.

① beginning of winter: 165438+ early October. Winter means the end, and it also means harvesting crops after harvest. There is a saying that radish and onion are "beginning of winter" in production, which means that these crops should be harvested and stored at this time. Astronomically speaking, from now on, winter will begin, and people will live in a relatively long cold season.

② Light snow:165438+1late October. At this time, the temperature continued to drop and it began to snow, but it was not very heavy. In the north of China, it's time for ponds and dams to freeze. When the cold wind blows, people feel that "the sky is crisp and the cold current is urgent" and "it is already hundreds of feet of ice on the cliff". At this time, the field is only for the collection and storage of Chinese cabbage. Farmland work basically stopped. Due to the continuous snowfall, there is a saying in the farmer's proverb that "there is a light snow all over the sky, and the next year will be fruitful".

③ Heavy snow: 12 at the beginning of the year. This solar term means that the temperature will continue to drop and heavy snow will come at any time, which will cause snow on the ground. Big means heavy snowfall. At this time, the earth froze and the pond froze. There is often a "heavy snow" that does not close the land, but it is said to be from the 3rd to the 5th. Once the clouds are overcast, people will think that in the severe winter, there will be magnificent pictures of "snow over the winter cloud Bai Yunfei, flowers bloom and flowers fall" and "there are no birds in the mountains, no footprints in the thousand paths, and the old people are fishing for snow in the cold river" at any time. Once it snows, the scenery in the north is covered with silver everywhere. When you see the snow-covered pine and cypress, you will think of Marshal Chen Yi's poem "The snow presses the pine and cypress, and the pine and cypress are tall and straight", and the integrity of being a man suddenly surges in your chest.

④ Winter solstice: 65438+late February. In the northern hemisphere, the days are the shortest (the so-called "winter solstice" is very short) and the nights are the longest. This is because at this time, the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere (that is, 66.5 north latitude) is in the extreme night period, just like the Antarctic is in the summer solstice (but only on the day of winter solstice). For the Arctic (that is, the area north of the Arctic Circle), the polar night can last 174 days. From the next day, the daytime time increased by 1 min for 20 seconds, and the nighttime time decreased accordingly. In life, people will feel that it gets dark early and dawn late, and it is difficult to know the night. "Winter" means "cold" and "to" means "to", which means it is colder when it is close. This solar term marks the beginning of cold weather. In the astronomical calendar, in order to show the beginning and degree of cold, in the printed calendar, "nine" is often used, that is, the so-called nine, two nine ... nine nine. Among them, "September" comes from "winter solstice", that is, the weather is cold in 8 1 day, and the third "September" (that is, the middle of January in the solar calendar) is the coldest.

⑤ Slight cold: 65438+1early October. "Cold" means cold. It shows that it has entered the cold season of the year, but it has not reached the coldest degree.

⑥ Great cold: 65438+1late October. Refers to the lowest temperature and coldest weather. This is the coldest season of the year. The weather is really chilly at this time, dripping into ice. When it snows, there is ice and snow everywhere. This is the reason why "Sanjiu" is usually cold. People who are used to working in busy farming season often transport soil mixed fertilizer to the fields at this time. This fertilizer is called "wax fertilizer" to keep wheat warm and safe for winter. In life, people will make various preparations for the upcoming Spring Festival and buy "new year's goods". Because the whole space of life is surrounded by cold, people are like in a natural "freezer", where food is placed at will and it is not easy to deteriorate for a long time.

As can be seen from the 24 solar terms, some indicate seasons, some indicate climate such as temperature, rainfall, dew and frost, and some reflect the growth and development of crops and natural phenology. Except for the seasonal solar terms, most of them reflect the climate. These include:

(1) directly reflects the temperature: light summer, heavy summer, midsummer, slight cold and severe cold. White dew, cold dew and first frost directly reflect the phenomenon of water vapor condensation, and also reflect the process and degree of gradual temperature drop. That is, at first, water vapor condenses into frost below zero, and then, there is the first frost. Therefore, the significance of these three solar terms in reflecting temperature is far greater than that of reflecting water, and they are concrete, vivid and profound.

(2) Reflect precipitation: the four solar terms of rain, Grain Rain, light snow and heavy snow indicate the exact period and degree of rainfall and snowfall.

(3) Reflect phenological phenomena: the first two solar terms reflect natural seasonal phenomena, while the last two solar terms reflect crop growth and development phenomena.

(4) Reflect seasonal changes: beginning of spring, Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter, these four solar terms are directly reflected literally, giving people a lively feeling.

(5) Reflect the length of sunshine: vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, summer solstice, winter solstice. The former two reflect directly, while the latter two reflect the "extreme value" of sunshine length.

(6) The law of temperature change in a year: If the 24 solar terms are linked together, we can see the cold, warm, rainy and snowy conditions in a year and the changing characteristics of the four seasons and even the climate. It is not difficult for people to imagine that in a solar year, the whole temperature gradually changes from below zero with the passage of solar terms, reaches the peak around the summer heat, and then slowly drops to below zero. If this temperature change law is reflected in the form of coordinates, it is a parabola diagram (see Figure 2). It can be seen that it is closely combined with agricultural production. For example, "Grain Rain" reflects not the annual rainfall, but the impact on agricultural production. The "first frost" not only reflects the coming of hoarfrost, but also reminds people that the coming low temperature will do harm to autumn harvest crops, and it is necessary to strengthen the harvest, storage, management and protection in the field.