Definition and classification of cultural relics

Cultural relics are the remains and relics left by human beings in the process of historical development. All kinds of cultural relics reflect social activities, social relations, ideology, utilization and transformation of nature and ecological environment in different historical periods, and are valuable historical and cultural heritage of mankind. The protection, management and scientific research of cultural relics are of great significance to people's understanding of their own history and creativity, revealing the objective laws of human social development, and understanding and promoting the development of contemporary and future society. The protection and management of cultural relics involve various departments with different functions in society; Cultural relics research involves many disciplines in social science, natural science, engineering technology and other fields. Conservation management and scientific research are interrelated and complementary. Therefore, the protection, management and scientific research of cultural relics is a systematic and comprehensive science. In China, the word "cultural relics" is used together, which first appeared in Zuo Zhuan. "Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Two Years" records: "Fude, frugal, boarded and descended several times, and declared cultural relics in a disciplined manner; Taking care of officials, officials are afraid and dare not change discipline. " Later, The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty said, "Make clothes and prepare cultural relics." The above-mentioned "literature and objects" originally refers to the ritual and music system at that time, which is different from modern cultural relics. In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Luobin's poem: "Cultural relics moved to Russia to thank, and the heroic spirit rose and fell", and Du Mu's poem: "Cultural relics in the Six Dynasties connected with the sky, and the sky was light and the clouds were idle, which is the same today." The meaning of "cultural relics" here is close to modern cultural relics, referring to the relics of the previous generation. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty (1 1 century), epigraphy rose, focusing on bronzes and stone carvings, and then gradually expanded to study other ancient artifacts, collectively referred to as "ancient artifacts" or "antiquities". The common names in the early Ming and Qing Dynasties were "antiques" or "bone dong". The word "antique" began to be used again during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (18th century). These different names have the same meaning, but on many occasions, antiques, dominoes and antiques refer to ancient artifacts other than calligraphy and painting and inscriptions. At present, the names of cultural relics in different countries are not consistent, and their meanings and scope are also different, so a unified definition of cultural relics has not yet been formed. Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, whose basic characteristics are: first, they must be created by human beings or related to human activities; Second, it must be an irreversible past. According to the characteristics of cultural relics and the specific situation of preserving cultural relics in China, contemporary China regards the word "cultural relics" as the general name of all valuable material remains left over from the historical development of human society, created by human beings or related to human activities.

Attachment: Example of Grade I Cultural Relics Classification Standard

1. Jade and Stone Age are exact, with excellent texture, artistic and technological characteristics and special value; Having exact excavation sites, inscriptions, inscriptions or other important features that can be used as dating standards; It has obvious local characteristics and can represent a cultural type, a region or an outstanding achievement of archaeology; A masterpiece of ethnic relations and Chinese-foreign relations that can reflect the style and artistic level of a certain era. Secondly, pottery represents a cultural type of archaeology, and its shape and decoration are of special importance; There is an exact unearthed place, which can be used as a dating standard; Tricolor works with beautiful shapes, bright colors and particularly important values; Among the purple sand ware, the shape is perfect, which is the masterpiece of ancient and modern famous artists. Third, the porcelain is of exact age and has great artistic or technical value; The chronology or exact unearthed place can be used as the standard of dating; Modeling, decoration, glaze color, etc. Can reflect the style of the times and strong national color; Famous porcelain, the representative works of official kiln and folk kiln recorded in literature. Fourth, the bronze is beautifully shaped and decorated, which can represent the casting technical level in a certain period; There is an exact unearthed place, which can be used as a dating standard; Inscriptions reflect major historical events, important historical figures or high artistic level of calligraphy; It is of great significance in the history of technological development. 5. Iron products that occupy a particularly important position in the history of smelting, casting and forging in China; Unearthed iron cultural relics with clear location and special value; Ancient vessels with inscriptions or gold and silver, inlaid and other exquisite craftsmanship; Iron historical relics used by celebrities in past dynasties or directly related to major historical events. Six, the gold and silver craft level is superb, the shape or decoration is very beautiful, which is of special importance; Gold and silver products with exact date and place or money can be used as dating standards. Seven, lacquerware represents the typical craft varieties and characteristics of a certain historical period; Excellent modeling, decoration and carving skills; The masterpiece of a famous craftsman. cultural relic

8. Sculptures with beautiful shapes and exact dates, or with inscriptions, metals, jade, stones, wood, mud, ceramics, lacquerware, tooth bones and other textures with distinctive characteristics of the times and artistic style, which are of special importance. Nine, Shi Zhuan's earlier, representative stone carvings; Statue tablets engraved with the year or the owner's mind can be used as dating standards; Stone carvings that can directly reflect social production and life, with vivid expressions and beautiful shapes; Stone carving skills are exquisite and rich in content; Epitaphs of great historical or artistic value; Bricks and tiles with exquisite characters or decorative patterns and particularly important historical and artistic values. Ten, calligraphy painting before the Yuan Dynasty relatively complete calligraphy and painting; Before the Tang dynasty, there was a complete written book with a year model; Before the Song Dynasty, there were authors or chronicles in ancient books, and the calligraphy level was high. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were well-known or unknown styles with high artistic level; Handwriting of famous people of past dynasties with special value; Particularly important art schools or masterpieces of famous painters and painters since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Eleven, Gu Yan era exact, good quality, less remains; Modeling and ornamentation have distinct characteristics of the times, and the four famous inkstones, Duan and Zou, have high technological level; There is an exact excavation site, or it is circulated, beautifully made and well preserved, which can be used as a dating standard; Used by important historical figures in past dynasties or with high inscription value; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen of all ages. Twelve, the contents recorded in Oracle bones are of particularly important historical value, and tortoise shells and animal bones are relatively complete; The carved characters are exquisite or distinctive, which can play a role in dating. Thirteen, with special important value of the official seal, seal, seal and logo card; The representative works of the main schools or main representatives of seal cutting in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Fourteen, coins have a particularly important position and value in the history of coin development in China. Fifteen, the exact age of the horn is of great value in the history of carving art; Reflect the characteristics of national crafts and the history of technological development; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen or artists in various periods, ivory products with a long history. Sixteen, the exact age of bamboo and wood carving, has a particularly important value, has a unique style in the history of bamboo and wood carving technology, and can be used as a dating standard; Exquisite production and high technical level; The masterpiece of a famous craftsman or artist. Seventeen, furniture before the Yuan Dynasty (including the Yuan Dynasty) wooden furniture and exquisite funerary objects; Ming and Qing furniture is made of Huang Huali, rosewood, chicken wing wood, iron pear, ebony and other precious wood, with beautiful shape, well-preserved and sophisticated technology; Well-made painted furniture in Ming and Qing dynasties; Furniture used by celebrities in Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times or with great historical value. Eighteen, the exact age of enamel, distinctive features, high level of modeling, decoration, glaze color and technology. Nineteen, the era of weaving and embroidery, the origin is accurate; Typical objects of different weaving and embroidery varieties that represent the technical level of a certain historical period and have particularly important value; Colorful, beautifully decorated, with typical characteristics of the times; The masterpiece of a famous embroiderer. Twenty, ancient books in front of the tablet, text and print; Manuscripts and manuscripts written or arranged by famous scholars and bibliophiles in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are of great value in a certain discipline; Printed copies (including printed copies, movable type copies, beautifully printed printed copies, and color overprint copies) and manuscripts with characteristics in book content, engraving level, paper, printing, and binding; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, famous scholars and bibliophiles collated inscriptions and postscript, and their contents were of great academic value. Twenty-one, rubbings rubbings are rubbings before the Yuan Dynasty; Integral rubbings and rare rubbings in Ming Dynasty; The initial expansion of the refined version; Qing dynasty or modern rubbings whose original is important but lost, and whose rubbings are rarely circulated; The fine extension of the Ming and Qing dynasties post station; Before and after the Qing Dynasty, there were important inscriptions and rubbings by famous artists of past dynasties. Twenty-two, weapons in the history of weapons development, can represent a historical stage of ordnance level; Used in important battles or events; Valuable weapons used by celebrities in past dynasties. Twenty-three, philatelic products reflect the history of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and the liberated areas, and the stock is scarce; Stamps and philatelic products that have been particularly important since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Twenty-four, reflecting major historical events, important content, with special significance of official documents or documents, promotional materials; Leaflets, slogans, posters, extra numbers and good news; Badges, medals, medals, etc. 25. Archival documents are particularly important in official archives and folk documents such as imperial edicts, proclamations, titles, memorials, imperial edicts, maps, people's yellow books, land, population, territory and other books, as well as major historical events and deeds of important historical figures. 26 celebrity relics manuscripts, letters, inscriptions, inscriptions, etc. Articles of great value and significance of the late China * * * famous leaders of the production party, famous leaders of democratic parties, famous patriotic overseas Chinese leaders and famous social activists. Note: Examples of the second-and third-level cultural relics classification standards can refer to the analogy of the first-level cultural relics classification standards.