Brief introduction of Zheng Da Guangming Hall in Yuanmingyuan

Introduction of Zheng Da Guangming Hall

Zheng Da Guangming Hall, located at the main entrance of Yuanmingyuan, is the first of the 40 scenic spots in Yuanmingyuan. Zheng Da Guangming Scenic Area, including Zheng Da Guangmingtang and Dagongmen District, was built in the third year of Yongzheng (1725).

Serious

The word "aboveboard" comes from Zhu's "The ancient sages and sages sincerely help each other, do their best, and die." There are poems explaining "aboveboard" in Qianlong's poems: be honest and unbiased when building happiness, be ambitious when adapting to things, be handsome (bright) when using the national outlook, and treat people (bright) with yourself as a mirror.

Jane Jane

According to Mr. Wang Rongzu's investigation of history of qing dynasty archives, Yongzheng told the official department and the Ministry of War before 1725, "I am no different from the palace in Yuanmingyuan, and everything I should do will be handled as usual." The emperor turned the place where he handled government affairs in Yuanmingyuan into a "Hall of Diligence", and his life in the garden was almost the same as that in the palace from 1725. A year ago, the main buildings in this project were built for the emperor to handle government affairs or transfer the political power center of the Forbidden City, including the Guangming Hall in Zheng Da and Qingyan in Kyushu.

Planning of Zheng Da Guangming Hall

The main hall of Yuanmingyuan is 129 feet high (about 39 meters) and 63 feet wide (about 19 meters). Seven columns with a diameter of 2 feet 9 inches (about 84 cm) stand on a 4-foot (about 1.2 m) high step. There are couplets written by yongzheng emperor in the hall, and a "fair and square" plaque written by Yongzheng is hung on the hall. There are seven halls, with a wide platform in front and five halls for things. The rugged rocky mountain behind the temple is called Shoushan. The mountain is still there today, but only the jade bamboo shoots can never be seen again.

Generally speaking, this area is surrounded by fences. With the improvement of the political status of this palace, the main hall has added two wings. The military minister in the east wing handles government affairs, and the military minister in the west wing commands the wing.

Qianlong period style

Among the 40 landscapes of Qianlong, this is the first one he named.

In the middle of the hall is the emperor's throne, which is made of red sandalwood and exquisitely made. The throne was covered with yellow embroidered satin covers. The throne is located on a high platform with three steps below. There are red painted wooden railings around the platform, and roses and other flowers are carved, which are exquisite and rich. There are high screens on both sides of the throne, which are decorated with aquamarine and peacock feathers, and the feathers of birds are dotted with rubies and jasper. The throne is covered with exquisite embroidered cushions. Above the throne hangs a plaque written by yongzheng emperor, "Fair and square". Deep patterns are carved on the wooden ceiling, and crystal clear carved glass lamps with western tributes are hung. White Korean paper is stuck on the window. There is also a panoramic view of Yuanmingyuan hanging on the west wall of Zheng Da Guangming Hall, covering almost the whole wall. On the east wall, there is a Qianlong imperial book "Imperial Book Weekly Book No Escape". Emperor Qianlong appreciated the patterns here and praised: "Without carving or painting, you get a sense of elegance. There is a steep stone wall behind the house, and jade bamboo shoots are rugged. The vestibule is open and wide, looking around the wall, the trees are dark and bright, the flowers are red and purple, and the layering is endless. " That is, "if you don't carve, you will have it."

Zheng Da Guangming Hall includes a series of buildings, such as leading space. Starting from Nankai, it must pass through the screen wall, the court and two palace gates to reach Zheng Da Guangming Hall, which is the main body of the former building complex. Zheng Da Guangming Hall is elegant and dignified in design, with seven rooms wide and three rooms deep, surrounded by cloisters, a rest peak with gray tiles and a bucket arch, decorated with red diamond doors and windows, and located on a high pedestal. It was built in the early years of Yongzheng about 1725. The scene includes the Grand Palace Gate, Zheng Da Guangming Hall and East-West Annex Hall, which are the first group of buildings after entering the park. The hall is tall and solemn, and there is a four-character plaque painted by Yongzheng on the hall.

The Burning of the Hall of Justice and Light

1793 (58th year of Qianlong), British ambassador Gorni (1737- 1806) visited China, and gifts brought by the British king to celebrate the birthday of Emperor Qianlong were exhibited in this hall. 1860 10 when the British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan (the Battle of Gengshen), the headquarters was located here when the British and French invading troops burned and looted in the western suburbs of Yuanmingyuan and other places. This hall was the temporary headquarters of the leaders who invaded China, and was later set on fire.

Detailed explanation of Yuanmingyuan data

Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection, which can be called a treasure house of culture. Hugo once said: "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame de China are added together, it can't be compared with this magnificent oriental museum." The garden is luxuriously decorated and has a large collection of art treasures. According to westerners who have witnessed the Yuanmingyuan, "the magnificent scene in the garden is beyond description and imagination of Europeans".

"This royal villa contains all kinds of precious treasures, which are distributed in thousands of households. "Exquisite carved rosewood furniture, exquisite ancient broken porcelain bottles and enamel bottle lamps, tapestries, carpets, gold and silver leather products, French clocks plated with pure gold, exquisite general plan of Yuanmingyuan, photos with gems, vivid plaques of scenic figures, and other exquisite domestic art products and various exotic decorations in Europe.

Yuanmingyuan has a rich collection of books and cultural relics. Now, just a few examples are given. Wenyuan Pavilion is a library building modeled after Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo. It is one of the famous fourth pavilions in the north and was built in Qianlong for forty years. In the pavilion, there is a Siku Quanshu compiled by Qianlong and an ancient and modern book integration compiled by Kangxi. Sikuquanshu is the largest comprehensive series in ancient China, with more than 3,400 kinds of books, nearly 80,000 volumes and more than 36,000 volumes. It embodies the ancient civilization of our country and shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation. Due to the large number of articles in Sikuquanshu, the most important one was selected and compiled into the Summary of Sikuquanshu, with a total volume of 12000. Yao Hui was copied into two parts, one of which was kept in the Algae Museum in the Forbidden City, and the other was kept in the "Taste Room" in the East Wing of Changchun Garden. In addition, Hanjingtang also has a famous Wenxuan-Chunhua Xuan, which was specially built to collect the copy of the famous French post station "Chunhua Pavilion Post Station".

Getie was originally copied in Chunhua, Beining for three years (992), and included the calligraphy works of 99 people, including Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Cang Xie, Yu Xia and Confucius. "Tie" is divided into ten volumes, which is the first large-scale collection of posts in China, and is known as the ancestor of ten thousand posts. During the Qianlong period, according to the Northern Song Dynasty's "Getie Chutuo", after careful revision, the stone was hooked. It lasted for three years, and in the spring of the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), about 24 cloisters in front of Chunhua Xuan were inlaid with 144 blocks. This is the famous "Qianlong Engraving Chunhua Pavilion Post". Needless to say, during the theft of Yuanmingyuan, precious books and cultural relics collected in the park, such as Sikuquanshu, Quanbenyao, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Chunhua Pavilion and Post, were not spared. This can reflect from one side that the imperialist invaders burned Yuanmingyuan, which caused great damage to human culture.

Of course, nothing is perfect. The Yuanmingyuan is so big that it has been expanded and rebuilt by several emperors one after another, and the influence of the decadent consciousness of feudal emperors is still insufficient from any angle. However, on the whole, Yuanmingyuan is indeed an excellent garden. It can be said that it combines the excellent gardening art of China for thousands of years and pushes the classical gardens in China to a new height. At that time, everyone who witnessed its grand occasion said it was really good. Some westerners' impressions of China gardens began in Yuanmingyuan. In a word, Yuanmingyuan won the honor for our ancient civilization and was once the pride of our Chinese nation!

Data on the destruction of Yuanmingyuan

Yuanmingyuan is located on a plain in the north of Haidian Town in the northwest suburb of Beijing. It was originally the royal court of the Qing Dynasty.

It was built in the forty-eighth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1709) and basically completed in the ninth year of Qing Emperor Qianlong (1744). Since then, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have been renovated and expanded for many times, lasting 150 years. People used to call it Yuanmingyuan, but it is actually the floorboard of Yuanming, Changchun and Qichun (later renamed "Wanchun"). Its area is very wide, and its peripheral circumference is about 65,438+00 kilometers. Yuanmingyuan is a waterscape garden, and the water surface accounts for more than half of the whole garden area. There are 145 landscapes surrounded by mountains and rivers, and some landscapes are directly named after water. For example, Autumn Moon in Pinghu, Spring Dawn in Su Causeway, Moonlight in Three Ponds and Wind Lotus in Quyuan are all from the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou. There are also spring scenery of Wuling imitating the Peach Blossom Garden, Xifeng Flower imitating Lushan Mountain, Stone Labyrinth imitating Lion Forest, Ruyuan imitating Zhanyuan, Zhao He Deng imitating Gushan Crane Pavilion and so on. , bringing together the essence of countless world scenic spots and famous gardens.

In its heyday, Yuanmingyuan was not only an unprecedented royal garden, but also the ruling center where the Qing emperor gave orders and exercised power. From Kangxi to Xianfeng, six emperors lived here for three or four months every year, handling government affairs and conducting various political activities. At that time, there were offices of the central government departments such as the Cabinet, the Sixth Ministry and the Ministry of War on both sides of the gate of the Grand Palace. In the northwest of the site, several groups of large-scale palace sites can still be found. There are "Fair Hall", "Jiuzhou Qing Banquet" with grand banquet, "Anyou Palace" dedicated to the images and sacrifices of emperors in the Qing Dynasty, and "Wen Yuan Pavilion" in the library.

In architectural art, Yuanmingyuan has also formed a unique style of combining Chinese and western styles. At the northern end of Changchun Garden, a group of European-style gardens were initially built, including the "Western Building" designed by Italian missionary and painter Lang Shining and other foreign experts. It was built in Qingganlong 12 to 24 years (1747- 1759). Building materials are many finely carved stones, which are installed in major scenic spots in various forms. Garden laying, hedge pruning, fence, stone carving, bronze statue, etc. They all have western characteristics, but the roofs are covered with glazed tiles unique to China, and the walls are inlaid with glazed tiles. At the same time, the traditional rockfill technology and brick carving technology in China are adopted. At that time, it was the only garden complex in the world with both eastern and western styles, so it was praised as "the garden of ten thousand gardens" by the west. The park also has a very rich collection of cultural relics, calligraphy and painting classics, which can be called a treasure house of oriental culture and art.

In the 26th year of Guangxu in Eight-Nation Alliance (1900), the allied forces organized by Britain, Germany, Russia, France, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria invaded China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China. The boxer movement put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" and entered Beijing one after another. 1900 on may 3 1 day, Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Russia, Italy and other countries sent more than 300 troops into Beijing in the name of protecting the embassy. /kloc-in June of 0/7, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou Fort in Tianjin. 19 In June, Cixi decided to declare war on all countries and declared war on June 2 1 9. /kloc-Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beij in August of 0/4. /kloc-On the morning of August in 0/5, Cixi fled west with Emperor Guangxu. After the invading army entered the city, it set fire to Zhuang Wangmi, slaughtered about 65,438+0,700 people of the Boxer Rebellion in Wang Fu, and robbed it for three days, followed by private robbery. On August 27th, the Qing government sent Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiaries to make peace with the eight countries. On September 7th, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Xin Chou with other governments.

There is a passage in the commentary of the movie Burning Yuanmingyuan: A big fire once branded a mark of shame on the face of everyone in China, and at the same time branded a deep hatred in the heart of everyone in China. When the flames are burning in the air, a nation with rolling waves of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, a nation with hundreds of millions of powerful hands and hundreds of millions of tearful eyes can only hold empty fists and watch this garden of thousands of gardens turn to ashes. ...

Garden characteristics of Yuanmingyuan

General situation of characteristics

Yuanmingyuan covers an area of more than 350 hectares, of which the water surface area is about 1.40 hectares. The plot ratio of Yuanmingyuan is 1 10,000 square meters more than that of the Forbidden City, and the water area is equivalent to a Summer Palace, with a total area equivalent to 8.5 Forbidden City.

Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Qichun Garden and Changchun Garden, and Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). , with a total area of more than 5000 mu.

Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces and exquisite pavilions in the garden; There is a "buying and selling street" symbolizing a lively market, and there is a Shan Ye pastoral symbolizing pastoral scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu and the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the scenic spots in Suzhou Lion Forest. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of China people's wisdom and sweat, and it is also a model of China people and even the world's architectural art and culture. Moreover, Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures of various styles, extremely rare historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain and so on. It can be called one of the treasures of human culture, and it can also be said that it is the largest museum in the world.

Theme element

The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. The Yuanmingyuan Houhu Scenic Area, surrounded by nine small islands, is a symbol of Gong Yu and Kyushu. Build Yuanmingyuan on every island.

Old Summer Palace

Small gardens or scenic groups have their own characteristics and learn from each other. The skylight on the north bank is quite a victory to climb Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "Rainbow hangs on the lake, spanning 100 feet, repairing fences and trimming wings, with a wide pavilion in the middle. The reflection of the tattoo is between the lintels, overlooking the sky, which is a blue sky. " On the west bank, it looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. It is usually called the golden fish pond. "The chiseled pond is a country where fish are happy, and there are thousands of fish scales around the pond." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built in the lake, shaped like a swastika. It is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the wonderful flowers on the other side are embroidered in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu Palace in the north of Yuanmingyuan uses "Taixi" water intake method to suck water into the room and turn the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is flowing, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. The Moon of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance.

Fuhai Penglai Yaotai was built according to the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than 1000 boys and girls across the ocean to seek fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that enterprises can live forever. This can only be "a sailing tourist will talk about Japan, which is hidden in water and fog and inaccessible." On the other hand, yongzheng emperor asked craftsmen to build three islands with rugged boulders in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan, symbolizing the legendary Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot's "Three Immortals Mountain". There are halls and pavilions on the island, just like five golden halls. Twelve Jade Buildings ",and named East Lake" Fuhai "according to the meaning of" Xu Fuhai strives for the upper reaches ". There are more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai is 500-600 meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small water area is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the evening of July 15, the Qing emperor watched the river lantern here. After freezing in winter, the emperor sat on the ice bed and enjoyed the tour in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.

architectural style

Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan is that it imitates many famous gardens in China, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang six times in the south, visited Wutai several times in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing and Panshan in the east. Wherever he went, he liked the famous mountains, rivers and gardens, so he asked the accompanying painters to draw good pictures and copy them in the garden after returning to Beijing. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou were all copied in the park without changing their names. As the saying goes: whoever says that the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful will move the sky and shrink into your arms.

After Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Yuanmingyuan has four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. An Lan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai is one of them. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong's southern tour, Chen's Corner Garden in Haining was named "An Lan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the wonderful structure of the garden very much. After returning to Beijing, he imitated its location and rebuilt and added it around Sisi Lee Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan. After the garden was completed, it was named "An Lan Garden". At that time, there were three other famous gardens in Changchun Garden. One is a small paradise garden that imitates the West Lake King Garden in Hangzhou, which was built in the East Courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong. One was built in the thirty-second year of Qianlong, modeled after Jiangning (Nanjing). One is the Lion Forest built in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, modeled after the famous gardens in Suzhou. For example, the Garden and Lion Forest have more than 16 scenic spots respectively.

The West Peak of Yuanmingyuan is a beautiful place where yongzheng emperor and Emperor Qianlong held a wonderful Tanabata feast on the seventh day of July. Here, you can borrow the scenery of the western hills. On the west bank of the river, there are a group of overlapping mountains, majestic and steep, and waterfalls in the mountain stream rush down. In this close look, it looks like the majestic momentum of Lushan Mountain, and it is named "Little Kuanglu".

Sitting on a stone by a stream, it was copied from Yinshan Lanting in Huiji, Shaoxing. Built in Yongzheng dynasty, commonly known as Liu Beiting. Scholars such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty once lived in Yu Yonghe on March 3, 1999 (that is, the last day). They would gather in Lanting, meander water, sail boats, compose poems and repair wedges (sacrificial activities), which became a much-told story.

This Lanting in Yuanmingyuan, in the ravine, has a series of strange rocks and shock waves, and has a double-eaved pavilion with three bays. In the forty-four years of Qianlong, six "Preface to Lanting" posts by famous calligraphers of past dynasties were collected, which, together with the handwriting of Yu Min, a great scholar, and Emperor Qianlong himself, became the "Eight Columns of Lanting". Emperor Qianlong requested that the pavilion be converted into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars, each of which was engraved with a pillar. This is the famous Lanting Eight Pillars in Yuanmingyuan. Dagong Kuanran, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was built after the Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern part of this scene is in the mid-Qianlong period, imitating the rocks in Yunlin Stone Chamber of Jingji Mountain Villa in Panshan. Jiaqing poem praised "Shuanghezhai": the structure is deeply imitated by Huishan, and the famous garden is quiet and leisurely. The winding path is steep, the pine and cypress are rugged, and the small hole is not stubborn. It is known that the humorous garden of the Summer Palace is modeled after Huishan Jichang Garden. In fact, there was a Jichang Garden in Yuanmingyuan at that time. It's just that the artistic conception of the two imitations has its own merits. Spring scenery in Wuling describes the artistic conception of Taoyuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. It was built at the end of Kangxi and was called Taohuawu during Yongzheng. This used to be the place where Li Hong studied, and the library was called "Leshan Hall". In this scene, it is said that there are 10 thousand mountain peaches. There is an ancient Taohuawu in Changmen, Suzhou, which is said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although Taohuawu in Yuanmingyuan has broken through the shackles of official norms in many aspects, it has been widely recruited in various forms.

Building type

The main architectural types of Yuanmingyuan include temples, halls, pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, corridors, pavilions, houses, boats, halls, bridges, doors, walls, towers, temples, Taoist temples, villages and markets. The architectural style in its heyday also includes almost all possible plane layout and modeling styles of ancient buildings in China: there are common single-eave rolled-shed gray tile roofs, which are simple and elegant; There is also a palace-style double-eaved glazed tile roof, resplendent and magnificent; There are not only regular courtyards with one room and two rooms, but also flexible building groups. There are as many as 38 kinds of architectural layouts. Besides the common rectangular, square, circular, I-shaped, concave-convex, hexagonal and octagonal, there are many unique and novel plane forms, such as crescent, swastika, scroll, cross, square, plum blossom, triangle, fan, and even collar and square.

There are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called 100 scenic spots. It is a collection of various garden buildings such as temples, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. It is more than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 1 10,000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. Many architectural forms that are extremely rare in the south and north of China have been created, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square and scroll-shaped. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; Various scenes in the park are interlocking and deep, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: the architecture of Yuanmingyuan has many changes in form, and it is uneven and has no shape. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model. These models seem to be randomly arranged, and none of them are the same as other palaces. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit.

Religious factors

The temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan also reflect the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, which enshrines the "imperial majesty" of Kangxi and yongzheng emperor. There are nine palaces with double eaves and yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. Surrounded by Qiao Songyan, there are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, giving people a solemn feeling. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, which is built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist rises in the morning, the building will appear and disappear in the smoke, just like the Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrate their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers are stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and bronze plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was looted and burned. The losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are hard to measure by numbers.