Please provide experts: A compilation of the history classification of college entrance examinations across the country in 2011. The first unit of the compulsory course is the political system of anci

Please provide experts: A compilation of the history classification of college entrance examinations across the country in 2011. The first unit of the compulsory course is the political system of ancient China.

2011 College Entrance Examination History Classification and Summary Compulsory Course I Political History

Topic 1: Ancient Chinese Political System

1. Multiple choice question

(2011 New Curriculum Standard Paper Summary 24) Dong Zhongshu believed that the purpose of Confucius's "Spring and Autumn" was to respect the emperor, restrain the princes, and advocate the Zhou system for "great unification", and used this as the emperor of Han Dynasty. Strengthen centralized services, thereby linking the history of the Zhou Dynasty to the politics of the Han Dynasty. The important historical impact of the Western Zhou Dynasty on the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties lies in C

A. Established a system for the central government to effectively control local areas B. Established the centralization consciousness of the monarch’s monopoly of power

C. Forming the cultural and psychological identity of the world as one family D. Realizing the state's control over land and population

(2011 Beijing Volume Summary 13) In ancient China, imperial power was often strengthened by dividing and weakening the power of the prime minister. Which of the following statements is correct C

A. The Western Han Dynasty divided the power of the prime ministers by weakening the forces of the Later Zhou Dynasty B. The Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the three-chief system to divide the administrative power of the prime minister

C. In the Song Dynasty, three divisions were established to divide the prime minister’s financial power D. The establishment of the Military Aircraft Department in the Qing Dynasty eliminated the contradiction between imperial power and prime ministerial power

(2011 Tianjin Comprehensive History 1) The correct correspondence between the following groups of ancient and modern place names is B

① Dadu - Beijing ② Bianliang - Kaifeng ③ Lin'an - Suzhou ④ Yizhou - Chengdu

A. ①②③ B. ①②④ C. ①③④ D． ②③④

(Fujian Provincial Literature Review 16, 2011) "Tang Lv Shu Yi" records: "Morality and etiquette are the foundation of politics and religion, and punishment is the purpose of politics and religion. "This shows that D

A. Virtue and etiquette are the essence of punishment B. Punishment is the embodiment of virtue

C. Morality and etiquette are insignificant compared to punishment D. Moral etiquette and punishment are indispensable to both politics and religion

(2011 Guangdong Provincial Literature Comprehensive Review 13) Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the government had a genealogy bureau to determine the official titles and family status of the fathers and ancestors. Since then, this phenomenon has gradually disappeared, mainly due to D

A. The End of Patriarchal System B. The improvement of the inspection and examination system

C. The establishment of the three-province and six-ministry system D. The implementation of the imperial examination system

(2011 Shandong Provincial Literature Review 9) When commenting on a certain system in ancient China, Qian Mu said, “It can cultivate the interest of the people across the country in politics... It can unite all regions of the country in one center "This system is C

A. County system B. Chaju system C. Imperial examination system D. Provincial system

(2011 Sichuan Provincial Literature Review 13) Qing Dynasty historian Zhao Yi believed that according to the phenomenon in the early Western Han Dynasty that "the emperor was born from commoners, and his ministers were also desperadoes". "The Qin and Han Dynasties brought about a great change in the world." The following proposition reflects this "big change": C

A. Abolish tyranny and recuperate B. Depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism

C． Kings, princes, generals and prime ministers would rather have seeds D. Take the Dharma as the teaching and the officials as the teachers

(2011 Chongqing Municipal Literature Review 12) Confucius said: "Guan Zhong and Duke Huan dominated the princes and brought order to the world. The people are still receiving his blessings." Confucius praised it. Guan Zhong, because Guan Zhong assisted Duke Huan of Qi C

① restored the Zhou rites ② respected the king of Zhou and made alliances with the princes ③ implemented the "first taxation of acres" ④ controlled the Yi Di in the north and the Chu barbarians in the south

< p>A． ①② B． ①③ C． ②④ D． ③④

(2011 Chongqing Municipal Literature Review 15) "History of the Song Dynasty" records: "Hui Yuanhao invited ministers, and the court was tired of soldiers and was willing to accept them."

The contents of the Song Dynasty's "condescension to accept" Xia include B

① reopening border trade ② ceding the sixteen states of Youyun ③ becoming a country of brothers ④ making Yuanhao the king of Xia

< p>A． ①② B． ①④ C． ②③ D． ③④

(Jiangsu Province Single Science History 4 in 2011) According to the "Nantai Preparatory Notes": "When Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province... mobilize troops to suppress arrests, the provincial officials will consult them one by one if they have any important matters. "I am afraid that delaying the matter will not be enough. (Now) there is no need to consult with those who mobilize military intelligence and initiate money management...leave them to their convenience." This piece of material can reflect the Yuan Dynasty. B

A. It is difficult to reconcile the dispute with the central power B. Obtained emergency handling authority

C. The chief executive shall be appointed by the court when he is absent D. Rights are no longer controlled by the central government

(Jiangsu Province Single Subject History 2, 2011) The picture on the right shows the birth distribution ratio of the 830 Jinshi recorded in the "Book of Tang"

It can be seen that the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty D

A. Established for the purpose of selecting children of noble families

B. It’s still a replica of the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng system

C． Narrowing the scope of talent selection

D. Taking into account multiple classes but not perfect

(Shanghai Shanke History 6, 2011) In the Shang Dynasty, the king of Shang and the leaders of many states were called "kings". However, King Shang was not only the ruler of his country, he was also the leader of the country C

A. Lord of the country B. Lord C. Leader D. Monarch

(2011 Shanghai Single Subject History 7) History is complicated. Sometimes learning from the past can lead to new problems. The following historical facts can support this view: A

A. After the death of Qin II, the Han Dynasty implemented the parallel system of prefectures and states B. After the death of Qin II, the Han Dynasty appointed commoner generals

C． After the death of the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty, Tang Guang recruited talented people and knew them well. D. After the death of Sui II, the Tang Dynasty implemented the leniency and simplicity laws

(Shanghai Shanke History 9, 2011) In Chinese history, the ethnic minorities that coexisted with the Qin, Southern Qi, and Song Dynasties are:

A. Xiongnu, Khitan, Manchu B. Khitan, Xianbei, Xiongnu

C. Jurchen, Xianbei, Xiongnu D. Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Khitan

(2011 Shanghai Shanke History 10) On the right is a map of the three kingdoms, among which the areas under the jurisdiction of Wei

are

A. ①

B． ②

C. ③

D. ④

(Shanghai Single Subject History 14, 2011) Qianlong claimed to have "ten perfect martial arts". His main "martial arts" include A

A. Suppress the rebellion of the Hui tribe and unify the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains B. The first minister to be stationed in Tibet implemented the golden urn drawing system

C. Won the great victory at Yaksa and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk D. Recovering Taiwan and establishing General Yili

(2011 Shanghai Municipal Literature Review 9) The picture below shows a schematic diagram of the central administrative system of a certain dynasty in ancient Chinese history. The dynasty was C

A. Qin Dynasty B. Han Dynasty c. Tang Dynasty d. Song Dynasty

(2011 Shanke History of Hainan Province 1) After the unification of Qin, "feudalism was abolished and counties were established", establishing an autocratic and centralized system. However, the emperor's son and brother were granted the title of king, which continued until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Separating princes and younger brothers is thought to protect the feudal vassal", which was the main reason for enfeoffing the younger brothers in the past dynasties. Explanation of the long-term existence of blood enfeoffment C

A. The enfeoffment system is conducive to the long-term stability of the regime B. Enfeoffment by blood is the basis for centralization of power

C. Dividing princes and younger brothers is a manifestation of imperial power D. The system of the Zhou Dynasty was highly praised by all the regimes of the past

(2011 Shanke History of Hainan Province 4) "The Travels of Marco Polo" records that during the Yuan Dynasty, "all Khitan people, that is, residents of Khitan Province, Forced to leave the old capital and move to the new capital."

The "Khitan Province" here should refer to B

A. Lingbei Province B． Liaoyang Province C． Gansu Province D. Yunnan Province

(2011 Shanke History of Hainan Province 8) The local administrative system of the Qing Dynasty generally followed the Ming system. Officials in charge of the civil affairs and finance of a province were commonly known as "fantai". The official title of this office is D

A. Jiedushi B. Privy Councilor C. Third Secretary D. Chief Envoy

2. Non-choice questions

(2011 new curriculum standard paper summary 40)

(25 points) Read the materials and complete the following questions.

Material 1

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, according to the principle of "officials with ability and salary with merit", the hereditary aristocracy by blood was abolished and a bureaucratic administrative system was established. From the Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, the Legalist philosophy was followed, and function and energy were the main basis for the promotion, appointment and removal of officials. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the status of officials with Confucian origins rose, and the role of officials' personal conduct in guiding and educating the people was increasingly valued.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholar-bureaucrats pursued "fame" based on virtue, and it became a common phenomenon for officials to be pretentious and hypocritical without practical talent. When Cao Cao was in power, he emphasized the principle of "evaluating people based on their talents". Priority will be given to those who are meritorious and capable. "Those who do not serve in official positions have no merit, and those who do not fight will not be rewarded." In the selection of officials in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties, the importance of thought and conduct was highlighted: "Anyone seeking talents and skills can govern the people." Emphasis was placed on the assessment of the conduct and performance of officials; "Those who have good intentions and good deeds will be promoted; those who have bad intentions and deeds will be promoted." If you don't, then let it go... There is no one way to seek excellence. However, those who have found it must try it and examine it.

——Excerpted from Jian Bo Zan. "Outline of Chinese History"

Material 2

In the Tang Dynasty, the "Four Good Things" in terms of moral character and attitude towards office were the most important content for the examination of officials: "One is that morality and righteousness are known; The second is to be clear and prudent, the third is to be fair, and the fourth is to be diligent and diligent. "At the same time, the best performance standards for various positions are stipulated, which are called "most". They are assessed every year and the results are made public. The assessment is divided into nine levels: "The best among the four is the best, the best among the three is the best, and the middle is the best among the two. For the sake of superiors and subordinates... To occupy an official position is to be deceitful, and to be greedy and corrupt, for the sake of superiors and subordinates. ""Goodness" is the key to obtaining salary rewards and rapid promotion.

——According to "New Book of Tang"

Material 3

Recruiting scholars will be returned to the school , to make it clear to the world as a new foundation... and to establish schools not just to store talents, but to enlighten the people's wisdom, so that everyone can receive universal education and have ordinary knowledge and ability, and be loyal to the country. , The next person has to make a living by himself. Those with high talents are enough to assist in governance, and those with inferior talents can also be regarded as qualified nationals. Whether he is wise or not. This is the most scolding method in the world. In addition to the various sciences, the school has established a separate discipline of conduct, which is assessed by the integral method and scored together with each other. The six items of language, behavior, behavior, work, communication, and travel are checked everywhere, and the scores are ranked accordingly. When it comes to the exam, the daily conduct scores are also used and calculated.

Arithmetic and geography. , finance, military affairs, negotiation, railways, mining, police, foreign politics and law, etc., as long as there is a long term, they can be recommended to be picked up separately when the exam is taken... Those who are determined will be used as the principal, secretary, and county magistrate. Official.

——Excerpted from "Yuan Shikai, Zhao Erxun, Zhang Zhidong and other committee members' report on suspending the imperial examination and promoting schools and an edict to suspend the imperial examination and promote schools" (1905)

(1) Based on materials 1 and 2 and combined with the knowledge you have learned, summarize the changes in the concepts of "morality" and "talent" reflected in the selection of officials from Qin to Tang Dynasty and briefly analyze the reasons (15 points).

(2) Based on the materials and combined with the knowledge learned, briefly comment on the new understanding of "virtue" and "talent" in the late Qing Dynasty.

(10 points)

Answer points:

(1) Changes: From Qin to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, merit and ability were the main basis for selecting officials; after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, officials were selected more and more Later, more and more attention was paid to the personal conduct of officials; Cao Cao emphasized "evaluation based on talent"; in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties, it emphasized the priority of virtue and at the same time focused on ability examination; in the Tang Dynasty, a complete assessment system was formed that took into account both ability and moral integrity and gave priority to virtue. Reasons: Confucianism has an increasingly profound impact on system construction; specific historical background affects the standards for talent selection; building a high-quality official team.

(2) Description: Morality and talent are basic qualities that citizens should possess; emphasize the importance of schools in cultivating morality and talent; morality can be cultivated through curriculum education, daily inspections, etc.; among officials The selection will focus more on professional knowledge and skills. Comment: Inheriting the ancient concept of talents with both ability and political integrity; adapting to the needs of the times; conducive to the cultivation of new talents.

(2011 National Paper Comprehensive 39)

(History part 20 points) Analyze the graphic and text materials and complete the following questions. (Note: Answers written on the test paper are invalid)

The northwest of the motherland has a vast territory. The complex and diverse natural environment and the humanistic characteristics of coexistence of agriculture and animal husbandry have made this place a home for various ethnic groups to thrive, interact and integrate. Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other regions were the foundations of the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties. In modern history, this is the holy place that gave birth to the Chinese revolution. The comprehensive development and social and economic development of the northwest will surely make new contributions to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Material 1

The Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang Dynasties had their capitals in Guanzhong and their country was strong. This was not just because Guanzhong had a prosperous agricultural economy and was surrounded by dangerous fortresses. The mountains to the northwest and north of Guanzhong, The plateau is equally important. In the year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family lost the support of the "Rong" tribe in the mountains and was driven out of the Guanzhong Plain. The Qin State controlled the mountains, "then dominated Xirong", and accumulated the power to look forward to "Shandong"; the warriors who feared death and the prosperous agricultural economy in Guanzhong were both factors that could not be ignored in supporting Qin's unification of the country. The army formed by the "Liangjiazizi of the Six Counties" who were "good at riding and shooting" in the mountains and plateaus has always been the core of the Han Dynasty's army. During the Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty, Guanzhong was in economic decline and was far from being comparable to "Shandong". However, relying on Guanlong as the main body of government soldiers and the national horse farm raising up to 400,000 war horses, it was still enough to control the whole country; When the Tang Dynasty lost effective control over the northwest mountains, the country's power collapsed. According to historian Wu Yuxi, the interaction between the nomadic world and the agricultural world constitutes one of the driving forces for the historical development of the agricultural era worldwide. As far as Chinese history is concerned, the interaction between the grasslands and the farming areas of the Central Plains became more extensive and in-depth after the Tang Dynasty.

——Excerpted from Bai Shouyi's "General History of China" etc.

(1) Based on the materials and combined with the knowledge learned, summarize the role of the areas surrounding Guanzhong in the unification and prosperity of the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties. (8 points)

(4) Combining the knowledge learned, summarize the impact of "interaction between the nomadic world and the agricultural world" on Chinese history after the Tang Dynasty (12 points)

Answer points:< /p>

(1) Function: The mountains and plateaus in the north and northwest form the geographical barrier of Guanzhong; transport brave warriors who are good at riding and shooting; provide war horses.

(4) Influence: The Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolian, Manchu and other nomadic peoples have successively established political power across grassland and farming areas; grassland areas and farming areas have increasingly profound mutual influence in politics, economy and culture; Extensive and in-depth ethnic integration has formed, and the territory of China's unified multi-ethnic country has gradually taken shape.

(Shanghai Single Subject History 35, 2011)

The official selection system

The official selection system in Chinese history has an evolutionary process. The Western Zhou and Han dynasties There are three important stages of development with the Tang Dynasty.

Question: (12 points)

(1) Fill in the form according to the example. (6 points)

(2) Briefly comment on the official selection system of Han and Tang Dynasties. (6 points)

Answer points and scoring criteria:

(1)

Answer 1: The answer is consistent with historical facts. f6 points)

①Shiqingshilu system; ②Recommendation system: ⑤Examination results

Other answers. (0 points)

(2) Arguments (4 points)

Answer l: Can comprehensively comment on the pros and cons of the two official selection systems.

(4 points)

?As far as the recommendation system is concerned, if the recommender is motivated by publicity and does not avoid relatives when recommending talents, he can also select outstanding talents, but it can easily lead to conflicts between the recommender and the recommended person. A special relationship of giving and repaying gratitude was formed. As far as the imperial examination system is concerned, in principle, ordinary scholars can take the examination, which expands the basis of rule. However, if the examination content is inappropriate, it will not reflect true talent and learning.

Answer 2: Unilaterally comment on the pros and cons of the two official selection systems. (2 points)

Other answers. (0 points)

Organization (2 points)

Answer l: The narrative is coherent into a structure. (2 points)

Answer 2; The narrative is more coherent. (1 point)

Other answers: List the arguments. (0 points)

Topic 2: Struggle for rights protection in modern China

1. Multiple choice question

(2011 New Curriculum Standard Paper Summary 31) On June 21, 1900, the Qing government promulgated the "Declaration of War on All Countries." On June 26, Zhejiang Governor Liu Kunyi, Huguang Governor Zhang Zhidong and others negotiated the "Southeast Protection Agreement" with the consuls of the great powers in Shanghai. It stipulates that "the Shanghai Concession is under the public protection of all countries, and the Yangtze River and the mainland of Suzhou and Hangzhou are under the protection of each governor. The two will not interfere with each other, and the main purpose is to protect the industries of Chinese and foreign merchants and people." This indicates that B

A. The influence of the great powers in China has been effectively contained B. The Qing government's centralization faced a crisis

C. Local powerful factions become agents of the great powers D. Local forces and the imperial court fought against each other

(2011 National Volume Review 14) Xu Jishe made the following comments about Washington in "Yinghuan Zhilue": "Wow! He is not a great person! The United States of America considers its country , covering thousands of miles, does not have the title of prince, does not follow the rules of the world, and creates an unprecedented situation in ancient and modern times. How strange is it! Among the ancient and modern figures in Western Europe, Washington is not the first one!" This shows that! Author B

A. Advocate political harmony and oppose monarchy B. The reflection on the monarchy is at the forefront of the times

C. Has become the pioneer of the Westernization Movement

D. Advocates following the United States in developing capitalism

(2011 Beijing Volume 17) Figure 8 is a political satirical cartoon from a French newspaper:

The Boxers killed foreigners as "barbaric" (BARBARIE); Foreigners killed the Boxers as "CIVILISATION". The author of this cartoon intended B

A. Advocate the use of force to resolve disputes

B. Criticize Western colonial aggression

C. Confusing the boundaries between civilization and barbarism

D. Acknowledging the double standards of the colonists

(2011 Anhui Provincial Literature Review 16) Figure 5 is a partial schematic diagram of a certain battlefield in the Anti-Japanese War

, and the correct expression related to it is B

p>

A. Committed to reversing the situation in the Pacific War

B. Conducive to the supply of international strategic materials

C. Cut off the Japanese army’s mainland communication lines

D. It led to Japan's unconditional surrender

(2011 Fujian Provincial Literature Review 18) Lin Zexu proposed in his memorial to Emperor Daoguang: "Wait (wait) until the poison spreads throughout the world... Decades later, several people from the Central Plains will There are no soldiers to defend the enemy, and there is no silver to pay... The (silver) fruits are all scattered in the interior, why not harm the upper and lower, and hide the wealth among the people; if it is (helplessly) leaked overseas, how should it be stolen by the bandits? Is it a matter of urgency?" Here, Lin Zexu emphasized that the greatest harm caused by the proliferation of opium is D

A. Damage the body and weaken the combat effectiveness of the army B. The national treasury is empty and there is no money to supply the army

C. Hiding wealth for the people but harming national interests D. The outflow of silver increased financial resources for the great powers

(2011 Sichuan Provincial Wenzong 16) In August 1898, the Qing court issued an edict: "Now that the forbidden sea has been opened, powerful neighbors are waiting for it, and in order to facilitate business circulation, Hidden covetousness, the only way is to open the port widely.

"The intention of the Qing court does not include A

A. Taking back the treaty ports B. Developing the national economy C. Safeguarding the national sovereignty D. Saving the country from danger

(2011 Zhejiang Provincial Cultural and Comprehensive Research Institute 18 ) On an adobe wall in a small mountain village in the northwest, there is an eye-catching slogan written in black letters: “Down with the warlords who drink our blood! "Down with the traitors who betrayed China to Japan!" "All anti-Japanese armies are welcome to form a united front!" "Long live the Chinese Red Army!" "This historical scene first appeared in C

A. Before and after the September 18th Incident B. Before the January 28th Incident C. Before and after the Xi'an Incident D. After the August 13th Incident

(2011 Chongqing Municipal Wenzong 17) The Yu Dongchen uprising notice in Dazu County recorded in the report of the Chongqing Customs and Taxation Department stated: "Our Qing subjects are all loyal and filial people. Who dares to believe in the religion of Yi and Di? Today, foreigners falsely claim to be trade missionaries... Since Since Daoguang... they have burned our imperial palaces, destroyed our vassal states, occupied Shanghai and dominated Taiwan, forced the opening of Jiaozhou, and actually wanted to carve up China. "This uprising should have occurred in C

A. 1851 B. 1895 C. 1898 D. 1906

(2011 Shanghai Shanke History 26)" Island The poison caused by the bandit spread to western Yunnan. Who is so bloodless that he cannot bear to abandon the frontier? General Huan Huan did not care about hardships and dangers. Ten swings and ten battles, death is as sweet as sugar. He is loyal and has a reputation as a monument. I am proud of my great righteousness and show my sincerity. "This inscription commemorates B

A. The Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army B. The Eighth Army of the Chinese Expeditionary Force

C. The Chinese People's Liberation Army D. The Chinese People's Volunteers

2. Non-choice questions

(2011 Shanghai Single Subject History 37)

A passport

After the signing of the "Tianjin Treaty", Travel passports began to appear. Foreigners at treaty ports obtained passports from the consulate and had them stamped by the local customs. The following are the main contents of a passport:

This consul will comply with this. Article 8 of the treaty agreement between the two countries has been agreed upon. Internal discretion: The French are allowed to apply for permission to travel to the inland and other reasons. I am a French national and have requested permission to travel to eighteen provinces. The consul knows that he is a good citizen of our country, and for this reason, I have given permission to Xi. , to allow him to go. Therefore, I ask the ruling ministers of the Qing Dynasty and the civil and military officials of the provinces to verify and release them without leaving any difficulties. I hope that I will treat him with courtesy and take care of him at any time, so as to show that this agreement will not be violated. , immortal.

Question: (12 points)

(1) In addition to France, which other countries signed the "Tianjin Treaty" with the Qing government? (3 points)

p>

(2) What do you think were the disadvantages of foreigners traveling with this type of passport at that time? (9 points)

Answer points and scoring criteria:

(1)< /p>

Answer l: Fill in the three countries that are consistent with historical facts (3 points)

? Britain, the United States, and Russia

Answer 2: Fill in the three countries that are consistent with historical facts. 2 countries.

Answer 3: Fill in 1 country that is consistent with historical facts.

Other answers: Fill in more than 3 countries. 0 points)

(2)

Answer 1: Be able to analyze the disadvantages based on the information in the passport (9 points)

?The travel area filled in in the passport. It is very wide and has no definite validity period, which is equivalent to allowing foreigners to travel around the country with this passport! It facilitates their aggressive activities; the wording in the passport requiring local officials to "take care of them at any time" is very vague, allowing foreigners to blackmail local officials. The passport requires local officials to "treat foreigners courteously", but there is no mention of the laws and obligations that foreigners should abide by when entering the mainland. If foreigners cause trouble, it will be difficult for local officials to punish them.

Answer 2: Not combined with the information in the passport for analysis? (1-3 points)

It is conducive to Westerners' freedom to preach, prepare them to launch a war of aggression against China, and further deepen China's The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society

Other answers: (0 points)

(2011 Hainan Province Single Subject History 27)

(12 points) According to Use the materials and answer the questions based on the knowledge you have learned.

Materials

On October 16, 1900, Britain and Germany signed the "British-German Agreement" on the China question, agreeing to abide by the following principles: "First, the rivers and coastal areas of China will be Trade and other legitimate economic activities among the ports are free and open without distinction. This is the common and permanent interest of the great powers. The two governments agree to abide by this principle in all Chinese territories within their reach. Second, Germany. The Imperial Government and Her Majesty's Government must not take advantage of the current disturbances to gain any territorial interests in China, and their policy should be directed at maintaining China's territory without any change. Thirdly, if other countries take advantage of the current disturbances in China, no matter what method they use, When seeking to obtain territorial interests, the two contracting parties should retain preliminary understandings on the steps to be taken to protect their interests in China. Fourth, the two governments should notify other related powers of this agreement, such as Austria, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia. , the United States and other countries, and invite them to accept the principles adopted in this agreement."

Italy and Austria expressed their "deep willingness to accept" this agreement and "agreed to it without hesitation." At this time, Japan was "uneasy to the extreme" and not only expressed its "agreement to this agreement" but also its willingness to "join this agreement." The U.S. government's reply was that it accepted the first two clauses and did not need to express any opinion on the third clause. France echoed the content of the U.S. reply. Russia claims to "welcome" the first article, and the second article is especially consistent with Russia's intention, because at the beginning of this turmoil, the Russian government first advocated the preservation of China's integrity and the "old national system" as a way to protect China. basic principles of policy.

——Excerpted from "Selected Translations of German Diplomatic Documents Concerning Historical Materials on China's Negotiations"

(1) Explain the changes and essence of the great powers' policies towards China around 1900, and point out the great powers' proposals or reasons for accepting the Anglo-German Agreement. (7 points)

(2) Briefly analyze the impact of the Anglo-German Agreement on the situation in China. (5 points)

Answer points:

(1) Change: from carving up to "preservation". (2 points) Essence: Further aggression and joint control of China. (2 points) Reasons: The resistance of the Chinese people; the competition among the great powers in China has intensified, and interest relationships need to be adjusted. (3 points)

(2) The Qing government further became a tool for the great powers to rule China; the conflicts between the great powers in China temporarily eased; the degree of colonialism deepened; and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles were further stimulated. (5 points)

I even gave you Topic 2. Remember to add points.