How to raise laying ducks

In recent years, China's egg duck breeding industry has developed rapidly, and the scale of duck breeding has been expanding. From the traditional one-family farming, it will gradually transition to duck farming villages, duck farming cooperatives and leading enterprises to add duck farmers or large-scale duck farming enterprise groups. Nowadays, with the increasing number and area of ducks, the scientific breeding of laying ducks and the prevention and treatment technology of major diseases have become the focus of duck farmers. To this end, the successful experience in production practice is summarized as follows:

1 scientific feeding management

1. 1 Feeding management of ducklings

Choosing the right brooding period, it is best to breed "early spring duck" in late April and early May, or "late spring duck" in June or "autumn duck" in August.

1. 1. 1 The second day after the ducklings hatched, 1/3 ducklings showed foraging status, and they could be fed at this time. The ducklings can be directly fed with complete compound feed, or stewed with millet into hard rice, and mixed with 10% glucose water and 10% green vegetables for bibimbap.

1. 1.2 Pay attention to boiling water before eating, which is the characteristic of raising ducks. Drain the water in the duck basket before feeding, and it can be directly drained in cold water for about 5 minutes on sunny days from13℃ to15℃. In case of rainy or cold weather, drain water in the indoor wooden basin. During the period of 1 ~ 2 weeks, water was released about 15 minutes after feeding every day.

1. 1.3 feed the ducklings with animal feed until the third day in time. The self-made feed should be fed with animal feed (such as snails, shrimps, earthworms, small fish, etc.). Or feeding 5% fish meal mixture) to promote the growth and development of ducklings.

1. 1.4 Supplementing green feed From the third day, add 10% ~ 20% chopped green feed to the feed by yourself, or throw it into the water to eat freely, such as green leafy vegetables, water weeds, duckweed, etc.

1.2 duckling management

Strengthen exercise properly to promote bone and muscle development and prevent obesity. Ducks should be driven to do circular exercise in the shed regularly every day, 5 ~ 10 minutes each time, 2 ~ 4 times a day. Breeders should have more contact with ducks to enhance their courage and prevent them from being frightened.

1.3 Feeding quantity of laying ducks before and after opening the pen.

Laying ducks mostly start laying eggs at the age of 150, and reach the peak of laying eggs at the age of 200. The goal of feeding management in this period is to push the egg production rate to the peak as soon as possible. From the aspect of nutrition, we should constantly improve the feed quality, increase the nutritional concentration of the diet, appropriately increase the feeding times, and increase the feed intake according to the rising trend of egg laying rate to meet the nutritional needs of ducks. The average daily light should not be less than 14 hours, and the light should be gradually increased from short to long until it reaches 16 hours every day and night. Whether the feeding management is appropriate at this stage should be observed from the following three aspects: (1) Look at the growth trend of egg weight, if the weight gain momentum is fast, it means that feeding is good; Second, according to the rising trend of egg laying rate, the egg laying rate should reach about 90% at the latest 200 days old; Third, look at weight changes. If the weight remains the same during delivery, it means that the feeding management is proper.

1.4 Feeding management in the late laying period

It is difficult to maintain the peak of laying eggs in the later stage of laying eggs, but for high-yield varieties, the laying rate can still be maintained at about 80% if the feeding management is proper. To reach this level, we must do a good job in the later feeding management. The main points of its feeding management are as follows: ① Determine the feed quality and feed quantity according to the weight and egg laying rate, and do not blindly increase or decrease the feed. ② Keep the light. Keep 16 hours of light every day, and you can't reduce it. ③ Proper management. We should give more and take less to promote sports. ④ Observe the changes of eggshell quality and egg weight. If the quality of eggshells decreases and the weight of eggs decreases, it is necessary to supplement cod liver oil and inorganic salt additives.

Feeding and management of laying ducks in summer 1.5

One is to enhance the heat insulation effect of the roof, that is, laying straw on the asbestos tile roof can reduce the internal temperature of the roof by 2℃ ~ 4℃; The second is to shade the playground, that is, plant shady broad-leaved trees to provide a good place for ducks to enjoy the cool and rest in summer; The third is to reduce the relative humidity in the duck house, that is, to control the leakage of drinking fountains and sinks, so that ducks can return to the house after bathing and drying their feathers, drain the accumulated water in the playground in time, replace the wet padding and strengthen ventilation. Fourth, strengthen the management of padding, thoroughly clean up the padding accumulated in the house in late spring and early summer, and pave with shavings or sawdust and fine sand; Fifth, do a good job of indoor ventilation, that is, increase the ventilation or increase the air flow speed in the house; Sixth, prepare enough low-temperature drinking water, clean the basin and sink in time, and disinfect the drinking water regularly; Seventh, do a good job in duck bath management, pay attention to updating the pool water and disinfect it regularly; Eighth, when the house temperature exceeds 33℃, ducks should be allowed to rest and enjoy the cool in the lighted sports ground in the first half of the night, and the small door for ducks to enter and leave the house should be opened, so that ducks can return to the house to lay eggs after 12 at night; Nine, the amount of a stirring should not be too much. After feeding, ducks had better finish eating within 30 ~ 40 minutes. Clean up the old materials in the material basin before each feeding, and wipe the inner wall of the shock-absorbing material basin with a rag dipped in disinfectant; The tenth is to appropriately increase the nutritional concentration of feed, especially the content of phosphorus and vitamins. In order to prevent ducks from partially shedding their feathers or breaking their feathers, we should continuously add 1 week 1% ~ 2% of fried rapeseed or sesame to the feed, and put some green feed in the shade of the sports ground around noon to let ducks eat by themselves. Eleventh, add anti-thermal stress additives such as vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate to the feed.

Feeding management of laying ducks in autumn and winter 1.6

September, 65438+ 10 is the key period for laying ducks. Not only can the laying rate be kept above 80%, but it is also in danger of a sharp decline. It is required to supplement artificial illumination and keep the daily illumination time to 16 hours. To overcome the influence of climate change, especially before the arrival of cold air, we should be prepared and try our best to make the microclimate change in the house not too big. Appropriately increase nutrition and supplement animal protein feed. Ducks should be selected once, and ducks that have stopped laying eggs should be separated, or eliminated in advance or forced to molt.

1.7 technical points of feeding management in winter

Improve the level of metabolic energy in feed, reaching 2900-3000 kcal per kilogram, and crude protein is 20%-22%. Green feed or eggs should be supplied in multiple dimensions to ensure normal supply. There are cold-proof grass curtains around the duck house to prevent thieves from getting wind. In winter, the filler is only added and kept dry, which is beneficial to improve the indoor temperature. Release the ducks later in the morning, close the ducks early in the evening, and usually go into the water less. Go into the water once in the morning and once in the afternoon when the temperature is high, each time 10 minute. Artificial supplementary lighting, the daily lighting time is 16 hours.

It is advisable to increase the feeding density per unit area, 8 ~ 9 animals per square meter. Ducks had better drink warm water

1.8 laying ducks should be fed with a proper amount of drakes.

The female duck has a well-developed ovary on the left, which functions as ovulation and spawning, and a very underdeveloped male gonad on the right. If there are some male ducks in the flock, the male hormones secreted by the male ducks will inhibit the development of the right male gonad in the female duck, thus inducing the female duck to ovulate more and lay more eggs. Generally, the proportion of male ducks is determined according to the month of raising ducks and the size of the group. In the case of breeding ducks, in order to ensure the high fertilization rate of breeding eggs, the proportion of male and female ducks should be 5% ~ 10%. If it is a flock of ducks for the purpose of producing commercial eggs, the proportion of male and female ducks can be appropriately smaller, for example, a flock of 30-50 laying ducks can raise a male duck; If there are 300 ~ 500 laying ducks, the proportion of male and female ducks can also be 1% ~ 2%. Under the same feeding and management conditions of laying ducks, such as breed, age, quantity and feed, the laying rate of laying ducks with male ducks is about 5% higher than that without male ducks.

2 Comprehensive prevention and treatment of diseases

The prevention and treatment of duck diseases should start with improving the disease resistance of ducks. Secondly, feasible comprehensive measures should be taken to avoid or cut off the invasion of pathogenic pathogens, such as eliminating or cutting off the interconnection of the three links that cause the epidemic of infectious diseases. Comprehensive prevention and control measures include four basic contents: nourishment, prevention, examination and treatment. The basic principle is "prevention first, combining prevention with treatment, and prevention is more important than treatment". Comprehensive epidemic prevention measures can be divided into two aspects: common preventive measures and epidemic elimination measures.

2. 1 Strengthen feeding management and cut off the epidemic links of infectious diseases.

2. 1. 1 The key to selecting high-quality ducklings, carefully raising ducklings and feeding them with drinking water in time is to select high-quality and robust ducklings. The method of careful brooding is as follows: drink 5% sugar water, 3% vitamin B water and 0. 1% chloramphenicol water on the first day, drink 0.02% potassium permanganate water on the second day, and then drink 5% sugar water, 3% vitamin B water and 0.2% tetracycline erythromycin water at the age of 3-6 days. The time for drinking and eating in time should be 24 hours after shelling. When ducklings start eating too early, they are weak and have poor eating ability, so they can't get the effect of starting eating. Eating too late can not supplement the required nutrition in time, which makes the ducklings consume too much nutrition and fatigue, and reduces the digestion and absorption ability of gastrointestinal tract, that is, they become "old-mouthed" ducklings, which is more difficult to raise.

2. 1.2 The feeding system of "all in and all out" shall be implemented. Ducks of different ages have different susceptibility or diseases. If ducks of different ages are raised in duck houses, older sick ducks or cured ducks may carry bacteria or viruses, which are easy to infect susceptible ducklings, causing long-term spread of diseases and economic losses. Adopting the system of "all in and all out" can avoid this situation and improve the survival rate of ducks.

2. 1.3 disinfection, deratization and feces treatment are important measures to prevent the spread of diseases. Usually, there is a disinfection pool at the entrance of duck house, which can disinfect duck house or duck shed with chlorpyrifos or chlorine dioxide to kill pathogens in air, duck body surface, net, ground and wall. Rats are the hosts and disseminators of many diseases, and rats in duck farms have become public hazards, so disinfection and deratization should be the routine work of duck farms or duck farmers. Feces should be fermented or treated harmlessly.

2. 1.4 adhere to the principle of self-propagation and self-support to prevent the introduction of sick ducks from other places or places. Many duck farms have had such experiences and lessons, such as buying ducklings and introducing duck viral hepatitis, and buying breeding ducks and bringing duck cholera into the field. Therefore, if ducks must be purchased from other places or other places, they must be quarantined by veterinarians, and they must never be imported from epidemic areas or disease groups or newly recovered ducks. After introduction, it should be observed and raised in isolation, and it is not suitable for polyculture. Observe in isolation for at least 20 days and confirm that there are no infectious diseases or parasitic diseases before joining the group. It is strictly forbidden to transport unqualified ducks exhibited and sent to the market or slaughterhouse back to this site to mix with ducks. Duck farms should deal with sick ducks and dead ducks in time, that is, bury them deeply, burn them or boil them. Eating them is strictly prohibited, especially for breeders or field workers, so as to avoid spreading infection.

2. 1.5 Regular vaccination For the vaccines available in the market or duck infectious diseases in this area, such as duck plague, duck flu, duck hepatitis and duck cholera, you should be vaccinated regularly, so you should not take chances.

2. 1.6 prevent direct or indirect contact with wild waterfowl, which is also the host and disseminator of some infectious and parasitic diseases (such as duck plague, duck coccidiosis, avian influenza, etc.). As domestic ducks are raised outdoors, the residual feed and outdoor trough often attract wild waterfowl, but they are in close contact with domestic ducks, polluting feed and water sources and leading to the spread of diseases.

2. 1.7 Prevention of egg-borne diseases The so-called egg-borne diseases refer to the diseases that infected female ducks pass on to their newly hatched offspring through fertilized eggs. There are two situations: first, pathogens infect ovarian follicles before the formation of eggshells and shells (ovarian transmission), and enter duck eggs during the formation of eggs, but are carried by duck eggs, such as salmonella; Secondly, due to poor environmental hygiene during or after duck egg production, pathogens pollute the eggshell and enter the egg, such as general intestinal bacteria, especially salmonella and Escherichia coli, which may cause embryo death during incubation, but most polluted eggs form weak or infected chicks after incubation. Therefore, preventing egg-borne diseases is an important measure to improve the survival rate of ducklings.

2.2 Fire extinguishing measures in case of disease

2.2. 1 find the epidemic situation in time and diagnose the infectious diseases in ducks as soon as possible. Most of the early symptoms of infectious diseases in ducks are listlessness, neck constriction, easy to lie down, secretions from eyes and nose, little or no food, and the egg production drops sharply. At this time, the suspected sick ducks should be isolated and observed quickly, and the dead ducks should be sent to the veterinary department for inspection, so as to make early diagnosis and take preventive measures. Early diagnosis can take targeted and effective treatment measures in time to minimize the loss of duck farms.

2.2.2 Eliminate pathogens or cut off transmission routes ① Isolate sick ducks, and carry out emergency disinfection on contaminated sites and duck houses. Irrelevant personnel are strictly forbidden to turn in circles to avoid spreading. (2) Stop introducing or selling live ducks to the sick people, and then deal with them according to the specific situation after diagnosis. (3) After the dead ducks are buried or burned, the feces should be fermented, and the bedding grass should be burned or composted for fermentation. ④ According to the confirmed diseases, select special vaccines for emergency vaccination, and treat the sick ducks reasonably. Ducks with chronic infectious diseases should be eliminated as soon as possible.

2.3 duck farm disinfection

Disinfectants are mainly used to disinfect the body surface, excreta, feeding equipment, utensils and surgical instruments of livestock and poultry. Duck farms (households) can only reduce or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and effectively prevent the occurrence or prevalence of infectious diseases if they do a good job of disinfection. Therefore, duck farms should attach importance to disinfection and formulate and implement a strict disinfection plan.

2.3. 1 The first disinfection method is physical disinfection, which uses sunlight, drying, flame burning, boiling and ultraviolet radiation to kill pathogenic microorganisms. The second is biological disinfection, which piles up feces, garbage, bedding grass and other dirt, so that it can generate heat through microbial fermentation and kill bacteria and parasite eggs without spores. The third is chemical disinfection, which is widely used and effective disinfection method at present. The specific method is to prepare disinfectant into liquid with a certain concentration, and then disinfect different objects by spraying, fumigation, soaking and washing.

2.3.2 Common Disinfectant Lysol: 5% solution can be used to disinfect floors, walls, utensils, feces, etc. 2% solution can be used to wash hands or disinfect skin, which can kill common bacteria and viruses. Quicklime: often mixed with 10% ~ 20% quicklime water, painted and sprayed while it is hot, and used for disinfection of floors, walls, feces, etc. Baidusha: It can be used for spraying, soaking and disinfection of drinking water. Spray disinfection is often used in chicken coops, surrounding environment, feeding utensils, surgical instruments, incubation tools and the body surface of livestock and poultry. Disinfect at ordinary times, add 3 ml of 50% chlorpyrifos per 10 liter of water; Disinfect the disease, and add 5 ~ 10 ml of tetramethylphenol per10 liter of water; Washing, soaking and disinfecting, and adding 3-5 ml of tetramethylphenolate per 10 liter of water; Disinfect drinking water and add 50 ~ 100 ml chlorpyrifos to every ton of water.

2.4 Duck immunization and drug use Modern intensive duck farms have a large number of ducks with high relative density, which may be threatened by infectious diseases. In order to nip in the bud, healthy ducks should be vaccinated in a planned way in peacetime. Immunization is an important part of veterinary work in duck farms.

2.4. 1 immunization program for major infectious diseases For ducks, the main infectious diseases that need to be vaccinated at present are duck plague, duck influenza, duck viral hepatitis, duck colibacillosis, duck cholera and duck infectious serositis.

Duck plague immunization program: laying ducks were immunized for the first time at the age of 20 days, and each duck was injected with 0.5 ml attenuated vaccine of duck plague chicken embryo. After 2 months, the immunization was strengthened 1 time, and each duck over 60 days old was injected 1 ml intramuscularly for 6 months.

Immunization procedure of duck influenza: Before 1 week, 0.5 ml of H5 subtype avian influenza oil adjuvant vaccine was injected subcutaneously into the neck, which required multiple immunizations in the brooding and breeding stages. After the ducks were immunized, a certain amount of serum samples were collected every 30 days to detect their hemagglutination titer, and the time and times of re-immunization were determined according to the antibody titer. Laying ducks and breeding ducks should be immunized before the start of the season, and then after the peak of laying eggs.

Immunization program of duck viral hepatitis: ① Adult ducks were subcutaneously injected with duck hepatitis chick embryo attenuated vaccine twice, each time 1 ml, with an interval of 2 weeks. The ducklings hatched with this immune egg can generally survive the susceptible period and avoid the harm of duck hepatitis. ② Immunize ducklings directly with attenuated vaccine of duck viral hepatitis. For ducklings without maternal antibodies, subcutaneous immunization should be carried out at 1 day.

Immunization program of duck infectious serositis: 1ml 8-day-old ducklings were subcutaneously inoculated with inactivated oil emulsion vaccine of duck infectious serositis through the neck and back.

Duck cholera immunization program: Avian cholera 73 1 attenuated vaccine, which can reach 3.5 months old for ducks over 2 months old; Aluminum hydroxide colloidal vaccine for avian cholera is used for ducks over 2 months old. Each duck was injected with 2ml intramuscular injection, and then injected every 10 day/time. The immunization period is 3 months. Inactivated oil emulsion vaccine of avian cholera is used for ducks over 2 months old. Each duck was injected subcutaneously 1 ml, and the immune period was 2 months.

Immunization program of duck colibacillosis: The common serotype strains of Escherichia coli were selected to make multivalent inactivated vaccine of E.coli oil emulsion, and 0-week-old ducklings were inoculated with 1 ml vaccine, or 1 ml vaccine was inoculated two weeks before the onset of the disease, which could prevent the occurrence of the disease.

2.4.2 Precautions for drug control of ducks ① According to different diseases of ducks, the types and methods of drug use are selected. It is best to use sensitive drugs determined by drug sensitivity test. (2) When mixed feeding and mixed water administration, drugs and feed must be fully mixed, or drugs should be completely dissolved in water to prevent drug poisoning and insufficient dosage. ③ In order to prevent bacteria from producing drug resistance, it is necessary to master the indications, dosage and course of treatment of antibiotics and chemicals, and several antibiotics or sulfonamides can be used alternately. ④ Pay attention to the prevention of residual poison. Ducks should not use drugs 5 ~ 20 days before slaughter to avoid residue in meat.