Irrigation of Fan Wenxuan by Rural Water Conservancy 2 chapters.

Agricultural development and rural progress can not be separated from the construction of agricultural projects, and farmland water conservancy projects are one of the important ones. The following are two selected works of rural irrigation that I compiled for you. Welcome to read the reference!

Chapter one: Introduction.

Agricultural development and rural progress cannot be separated from the construction of agricultural projects. Farmland water conservancy project is one of the most important projects, which has certain key significance in rural engineering planning and should be paid absolute attention by relevant departments. The planning and design of farmland water conservancy work will be carried out smoothly, and then more scientific and reasonable farmland water conservancy planning will be designed, which will make rural economy develop and agriculture prosper.

1 Standard for Planning and Design of Farmland Water Conservancy

Only by designing according to certain standards can farmland water conservancy be carried out smoothly. Because the crops planted in the field change every year, the irrigation of farmland water conservancy will also change with it. Past experience can not be used as a reference for irrigation quantity of farmland water conservancy. Instead, it is necessary to comprehensively consider specific crops, existing water conservancy facilities, the inflow of irrigation water sources and the development of agricultural economy, and analyze specific problems to make the designed farmland water conservancy planning scientific and reasonable.

1. 1 day farmland water conservancy and drought resistance

Drought-resistant days refer to the days that can meet the water demand of crops according to the water supply capacity of irrigation facilities (ponds, small reservoirs, etc.). ) in the case of continuous no rain and little rain. For example, the water in irrigation facilities can be used continuously for 80 days without rain, so the standard of water conservancy planning and design is 80 days. The determination of drought-resistant days above is based on the period when local crops need water urgently within the specified time, and in addition, it should be analyzed according to local specific conditions when redesigning.

1.2 irrigation design guarantee of farmland water conservancy

The irrigation design assurance rate of farmland water conservancy refers to the ratio of the number of years that irrigation water can meet to the total number of years in the long-term use period, and the percentage of this ratio is the irrigation design assurance rate. p？ For example, the guarantee rate of irrigation design in a region is 80%, which means P=80%. Therefore, when designing irrigation and water conservancy projects, designers should determine the scale of irrigation and water conservancy projects according to local specific conditions, especially local water sources and crop types. For example, in areas with sufficient water resources and mainly rice cultivation, the design guarantee rate should be between 70% and 95%; In areas with scarce water resources and mainly dry crops, the design guarantee rate of water conservancy projects should be between 50% and 80%.

2. Planning and design of farmland water conservancy projects

2. 1 Forecast and analysis of planning, design and construction scale

2. 1. 1 Determine the scale of farmland water conservancy.

Irrigation area should be adapted to the local economic development level. Irrigation and water conservancy plays an important role in agricultural production. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the local economic development and in line with the principle of increasing farmers' income and ensuring food security, the demand of agricultural economic development for farmland water conservancy construction is put in the first place. After analysis and demonstration, the scale of each project of farmland water conservancy project planning and design is determined.

2. 1.2 Determine the balance between supply and demand of water resources in the farmland planning area

The potential of farmland irrigation area is an important standard to measure the supply and demand of water resources in a region. By analyzing the potential of water resources that can be used for irrigation in small-scale farmland irrigation areas, this paper demonstrates the development potential of farmland irrigation areas, counts the water resources carrying capacity of this area, analyzes the total demand for water resources in agricultural production and further determines the balance between supply and demand of water resources in small-scale farmland planning areas according to the total irrigation water consumption determined by comprehensive water resources planning and its control indicators.

2. 1.3 Analysis on the development potential of irrigation area of farmland water conservancy

According to the local actual cultivated land area and other natural conditions, the potential of local cultivated land resources for irrigation area of farmland water conservancy should be analyzed, and a more scientific and reasonable conclusion should be drawn.

2. 1.4 Forecast irrigation area

Through the analysis of the above three aspects, the scale and irrigation area of farmland water conservancy projects are comprehensively predicted.

2.2 The main contents of the planning and design of farmland water conservancy projects

2.2. 1 Design of water intake mode

The design of water intake mode is the key link of farmland water conservancy planning and design. Irrigation sources in different areas are an important basis for determining the design of water intake methods. Usually irrigation water sources can be divided into two types: pumping irrigation and gravity irrigation. This paper mainly introduces self-flow water intake irrigation. The so-called gravity water irrigation is the water source mainly based on rivers. There are two kinds of gravity water intake irrigation: water intake with dam and water intake without dam. Dam water intake is based on the low water level near the farmland water conservancy planning, so it is necessary to build a low dam or sluice on the river to guide the water source to the farmland to ensure normal irrigation. Dam-free water intake can be divided into two categories: building sluice and not building sluice. If the sluice is not built, it is likely that the water will get out of control during the flood control period, and then the flood will destroy the river and flood the farmland. Therefore, the construction of sluice is a scientific design, which can effectively deal with the erosion of rivers by water flow.

2.2.2 irrigation channel design principles

The design principles of irrigation channels should be comprehensively considered in combination with land, farmland, forestry, roads and other factors, so as to maximize the use of water and soil resources and realize the comprehensive unity of economic, social and ecological benefits.

(1) Safety first.

Safety first is a universal principle that all walks of life must adhere to. Without security, there is no way to talk about everything, so it is universal and equally applicable to the construction of farmland water conservancy projects. During the construction, we should try our best to avoid the channel projects in high fill, deep excavation and difficult and dangerous sections, and try our best to stay away from rivers to avoid the occurrence of flash floods and mudslides to destroy the channels. In addition, it should be equipped with relevant flood discharge and drainage facilities.

(2) Rational utilization of natural landforms.

We should make full use of geographical and natural advantages to design irrigation channels. In the specific operation, the irrigation canal should be located at a high place and the drainage canal should be located at a low place, so that irrigation and drainage can be carried out smoothly and an independent irrigation and drainage system can be formed, which is more scientific and reasonable. As far as possible, the irrigation canal line is based on the principle of cost saving, straight and smooth, and the variable diameter intersection is preferred.

(3) Comprehensive utilization.

Centralized utilization of multiple business projects to achieve the purpose of making full use of water resources. In addition, it is also a good method to use river water and well water for irrigation to form an irrigation system with comprehensive utilization of groundwater and surface water. The design of key main canals and branch canals should be based on the principle of seeking truth from facts and the analysis of local actual topography. When considering terrain, it is important to grasp two kinds of terrain. One is the middle-class plain irrigation area. This kind of terrain, we must first understand its natural geographical conditions, and the separation of irrigation and drainage is a model. However, the area where the project is located is rich in surface water and has excellent drainage conditions, which is the prerequisite of this model. Irrigation channels are mainly used for washing and irrigation, and drainage channels are used for flood control and secondary salinization of soil. Another kind of plain irrigation area. This kind of terrain is often flat and open, with a large area of cultivated land. In the design of irrigation and water conservancy projects, the occurrence rate and development degree of flood disasters should be fully considered, and the positions of main canals and branch canals should be designed.

3 Conclusion

Irrigation of farmland water conservancy project is a livelihood project, which plays an irreplaceable key role in rural development, so it is necessary to do a good job in farmland water conservancy planning and design. According to the principle of sustainable development, making full use of water resources, planning water conservancy projects scientifically and reasonably, and providing good internal support for agricultural development, rural progress and farmers' income increase are the only way for China's sustainable development strategy.

Chapter II: Analysis of the problems existing in the construction and management of farmland water conservancy projects and discussion on the countermeasures.

introduce

Since the reform and opening up, China has intensified the development of agriculture and achieved remarkable results. The construction of farmland irrigation area has made a qualitative leap. From eating by the weather in the past to irrigation by diverting water from the river, and now there are water stations everywhere, which all reflect the determination and great potential of China to vigorously develop agriculture. China's grain output and consumption are at the leading level in the world, and China's agricultural construction is solving the problem of food and clothing for the whole people. It has played an inestimable role in promoting economic development. Although great achievements have been made in the construction and management of farmland irrigation areas, there are still various problems that hinder their faster development. In order to solve these problems fundamentally, this paper discusses the present situation, problems, solutions and future development of the construction and management of farmland irrigation areas in China.

First, some main problems in the construction of farmland water conservancy projects in China

(A) in the construction of farmland water conservancy, planning is not in place.

In the process of farmland water conservancy project construction, many aspects are involved, and the actual needs of technology, economy, society and farmers must be considered. However, in the construction of farmland water conservancy projects, the planning is often unreasonable and the construction objectives are not clear enough. There are often cases of random and blind construction, and there are many hidden dangers in the construction, which will lead to a lot of waste of national resources. Moreover, in farmland water conservancy projects, the proportion of small projects is relatively large, and the phenomenon of repeated construction is also obvious. The waste and imbalance of resources may cause serious damage to water resources and the environment, and the reduction of water quality is also very unfavorable to agricultural production.

(B) the planning and design of engineering construction quality management ability is low.

Project construction demonstration and design planning are two important parts in the overall planning and management of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects, but there are still some influencing factors related to project quality management, mainly involving the planning ability of the project. The architectural quality problems existing in planning and design can be analyzed mainly from two aspects. On the one hand, before the demonstration of project construction, a strong subjective consciousness was added in the process of engineering function development, which was very blind and random, lacking comprehensive planning, and the economic and social benefits of project construction could not be taken into account at the same time in professional demonstration management, which greatly reduced the value of the project. On the other hand, in the project design, the specific details of the project are not fully demonstrated and designed, which makes the design technology content not high, which makes the project planning and design unable to effectively connect with the actual construction, and the functional effect of the project cannot be reflected.

(3) The existing water conservancy facilities in the irrigation area are too old.

After decades of development and construction, China's water conservancy facilities have spread all over farmland irrigation areas, played an important role and made great contributions to the development of China's agriculture. But the protection of water conservancy facilities is not in place. A series of practical problems, such as the difficulty of protection, in addition, the overall quality of farmers is generally not high, the awareness of protection is poor, and even inadvertently caused different degrees of damage to water conservancy facilities. So the current situation is that many water conservancy facilities can no longer play their original functions or are in a state of abandonment. China's insufficient investment in farmland irrigation areas has led to many outdated water conservancy facilities, even used under unsafe conditions, which has brought great hidden dangers to the use process. Old facilities can not be updated, and the original functions can not meet the requirements of the rapid development of modern farmland. At the same time, it brings security risks and reduces the irrigation efficiency of farmland irrigation areas, which not only hinders the development of farmland irrigation areas in China, but also hinders the improvement of grain output in China, which is not conducive to the safety and development of agriculture in China.

Second, to solve the countermeasures in the process of farmland water conservancy project construction

(A) to strengthen the construction supervision related work

Construction supervision is the core content of quality management of small-scale farmland water conservancy projects. Giving full play to the core role of supervision in project quality management is very important to ensure the normal operation of the project. In the construction of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects, site supervisors can be reasonably equipped according to the characteristics of the project construction, and the work objectives, material plans and progress plans of the supervisors can be designed according to the requirements of the project construction, and the basis, methods, systems and guarantee systems for quality control can be stipulated. In terms of details, detailed regulations are made on various parts, processes, quality inspection, evaluation and acceptance mastered by supervisors, so that supervisors can understand what they need to do in quality management when carrying out supervision work, as well as the connection and coordination with other work, so as to avoid the blindness of supervision work.

(2) Accelerate the transformation of problem facilities.

At present, many water conservancy facilities in use or existing in China have various problems and are in poor operation. However, these problematic water conservancy facilities can not only be abandoned, but also operate normally and play a role after maintenance and transformation. By rebuilding, you can spend less money and cost. Compared with the reconstruction of water conservancy facilities, reconstruction not only makes full use of existing equipment, but also saves a lot of money and time. Therefore, the maintenance and renovation of the problem facilities is an important measure and means to solve the existing problems in farmland irrigation areas in China. We can consider the maintenance and replacement of large-scale farmland sprinkler irrigation facilities and make joint efforts according to the actual situation. In addition, with the help of water conservancy experts, the problem facilities in special farmland irrigation areas can be fully integrated.

(3) Increase the transparency of the project and mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers for investment and construction.

Increase the transparency of project construction, publicize the allocated farmland water conservancy construction projects in the implementation area, expand the people's right to know, at the same time clarify the national investment policy and the proportion of mass financing, clarify the main position of farmers in farmland water conservancy construction, and let farmers understand that the state can't do everything, they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the project, and they have the rights and obligations to participate in the construction, and they can freely choose financing or labor services to participate in the project construction; Introduce open competition mechanism, select village groups with high enthusiasm and strong sense of participation, and mobilize the enthusiasm of participating in construction; Accelerate the establishment of an incentive mechanism for social capital participation and actively encourage social capital to build farmland infrastructure; Actively broaden financing channels, strictly implement the policy of withdrawing funds from the total income of land transfer, ensuring local facilities, and solving the survey and design fees and construction management fees of farmland water conservancy projects; Strengthen water-saving publicity, make people aware of water crisis, popularize new irrigation water-saving technologies, and promote the implementation of water-saving irrigation projects.

(four) the implementation of the main body, broaden the channels of funds, strengthen the management and protection after the construction.

Water conservancy departments should strengthen the reform of small water property rights, clarify the ownership and management rights of projects, and actively explore the establishment of rural water conservancy management mechanism in line with the actual project and rural conditions; Actively promote the formation of water users' associations, which can implement the responsibility of management and protection of public welfare infrastructure such as farmland water conservancy to beneficiary water users' associations, make them become the collective assets of participating farmers, give play to the main role of farmers, and ensure the full benefit of the project; Actively strive for the existing agricultural subsidy policy, and strive to include the machinery and equipment in farmland water conservancy facilities such as water-saving irrigation into the scope of agricultural subsidies; And equipped with village plumbers, strive to bring plumber subsidies into the county finance. At the same time, strengthen the publicity of the Water Law and the Regulations on the Management of Water Projects, strengthen water administrative law enforcement, and prevent man-made destruction of water conservancy projects.

(5) Construction management strategy

Incorporating water conservancy project construction management into the contemporary project legal person system, management and control of the supervisor, effective management of construction enterprises, proper design work and effective supervision of government departments can form a unique project quality management system, strengthen the change of project quality management concept, comprehensively and consistently implement the supervision and quality management mechanism of water conservancy project quality, construct the strategy of project construction management, and adopt the management of personnel in all aspects of the project to ensure the quality of water conservancy project construction management.

(six) to further improve the understanding of rural water conservancy.

To realize agricultural and rural modernization, we must first do a good job in rural water conservancy; In order to increase agricultural efficiency, increase farmers' income and stabilize rural areas, it is necessary to build rural water conservancy infrastructure. Realizing the modernization of rural water conservancy is an indispensable part of national construction. We should always promote the development of agriculture and rural economy, arm rural water conservancy with advanced equipment and technology, and provide basic support for rural modernization with advanced modern concepts and scientific methods. Efforts should be made to speed up the transformation of traditional rural water conservancy to modernization and make rural water conservancy reach a new level. At present, rural water conservancy construction has encountered many difficulties, but it still bears the heavy responsibility of rural social stability and economic development. As long as we see the difficulties clearly, identify the problems accurately and do more investigation and analysis to ensure the success of rural water conservancy construction. Pulse? The rural water conservancy infrastructure in this county will be able to develop rapidly.

Concluding remarks

Generally speaking, the construction quality of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects is artificial. Environmental system and other factors, when managing it, we should comprehensively consider the overall construction design and construction control, improve the construction quality of the project, make the project finally realize its functions and ensure its economic and social benefits.