What are the cultural customs of the Manchu people?

Manchu people, when they meet an unknown elder on the road, they should bow and lower their hands and ask "saiyin" (meaning good in Manchu); if they are riding a horse, they should dismount and step to the side of the road to let the elder go first. The elder also said politely: "Thank you, brother, please get on your horse and go ahead." Then the young man can get on his horse and go on his way.

The daughter-in-law is even more respectful to her parents-in-law. She must be dignified and courteous. She must fill her cigarettes for her parents-in-law three times a day, serve them three times a day standing up, and provide them with face and foot washing water in the morning and evening. The new daughter-in-law cannot eat on the kang for the first year. You are not allowed to wear short clothes in front of your parents-in-law, and you are not allowed to scold your children loudly. When the daughter-in-law goes out, she packs cigarettes for her parents-in-law before leaving and says, "Please ask Amma and E Niang to look after the house." When guests come, the daughter-in-law should put on an apron and listen to her mother-in-law's instructions on the kang. Every time she calls "daughter-in-law, promise" before going to work. Even if the daughter-in-law is very old, she must serve her respectfully in front of the younger elders. .

The Manchu people have a custom of giving priority to their sister-in-law. The unmarried Manchu girls have a high status. The parents-in-law sit on the side, while the daughter-in-law stands by and waits carefully.

The Manchu people are generous and hospitable. , Keep faith. In areas where Manchus live, if someone finds something on the road, they should try to find the owner, and if they can't find it, they will have to claim it. When a family is short of rice, everyone gathers together, and when one person collects firewood, everyone borrows money from each other. There is no need to sign a contract, and only a verbal agreement is required.

Manchu culture is very developed. Myths and legends are rich in content and unique in style. They are the spiritual core and general display of shamanism. They are both oral and recorded in scriptures. According to content, Manchu myths can be divided into: 1. Origin myths. The origin of all things, the origin of cultural things, etc. ② The myth of the relationship between the universe. In the shaman mythology, the universe is a noisy multi-layered three-dimensional world, which is the so-called "clouds in the sky, nine or nine layers, and there are several gods living in each layer". There are humans, animals, plants, demons and good gods in each layer of the sky. ③Soul myths are characterized by the integration of animal, plant myths, ancestor myths and natural myths. Relics of totem worship.

Paper cutting: Manchus like to paste various kinds of birds, animals, flowers, and ancient and modern figures from various colored papers, and paste them on the windows, which is lifelike and full of vitality. Art is hanging paper, or hanging money. During the Spring Festival, every household uses five-color paper, cut it into pieces of paper about 40 cm long and 25 cm wide, and carve cloud patterns in the middle, such as "feng", "shou" and "blessing". The lower end is cut into a canine tassel, and is hung on door and window banners, indoor beams, etc. The earliest hanging notes are decorations in ancestor worship places, and they are usually in odd numbers. It is said that the ancestors of the family came from several ditches in Changbai Mountain. Just hang a few if you come. The paper-cut art in Ning'an, Hailun and other places in Heilongjiang enjoys a high reputation in the national art world.

Manchu embroidery: also known as "nail thread", is mainly popular in China. It is made from home-woven fabrics and cotton threads, with black and white as the main color, and other colors are occasionally used as decorations with auspicious patterns such as durian with a hundred seeds, auspicious celebrations, a long gourd, longevity and longevity, and eight treasures. Mainly, it is often decorated with thicker black trimmings and is often embroidered on pillow tops, purses, curtains, and cushions.

Answer: Peugeot 607 - Juren Level 4 2-14 18:00

The Manchus are mainly distributed in the three eastern provinces of China, with the largest number in Liaoning Province. In addition, they are found in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and other provinces and autonomous regions, as well as in large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, Yinchuan and Xi'an. There are a few scattered Manchus.

The Manchus have a long history, which can be traced back to the Sushen people more than 2,000 years ago. Their descendants have been living in the north of Changbai Mountain, the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang, and the Wusuli River Basin. In 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and unified China, creating a situation where Manchus and Han people lived together for a long time. After the Revolution of 1911, the Manchu people were renamed Manchu. Manchu people respect their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet their elders on the road, they should bow slightly sideways and lower their hands in salute, waiting for the elders to pass by before proceeding. Not only the younger generation should salute when they see their elders, but also the younger ones among their peers should salute when they see the elders. greeting. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands and greeting each other, some also hug each other and greet each other. The kowtow ceremony is common between subordinates and superiors, and between juniors and elders. To express respect, service, supplication, or to pay New Year greetings during the Spring Festival, kowtow is performed. When saluting, first take off your hat, kneel on your left knee, then your right knee, pop your horse hoof sleeves, put your hands on the ground, and kowtow three times.

This custom has been around since the Jurchen period when Jianzhou was founded. "Jianzhou Hearing and Seeing Records" says: "When a general (referring to a Jurchen as an official) meets a slave chief (Nurhachi), he takes off his hat and kowtows, and the soldier does the same to the general." They also kowtow during sacrifices.

There are many taboos in Manchu life, and breaking taboos is considered impolite. The Manchus do not like wearing dog-skin hats or eating dog meat, and they are most afraid of other ethnic groups wearing dog-skin hats entering their homes. Legend has it that when King Khan was in trouble, the dog had the grace to save him. The Manchu people regarded it as their benefactor and protected and cherished it. No one is allowed to sit casually on the Western Kang. There is a locking pole in the courtyard, and animals are not allowed to be tied.

There are also taboos and rules regarding superiority and hierarchy. A new daughter-in-law cannot eat at the same table as her father-in-law, mother-in-law, or husband. When the elders eat, the daughter-in-law should serve them beside them. Otherwise, it is regarded as disrespectful and unfilial. Grandfathers and uncles are not allowed to joke with their nephews and wives. The nephew and his wife are not allowed to show their arms or legs in front of the uncle. In the past, Manchu women's cheongsam was long enough to cover the insteps and the sleeves were as long as the back of the hands, which is very different from today's short-sleeved cheongsam.

The Manchu people have a custom of respecting their elders. When young people see the elders, they should stand with their hands down and answer the elders' questions in a pleasant manner. If someone criticizes their parents, their children must stand up and answer. For the elderly, a small visit is given for three days and a large visit is given for five days. For greetings, for men, there are "greetings", "beating Qian'er" and "kowtow". "Greetings" means greeting Xiao An, standing with hands lowered to say hello. "Daqian'er" is to greet Da'an. It is also called "kneeling on one leg". In Manchu, it is "Elatalami". That is, first quickly dust off the sleeves, bend the left leg forward, squat back with the right leg, and support the knee with the left hand. , the right hand droops, and the head and body lean slightly forward. "Kowtow ceremony", that is, kowtow, kneel down once for three times or twice for six times, and to greet the New Year. "The head must be kowtowed four times, and when it comes to the third time, it is necessary to kneel down and hold the head up, if you obey orders. The respected elder wishes you good words, and then you stand up with one kowtow. , otherwise I won’t be able to afford it” (Volume 4 of Liubian Jilue).

Kneel down three times and kowtow nine times to gods, Buddhas, ancestors, and emperors. Women's etiquette is different from men's. There is a "squatting ceremony", commonly known as "half-squatting", that is, standing with feet parallel, hands on the knees and bending at the waist, with the knees slightly bent like a half-squatting. When women meet each other on weekdays, they would touch their foreheads with their right hands and nod in greeting, which is commonly known as "stroking the temples". That is, they would stroke their foreheads and temples three times with their fingers, and then nod and look at each other.

When women meet each other, they hold hands as a ceremony, commonly known as the "Lala ceremony", which is different from the greeting ceremony for Han women. Close relatives who have not seen each other for a long time will hug each other and greet each other, and then hold hands to say hello. This is called a great gift of hugging each other. For example, when a young person sees an elder, he puts his hands on his waist, and the elder touches his back with his hands. When an elderly couple meets each other, there is a "head-to-head ceremony". When an old couple reunites after a long absence, the wife will come up to him and put his head on the old man's chest. The old man will gently stroke the back of his wife's head or neck a few times.

Manchu people, when they meet an unknown elder on the road, they should bow and lower their hands and ask "saiyin" (meaning good in Manchu); if they are riding a horse, they should dismount and step to the side of the road to let the elder go first. The elder also said politely: "Thank you, brother, please get on your horse and go ahead." Then the young man can get on his horse and go on his way.

The daughter-in-law is even more respectful to her parents-in-law. She must be dignified and courteous. She must fill her cigarettes for her parents-in-law three times a day, serve them three times a day standing up, and provide them with face and foot washing water in the morning and evening. The new daughter-in-law cannot eat on the kang for the first year. You are not allowed to wear short clothes in front of your parents-in-law, and you are not allowed to scold your children loudly. When the daughter-in-law goes out, she packs cigarettes for her parents-in-law before leaving and says, "Please ask Amma and E Niang to look after the house." When guests come, the daughter-in-law should put on an apron and listen to her mother-in-law's instructions on the kang. Every time she calls "daughter-in-law, promise" before going to work. Even if the daughter-in-law is very old, she must serve her respectfully in front of the younger elders. .

The Manchu people have a custom of giving priority to their sister-in-law. The unmarried Manchu girls have a high status. The parents-in-law sit on the side, while the daughter-in-law stands by and waits carefully.

The Manchu people are generous and hospitable. , Keep faith. In areas where Manchus live, if someone finds something on the road, they should try to find the owner, and if they can't find it, they will have to claim it. When a family is short of rice, everyone gathers together, and when one person collects firewood and everyone burns it, it is a common thing for neighbors in the countryside to lend money to each other. There is no need to sign a contract, only a verbal agreement, and they abide by their trustworthiness.

In the old days, there were few inns in the countryside and there were few passers-by. I had no choice but to stay in a private house. The hostess warmly entertained me and stayed overnight. Since the Manchus usually lived in a room with three kangs, men and women did not avoid each other. It's polite.

When the guests go on their way the next day, they don't need to leave any reward. They just need to express their gratitude to the host and then go on their way. If a passerby comes into the house and the host is not at home, he can do it himself. Eat the meal, clean up after the meal, put the things in their original places, take some grass and put it in front of the door before leaving, with the grass slightly facing the direction you are going. The owner will feel honored when he comes back.

When a Manchu family has sacrifices or celebrations, they will kill animals and eat blessed meat, and invite relatives and friends to sit on the southern Kang. Families should offer blessed meat to distinguished guests. The meat is boiled, no salt is allowed, and it is very tender and delicious. Guests eat it with a knife, accompanied by salty, pickled vegetables, and sauce. When guests enter, they kowtow to the master, turn around and sit down to eat the blessing meat. They are not allowed to say thank you or wipe their mouths after eating, otherwise they will be disrespectful to the host.

The traditional Manchu houses generally have three rooms: west, middle and east. The door opens to the south. The west room is called the west upper house, the middle room is called the main room, and the east room is called the east lower house. The house on the west side is equipped with three Kangs on the south, west and north sides. The Western Kang is the most expensive, the North Kang is the larger, and the South Kang is the smaller. Visitors live on the West Kang, the elders mostly live on the North Kang, and the younger generations live on the South Kang.

Reference: _zgwh/2004-06/28/content_52619.htm

Answer: grace3600 - Magician Level 4 2-14 18:16

[Ethnic Profile]

The Manchu people have a current population of 9,821,180 people. They are mainly distributed in the three northeastern provinces, with the largest number in Liaoning Province, and a small number are scattered in major and medium-sized cities across the country.

The Manchu people have a long history, which can be traced back to the Sushen people more than 2,000 years ago. The Sushen people are the earliest ancestors of the Manchu people. The Liao, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties were called "Jurchens". It has long lived in the vast area east of Changbai Mountain, Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins. In the late 16th century, with the rise of Nurhaci, the Jurchens as the main body merged with some Han, Mongolian and Korean people to form a new ethnic group - the Manchus.

The Manchus have their own language and writing. Manchu belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic branch of the Altaic language family. Manchu was created based on the Mongolian alphabet at the end of the 16th century. Later, "circles" and "dots" were added to the borrowed Mongolian letters, which was called "Manchu with circles" or "new Manchu". Since the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchus have moved into the Central Plains and have close economic, cultural, and daily interactions with the Han people. The Manchu people have gradually become accustomed to using Chinese.

The Manchus are mainly engaged in agriculture. Most of the Manchus scattered in cities are engaged in industry, culture and science. In the long-term development process of history, Manchu compatriots have made important contributions to the creation of the motherland and the development of culture.

[Eating Habits]

Cooked dumplings are the main food of the Manchu people on weekdays and festivals. The pastry is made from sticky rice. There are bean flour dumplings, Su Ye dumplings and sticky cake dumplings. Manchu cakes are very durable, easy to carry and have unique flavor. They are still quite popular food today.

Sour soup is also a traditional pastry food of the Manchu people. Saqima is a nationally famous Manchu pastry.

The Manchu people have a long history. Sushen in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties and later the Yilou, Wuji and Jurchen people are all the ancestors of the Manchu people. The Manchu people used to eat corn, barnyard grass, sorghum, millet, and buckwheat as their staple foods, but now they eat wheat and rice as their staple foods. There are a wide variety of staple foods, including dumplings, rice, glutinous rice, sorghum rice, dried bean curd rice, bean paste cake, sour soup, etc. Delicious sticky and sweet foods. Below is an introduction to several representative staple foods.

[饽饽]: In addition to steamed buns made from wheat flour, there are also bean flour dumplings (yellow sticky noodles steamed with bean noodles), Suye dumplings (sticky sorghum noodles added with Adzuki bean paste, wrapped with Su leaves) and rice cake pastry (yellow sticky dough wrapped in bean paste and steamed) are the daily staple foods of the Manchu people.

[Small pork rice]: Also known as Tartar rice, it is a traditional food. Stew the diced fried pork with sorghum rice. If you add more water, it will become tartar porridge.

[Dragon Fighting Tiger]: Rice stewed with rice, rice and adzuki beans. Because "dou" and "dou" are homophonic, rice and rice are like dragons and tigers, so it is also called "Dragon-Tiger Dou".

[Steamed Rice with Rice]: Boil the steamed rice in water, then scoop it out and soak it in cold water. It is mostly eaten in summer. Manchu cuisine is famous for roasting and grilling, and is good at using raw soybean paste (soybean paste). The vegetables vary with the seasons and are mixed with wild vegetables (artemisia, bracken, etc.) and fungi. The Manchu ancestors were fond of fishing and hunting. In addition to poultry and livestock meat, they also used deer, muntjac, deer, roe deer, wild geese, fish, etc. during sacrifices. Particularly fond of pork. Pork is mostly boiled in white water, which is called "white boiled meat". Roast whole lamb is often used when holding a big banquet.

Common dishes include: [White Meat and Blood Soup]: Pour fresh pig blood into fresh pig intestines and cook, slice it into slices, then slice it into the same size plate as the pork cooked in white water, and serve with chive flowers. , garlic paste, chili oil to eat.

[Altar Pork]: Cut the pork into small pieces, stir-fry, add onions, ginger, aniseed, and fermented bean curd juice, and simmer over medium heat until tender.

[Mushed Beans and Pickled Cabbage Soup]: Mash the soaked soybeans into puree, cut the sauerkraut into cubes and stir-fry thoroughly, add broth and pureed soybeans, adjust the flavor, and stew thoroughly.

[Fried egg sauce]: Stir the egg liquid evenly, pour it into a hot oil pan, stir-fry it, and then pour in soy sauce and miso. Serve with green onions, cucumbers or green vegetables for dipping (or mixed with them).

[Mustard Duner]: Remove the old cabbage, place the whole cabbage horizontally, cut it into 3 cm long round cubes, blanch it in boiling water, and put it into the jar, with a layer of cabbage cubes. A layer of mustard noodles and sugar, and finally a layer of rice vinegar, cover tightly, and it's ready in one day. The taste is sweet, sour and refreshing.

[Fuke]: "Baoer rice" or "vegetable Baoer" in Manchu. The method is to wrap rice, stir-fried vegetables, scallions, and fried sauce with vegetable leaves (cabbage leaves, perilla leaves, lettuce leaves) into a long roll shape and eat it. The meal is integrated and economical.

[Saqima]: Fried strips of sweet pastry are a famous pastry. Manchu people avoid eating dog meat and prefer to drink tea. The Manchus in the Northeast region have the habit of drinking sour tea, which is to soak millet or millet rice until fermented and then cook it, add tea leaves to the rice soup, boil it, and add some sugar. There are also people who make milk tea.

[Wedding and Funeral Customs]

Manchu weddings not only have strong characteristics of their own nation, but also incorporate many customs and etiquette of the Han nation. Generally speaking, they go through the following procedures: Engagement : There are two forms of engagement for Manchu young men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. They understand each other and intend to get married, so they ask a matchmaker to make a lifelong promise for their children. In some cases, the man proposes to the woman, and in some cases the woman proposes to the man. The other is that the man and woman do not know each other, and ask a matchmaker to engage their children, and the matchmaker will hand over the couple's door posts, and issue the banners, resumes, surnames, and three generations of both parties. In addition, they should check each other's birth dates and horoscopes.

Putting it down: delivering financial gifts immediately. It is divided into two types: large setting and small setting. Fang Xiaoding means that the future daughter-in-law will receive property when she visits her aunts, brothers, sisters-in-law and other close relatives of the groom's family. The enlargement is called "excessive gift", commonly known as "delivering a big meal", which means choosing an auspicious day, and the man will send the betrothal gift to the woman's home. The day before the wedding, the bride-to-be is asked to drink "Wind Wine". The bride leaves home and stays in the apartment borrowed by the groom, which is commonly known as "laying down hair". In the early morning of the next day, the woman's family sent the bride off in a float, escorted by her brother. When the float arrives at the groom's house, a brazier is placed on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, and the wedding car carries the bride over the brazier. This is commonly known as going too far to ward off evil spirits. In order to drive away or kill the ghosts that come with the sedan, the groom will shoot three false arrows at the sedan door; some actually shoot them, but they usually shoot towards the bottom of the sedan to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride is helped out of the sedan chair and comes to the front of heaven and earth. Together with the groom, she kowtows to the north three times, which is commonly known as "worshiping the Beidou". After worshiping the Beidou, the world-famous "Zhan-Lefting" ceremony is performed. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijabs kneel in front of the sacred table in the courtyard, facing south. On the table are a pig's knuckle, three cups of wine, and a sharp knife. The shaman kneels on one leg in front of the table while chanting sutras in Manchu. , while using a sharp knife to cut the meat into pieces and throwing them into the air, at the same time he took the wine cup and poured the wine on the ground. The main purpose is to beg God to bless the newlyweds so that they can have children and grandchildren and grow old together. After the above ceremonies, the bride is helped into the bridal chamber by a family member (that is, a person with parents and children). When the bride crosses the threshold, a saddle is placed on the threshold and the bride must step over it. The bed in the new house must be laid by everyone. After the bridal chamber is laid, music must be played in the room, which is called "ringing the room". When the bride enters the bridal chamber, a little girl holds two bronze mirrors in her hands, takes a look at the bride, and then hangs the bronze mirrors on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed over two tin pots, which were filled with rice, money, etc., and the bride either held them in her arms or clamped them in her armpits, commonly known as "Bao Bao Vase" or "Bao Bao Matchmaking Pot". When the bride sits firmly on the bed, the groom uses a scale to remove the red cloth covering the bride's head, which is called "uncovering the hijab". Next, the couple drinks a cup of wine and eats Hexi noodles, longevity noodles, or descendant cakes.

[Features of Clothing]

In the 1930s, both Manchu men and women wore traditional robes with wide breasts and large sleeves. The hem of women's cheongsam reaches (left bone and right trunk) (calf), with embroidered floral patterns. Men's cheongsam has an ankle-length hem and no decoration. After the 1940s, due to the impact of new clothing trends at home and abroad, the Manchu men's cheongsam has been abandoned. The women's cheongsam has changed from wide sleeves to narrow sleeves, straight legs to tight waist, slightly larger hips, recycled hem, and ankle-length. Gradually, today's various cheongsam styles that pay attention to color decoration and beautiful body lines have gradually formed.

The cheongsam is one of the modern popular clothing and enjoys a high reputation in the international clothing showcase.

The cheongsam evolved from the ancient clothing of the Manchu people.

Cheongsam is called "Yijie" in Manchu. In ancient times, it generally referred to the robes worn by men and women of the Eight Banners of Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Dynasty.

The style of robes in the early Qing Dynasty had several major features: no collar, arrow sleeves, left lapels, four slits

and a girdle. Arrow sleeves are narrow cuffs with a semicircular sleeve head, shaped like a horseshoe, also known as "horseshoe sleeves". The horse hoof sleeves are pulled up on weekdays and put down when hunting

During war, they cover the back of the hands to keep out the cold in winter. There are four slits, namely under the robe

Front, back, left and right, with slits reaching to the knees. The left lapel and waistband are tight and warm, and the belt

is a bunch. When walking pigs, you can put dry food and utensils into the front. Men's robes

are mostly blue, gray, and cyan, while women's flag uniforms are mostly white.

Another feature of the Manchu cheongsam is that it wears a waistcoat over the cheongsam.

The waistcoat can be divided into double-breasted, twisted-breasted, pipa-breasted, single-breasted, etc. Wearing a waistcoat and riding a horse

Chipin looked very capable and neat.

After the Manchus moved south to Liaoshen and entered the Central Plains, they married the Han people in Tongtian. Influenced by the Han people's "big collar and big sleeves" clothing, they changed from arrow sleeves to It became bell sleeves, and the four slits evolved into left and right slits.

By the 1930s, both Manchu men and women wore traditional robes with wide fronts and long sleeves. The hem of women's cheongsam reaches (left bone and right trunk) (calf) and is embroidered with floral patterns. Men's cheongsam has an ankle-length hem and no decoration. After the 1940s,

Affected by the new fashion trends at home and abroad, the Manchu male cheongsam has been abandoned.

The female cheongsam has changed from wide sleeves to narrow sleeves, straight legs to tight waist, and hips Slightly oversized,

returned hem, ankle length. Gradually, today's various cheongsam styles that pay attention to color decoration and beautiful body lines have gradually formed. Because the cheongsam is very suitable for the body shape, virtuous personality and national temperament of Chinese women, this traditional clothing originated from the Manchus gradually became a treasure house of Chinese national culture. A harsh flower

, favored and appreciated by women at home and abroad.

[National Taboo]

Manchus have many dining customs and etiquette. For example, passers-by can share the sacred cakes and sacred meat used in sacrifices, but they are generally not allowed to take them away, and they are not allowed to wipe their mouths after eating; when family members eat, the elders do not move their chopsticks, but the younger generations never use their chopsticks; when killing pigs during the New Year , has the habit of inviting relatives, friends and neighbors to eat white meat and blood sausage together.

Manchus are forbidden to kill dogs, eat dog meat, use dog skins, and do not wear dog skin hats. Because the Manchu people have been engaged in hunting for a long time, dogs are indispensable "assistants". In winter, dogs are also used to pull sledges, becoming an important tool. Therefore, the Manchu people have the custom of respecting dogs. They usually raise dogs carefully and bury dead dogs. They do not beat or kill dogs, do not eat dog meat, do not wear dog skin hats, and do not spread dog skin mattresses. When foreigners wear dog skin hats when visiting Manchu homes, the owner will Not happy.

Many people have no favorable impression of crows, and even feel disgusted with them. But the Manchu people are an exception. Instead of coaxing and killing crows, they cherish them very much. In areas where the Manchu people live together, many people have a tall wooden pole in their yards. This pole was erected to feed crows and magpies. There is a bucket on top of this wooden pole, and the bucket is filled with pork, pig offal, and water. Rice and other food to feed crows and magpies.

The Manchus regard the Western Wall as a sacred place for worshiping their ancestors, and are not allowed to hang clothes or post New Year pictures here; the Western Kang is commonly known as the "Buddha Kang" and has "ancestor boards". It is taboo for people, especially women, to sit and lie down casually. Usually guests are not allowed to rest on the Western Kang, let alone put dog-skin hats or whips here. It is forbidden to beat dogs, kill dogs and eat dog meat; do not wear dog skin hats, do not spread dog skin mattresses, and guests wearing dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves are taboo.

You are not allowed to step over the tripods on the stoves or fire pits. You are not allowed to step on them or sit casually on the stoves or fire pits. You are not allowed to bake your feet, socks, or shoes at the mouth of the stove or on the pond. ; It is prohibited to throw leftover food, bones, fish bones, etc. into the stove or fire pit.

[Fertility Customs]

The Manchu people’s view on fertility was based on the idea of ??favoring boys over girls in the old days, which still exists today, and many children are considered a blessing. If a boy is born, a small wooden bow and arrow will be hung on the left frame of the door; if a girl is born, a red or blue cloth strip will be hung on the right frame of the door, which is called a "Taha patch". This ceremony is called "hanging bow and hanging silk".

"Falling grass". It is a Manchu birth custom to drop grass after giving birth. A woman's pregnancy is considered a happy event for the whole family.

In order to protect the normal development of the fetus, there are many rules and regulations for pregnant women, such as: they are not allowed to sit on the pot sill, window sill, or grinding table; they are not allowed to enter the delivery room; they are not allowed to worship ancestors and attend other people's weddings; they are not allowed to eat rabbit meat, for fear of giving birth to a child with three-petal mouth. ; Don't eat too much salt and soy sauce, lest your child develop a "throat". The numerous rules often cause a lot of mental stress to the mother. The delivery room is generally not located in the West Room, and children cannot be delivered on the kang mat. Before a pregnant woman gives birth, she must roll up the kang and spread grain straw on the earthen kang so that her child can be born on the grain grass. Therefore, the birth of a child is called "Luo Cao".

Manchu fertility also has the sayings of "collecting students" and "opening milk". The first outsider the baby sees is called the "birth-picker", which means that the baby-picker will have an impact on the baby, and some are even considered godfathers and godmothers. Breastfeeding is to ask women with many children to feed their babies the first mouthful of milk, which means that they will avoid disasters, be free from illness, and be well fed.

"Washing the Three and Playing the Smart" On the third day after the child is born, the "three cleansing" is carried out, and a prestigious old lady (called grandma) who has both children and a daughter is taken to her home and is given by the grandma. Use a large copper basin to give the child a hot bath, and while washing, he said: "Wash your hair, and you will become a prince; wash your waist, and you will be taller than the previous generation; wash your face, and you will become a county magistrate...". Finally, he hit three times with a green onion and said while beating: "One dozen is smart, two dozen are wise, and three dozen are clear." After saying this, the child's father threw the green onion onto the room, and all the relatives and friends congratulated the child's parents. .

"A mouthful of things to do". When the baby is one month old, a rope-raising ceremony is held and relatives and friends are entertained. On the rope, take out the "descendants rope", tie one end to the inclined pillar of the ancestor board, pull the other end to the outside of the door, and tie it to the willow branch prepared earlier, and then the whole family bows to the ancestor board. If a boy is born, a small bow and arrow will be tied to the rope; if a girl is born, a "Taha patch" will be tied to the rope. Relatives and friends come to congratulate and give gifts, most of which are longevity locks and so on.

"Haunted cars". When the Manchus give birth to their first child, when the baby is full moon, the grandmother's family will steam "Helie" (a long snake-shaped noodle) for the child. It is said that eating it can make more hair grow. On this day, his uncle will give a bicycle to him and hang it up by himself. It is better to use a bicycle that has been used by others, commonly known as "feeding the children and hanging it". Relatives and friends should give small clothes, small bells and other toys. If the baby is crying, hum the "Youyou Tune" while pushing the stroller. For example, "The Moon Is Full" is sung as follows:

The moon is round, the moon is big, and the moon is already hanging on the tree.

Little girl, don’t cry, I’ll take you to Amma.

Don’t be afraid when the boat rocks. When you grow up, marry a fisherman.

Fishskin shoes, fishskin socks, fish skirt, fish jacket, fish mandarin jacket

......

For the full moon, the female guest put the two steamed buns together and took them Let the mother take a bite, which is called "full mouth". From this day on, mothers should increase their diet and there are no taboos. Hosting a banquet to entertain guests, with long noodles as the main dish, means continuous health and longevity.

"Catch the week". When a child is one year old, he begins to understand human affairs. It is said that on this day, the child's life interests and aspirations can be measured, so many Manchu people have the custom of "Zhu Zhou". On the day when the baby turns one year old, his family will put paper, pens, books, bows and arrows, hats, musical instruments, tobacco, alcohol, gambling equipment, etc. on the kang for the baby to catch. It is said that whatever is caught will be done in the future.

The custom of "sleeping on a flat head" for babies is unique to the Manchu people. It is to let the baby sleep on a small pillow filled with grain. This is called "head pillow on the granary." The baby lay on his back for a long time, making the back of the baby's head sleep flat and flat. At the same time, the baby also sleeps with a flat back and broad shoulders, which the Manchus think is beautiful.

[Birth customs]

The Manchu people attach great importance to the birth of their children. Once a woman becomes pregnant, it is considered auspicious for the whole family, and her mother-in-law will tell her some knowledge about pregnancy protection and traditional taboos. For example: Pregnant women are not allowed to go to other people's delivery rooms, and are not allowed to sit on or cross the bed. You are not allowed to cry or laugh loudly, and you are not allowed to serve the ancestors and gods. If you are five months pregnant, you are not allowed to go to the stables or lead horses.

The child is called "Luocao" at birth. It is said that in ancient times, when Manchu women gave birth on the Kang, they would roll up the Kang mat and spread it with grain and grass. The mother would give birth on the grain and grass, and this became a custom from then on. After the child "falls into the grass", if it is a boy, a small bow and arrow should be hung on the left side of the door to symbolize that the child will grow up to be an excellent archer; if it is a girl, a small bow and arrow should be hung in front of the door.

A red cloth strip symbolizes good luck. On the second day after the baby is born, a woman with many children and good health should be asked to feed the baby the first milk, which is called "breastfeeding".

The first outsider who enters the delivery room to see the baby is called the "birth-taker". The Manchus believe that the baby's personality will be like that of a "raw-picker" when he grows up, so they pay great attention to selecting a "raw-picker". On the third day after the birth of a baby, "three baths" are required, and a respected old lady with both sons and daughters is invited to bathe the baby, which is also called a bathing ceremony. A large copper basin is used for bathing, with locust leaves and mugwort in it. After pouring hot water, relatives and friends who come to congratulate put copper coins, peanuts, eggs, etc. into the basin, which is called adding basin. During the bathing process, if the baby cries loudly, it is regarded as good luck and good luck, which is called "sounding basin."

The child will start getting on the car on the seventh day after birth. A trolley is also called a rocking trolley. It is made of birch bark and is about 1.3 meters long and 0.7 meters wide. The two ends are semicircular, like a boat. Later generations of carriages were mostly made of thin sheets of basswood.

The edges were painted red with patterns and auspicious words written on them, making them very beautiful. The stroller is hung on the beam and is very light to swing. In order to keep the baby's arms and legs straight and avoid falling when he turns over, cloth straps are usually used to handle the stroller. The child's elbows, knees and ankles are tied to the stroller. A bag made of rice bran is placed under the baby, and the pillow is made of millet or sorghum. Because the Manchu people regard the flatness of the back of a child's head as a beauty, they use pillows like this.

The child is officially named after the full moon. A family ceremony is held before the child is 5 years old, commonly known as "Dancing for the God of Joy". It usually only takes one day.

No pigs and sheep are killed, but chickens are killed to make cakes. , to offer sacrifices to ancestors and gods, and to thank the dragon for delivering children. During public sacrifices in the clan, a "lock-changing" ceremony is held

. Each newborn child receives a lock belt and wears one, and prays to the willow tree for blessing. After the sacrifice, the lock bag is put into the descendant bag and kept.

The first time a child goes to his grandma’s house is undoubtedly a big deal. When my aunt returned to her parents' home with her lovely grandson,

Grandma's family was overjoyed and treated her like a distinguished guest. At this time, the young mother gently bumped the child's head against the pillar, indicating that the child would not only be able to live well in grandma's house, but would also grow healthy and strong in the future.

Before the age of 8, boys’ toys were mainly bows and arrows, and they also played archery games. Whoever shoots accurately will be valued

Girls take playing on the swing as their main entertainment activity.

The Manchus do not have a fixed crown ceremony. The clan leader or shaman simply offers sacrifices in front of the ancestor god's table and gives the spirit pendant to young men and women. Generally, young men wear wild boar tusks on their foreheads, and girls usually wear wild boar front teeth. From then on, young men and women can participate in all social activities of the clan.

[Manchu Spring Festival]

"Aniye Nengye" is the Manchu language, that is, the Manchu Spring Festival, which is a grand traditional festival of the Manchu people.

The Manchu Spring Festival originates from Han customs. After Nurhaci established the Hou Jin regime, he raised troops in the third year of Tianming (1618) and entered the Liaoyang and Shenyang areas. Under the influence of the Han economy and culture, the development of Manchu society underwent great changes. Especially after Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and established its capital in Beijing in the first year of Shunzhi (1644). A large number of Manchu residents moved to the pass and lived together with the Han people. They exchanged and influenced each other economically and culturally, and had a close relationship. As time went by, many customs and cultures of the Han people were absorbed by the Manchu people, and the Spring Festival became a traditional festival with different customs between the Manchu and Han people.

■ Celebration methods

Before the festival, people actively buy New Year’s goods, clean the courtyard, post couplets, hang notes (also known as hanging flags), window grilles and blessing characters, steam rice cakes, and bake rice cakes. Sticky water spoon. At midnight on the first day of the Lunar New Year, every household sets off firecrackers to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. At the same time, people place offerings under the ancestral panel on the west wall of their home, light Tatar incense, worship their ancestors, and pray to the gods to bless the whole family in safety and everything goes well in the new year. At the beginning of the new year, the whole family gathers together to eat reunion dumplings, commonly known as "stuck ingots." When the dumplings are being cooked, the owner of the house will shout: "Have you woke up?" Others reply at the same time: "Have you woke up!" They compare the dumplings floating from the bottom of the pot to the rising of life. Then let the child climb up the cabinet and jump three times to indicate "jumping high" in the new day. On this day, the younger generation should kowtow to the elders to pay New Year greetings (in the old days, women would kneel down and caress their temples) and parents should give their children money to keep them happy. Close relatives of the clan also want to pay New Year greetings to each other, and relatives and friends are invited to feasts to talk about old times and make new ones together.

Boys set off fireworks and firecrackers in groups, play with wooden sledges, or skate happily; girls and young women dress in costumes and play with Galaha (toys made from pig or cow knee joint bones).

Singing and dancing are an important part of festival activities. According to the records of "Bohai Kingdom": "The officials and the people gathered together to have fun when they were old. They first ordered good singers and dancers to go forward for several generations. The ladies and gentlemen followed each other and even sang in harmony with each other. They whirled gracefully and called them 'Tachui'." To chase means to step on. stilts. To this day, this custom is still followed. From the first to the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, people gather together to sing, dance, walk on stilts, and have fun. In some places, young people even spontaneously organize performance teams to perform in villages and villages to celebrate the New Year, and the festive atmosphere is more intense.

When celebrating the New Year, the Manchus are accustomed to using refined flour, eggs, sugar, sesame seeds, and greens?