Information on the development of cold chain logistics

With the intensification of competition in the agricultural cold chain logistics industry, mergers, acquisitions, integration and capital operation among large agricultural cold chain logistics enterprises are becoming more and more frequent. Domestic excellent agricultural products cold chain logistics enterprises pay more and more attention to the research on the industry market, especially the in-depth study on the development environment of enterprises and the changes of customer demand trends. Because of this, a large number of domestic excellent cold chain logistics brands of agricultural products have risen rapidly and gradually become the leader in the cold chain logistics industry of agricultural products!

Because some enterprises do not have professional cold chain logistics operation system and cold chain logistics distribution center, and the construction of cold chain logistics center is a service project with huge investment and long payback period, it is obviously not suitable for them to establish cold chain logistics center. These enterprises can form alliances with social professional logistics enterprises, effectively use third-party logistics enterprises, and realize cold chain logistics business.

Logistics enterprises can form alliances with industrial and commercial enterprises, provide functional services of cold chain transportation in advance, and export improved logistics management and operation systems in a targeted manner. Cold chain transportation is the key link of cold chain logistics, especially dairy products have strict requirements and need to be delivered every day. The quality requirements of fresh milk are relatively high, and special transportation conditions are needed. The retail industry forms an alliance with manufacturers to realize the quality transportation of fresh milk. Because the manufacturer has a complete set of cold chain logistics management and operation system, it can ensure the quality of fresh milk in transportation and establish the transportation service directly delivered by the manufacturer. For example, some large supermarkets have established a long-term cooperative relationship with Mengniu, and Mengniu directly delivers goods, using Mengniu's transportation requirements and modes to directly reach the supermarket freezer, so as to avoid the deterioration of fresh milk during transportation and cause great losses to the supermarket, thus affecting Mengniu's reputation. With the progress of cooperation, the cooperative relationship established with customers tends to be stable, and the operating experience is constantly accumulated. By continuously integrating manufacturers' own cold chain resources, social resources and their own resources, a scientific and fixed cold chain logistics management and operation system is established.

The cold chain logistics of McDonald's restaurant is completely outsourced to the third-party logistics enterprise, namely Xiahui Company. Xiahui Company is a global logistics service provider of McDonald's, providing quality services for McDonald's. In order to meet the special requirements of McDonald's cold chain logistics, Xiahui Company invested in establishing a multi-temperature food distribution logistics center. It is divided into dry warehouse, cold chain warehouse and freezer, equipped with cold chain freezing and fresh-keeping equipment and cold chain transportation facilities to transport cold chain goods to McDonald's restaurant with good quality and quantity.

* * * Homodistribution is a reasonable distribution form optimized through long-term development. It is also an advanced logistics model widely adopted and influential in some developed countries such as the United States and Japan. It is of great significance to improve logistics operation efficiency and reduce logistics cost.

Due to the low temperature characteristics of cold chain logistics, logistics enterprises set up cold chain logistics centers independently, which has high investment cost and long payback period. Because of the same characteristics of cold chain food, the whole cold chain logistics industry in society should unite and establish a cold chain logistics distribution center to realize the same distribution of cold chain logistics industry.

From the microscopic point of view, the realization of cold chain logistics and distribution can improve the operation efficiency of cold chain logistics, reduce the operating cost of enterprises and save a lot of money, equipment, land and manpower. Enterprises can focus on their core business, promote the growth and spread of enterprises, expand the market scope, eliminate the closed sales network, and build an environment where * * * can exist and enjoy * * *.

From the whole society, the realization of cold chain logistics distribution can reduce the total social traffic, reduce the phenomenon of urban unloading blocking traffic and improve traffic conditions; Through the centralized treatment of cold chain logistics, the loading rate of cold chain vehicles can be effectively improved, the processing space and human resources of cold chain logistics can be saved, the cold chain commercial logistics environment can be improved, and the overall quality of social life can be improved. As far as the current situation of cold chain logistics in China is concerned, the central and local governments are vigorously supporting and advocating and striving for development. Experts believe that the development of cold chain logistics can promote the circulation of agricultural products, aquatic products, livestock and poultry meat and other commodities, reduce resource consumption, thus improving the utilization rate of social resources. China's cold chain logistics industry is relatively backward, which is inseparable from its late start and backward technology. The food cold chain industry contains good investment opportunities, but relevant experts also point out.

First of all, facilities and equipment are insufficient. Most perishable goods in China are loaded in the open air, not in cold storage and heat preservation places. 80%~90% of fruits, vegetables, poultry and aquatic products are transported by ordinary trucks, and a large number of milk and bean products are transported without cold chain guarantee. When transporting these perishable foods, most of them are covered with a canvas or plastic sheet, and sometimes quilts become the best insulation materials.

The direct cause of this dilemma is the serious shortage of cold chain facilities and cold chain equipment in China. The original facilities and equipment are outdated and unevenly distributed, which can not systematically provide low-temperature protection for the circulation of perishable foods.

Secondly, technical standards are absent. Because the food cold chain is a supply chain system with the aim of ensuring the quality of perishable food and the core requirement of maintaining a low temperature environment, it is more demanding and complicated than the general normal temperature logistics system, and the construction investment is much larger. However, China's cold chain system is only an early refrigeration equipment market, and cold chain technology can not be fully applied to many food types, which is far from the international advanced level. At the same time, there is no special national or industrial standard for implementing cold chain in China, and only some large food production and processing enterprises have formulated some standards themselves, so there is also a gap in supervision.

Third, the industrial support is incomplete. The timeliness of perishable food requires that all links in the cold chain must have high organization and coordination. However, China's cold chain industry lacks overall development planning, which affects the resource integration of food cold chain and the lack of supporting coordination between upstream and downstream of supply chain. For example, in the construction of cold storage, some people attach importance to the construction of meat cold storage and despise the construction of fruit and vegetable cold storage; Pay attention to the construction of urban commercial cold storage and despise the construction of processing cold storage in producing areas; Attach importance to the construction of large and medium-sized cold storage and despise the construction of wholesale and retail cold storage. These imbalances make China's food cold chain industry has not yet formed an independent and perfect operation system. Overall planning and multi-party coordination

Constructing cold chain logistics system of agricultural products suitable for China's national conditions.

Give full play to the macro-control role of the government, establish a linkage mechanism among the government, industry associations and leading enterprises, and formulate a national cold chain logistics development plan for agricultural products. According to the regional layout of China's dominant agricultural products and the characteristics of cold chain logistics of agricultural products, we should establish a multi-organizational cold chain logistics system of agricultural products with processing enterprises as the core and integration of production, supply and marketing as the core, develop a short-distance cold chain logistics system of agricultural products with logistics distribution centers as the core, and develop a long-distance cold chain logistics system of agricultural products across regions by using third-party logistics. Implementing supply chain logistics management mode to promote the healthy, stable and rapid development of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.

Integral gradient propulsion

Select key varieties and key areas to pilot first.

Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all actors in the cold chain, especially focus on cultivating third-party logistics to improve the degree of organization of farmers. According to the overall requirements of the National Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Development Plan, as well as the regional resource endowment and the layout of advantageous agricultural products, actively promote the construction of regional agricultural products cold chain logistics system with different characteristics, and select important varieties (high-value agricultural products, such as tropical fruits; Perishable products, such as meat. ) establish a cold chain channel pilot. First, pilot projects of "production base+distribution center+supermarket" and "production base+large wholesale market+distribution center+supermarket" will be launched in big cities. The second is to carry out the pilot projects of "processing enterprise+production base" cold chain logistics and "processing enterprise+production base+third party logistics" in the export producing areas of superior agricultural products. On the basis of summarizing the successful experience of demonstration and pilot, it will be gradually radiated and popularized throughout the country.

Establish a diversified mechanism

Increase investment and establish a diversified investment mechanism with enterprises as the main body, government guidance and multi-party participation.

The successful experience of cold chain logistics development in Canada shows that both logistics enterprises and wholesale markets. It is also a distribution center. In the initial stage, it is very important for the government to support and guide the capital investment. The cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China is still in the initial stage of development. On the one hand, there is a lack of experience in hardware facilities construction, micro-technology and macro-management. On the other hand. Because the whole logistics process chain from field to table is too long, it is difficult for an enterprise to complete the construction of cold chain logistics system. In 2005, the added value of China's logistics industry was 1.2 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.5%. Logistics plays an increasingly important role in supporting and promoting the development of national economy, which requires the government to effectively integrate existing transportation, warehousing, distribution and other resources. Therefore, according to the characteristics of cold chain logistics and the actual needs of its development, the government needs to increase capital investment and gradually form a diversified investment mechanism with multi-party participation. According to the requirements of supply chain logistics management mode and various forms of agricultural products cold chain logistics system, the government guides the financial support targets, one is large wholesale markets and distribution centers, and the other is third-party logistics centers that provide socialized services. The third is the origin processing enterprises. The main contents of support are hardware facilities construction, analysis and test equipment, standard formulation and personnel training.

Attach importance to the role of science and technology

Through original innovation, integrated innovation, introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation, we will continuously improve the infrastructure and hardware construction level of multimodal transport, strengthen the technological transformation and upgrading of production, storage, processing, transportation and sales, and comprehensively promote the leap-forward development of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China. First, continue to strengthen the infrastructure transformation of transportation trunk lines and their affiliated stations, and form a comprehensive transportation network and perfect storage and distribution facilities suitable for multimodal transport as soon as possible; The second is to encourage the application of GPS, automatic identification and other technologies to connect carriers, users, manufacturers, suppliers and related banks, customs, commodity inspection, insurance and other units through network platforms and information technology, so as to realize the whole process monitoring of goods and the sharing of resource information and improve the overall transportation efficiency of the whole society; The third is to introduce and popularize advanced technologies such as automatic refrigeration technology and warehouse management system, vacuum precooling technology, nondestructive testing and commercial processing technology, and automatic temperature control technology for transport vehicles. , so as to improve the ability of technological transformation and technological renewal.

Make laws and regulations

Establish and improve the inspection and supervision mechanism.

The healthy development of cold chain logistics in Canada benefits from its perfect laws, regulations and standards, as well as sound inspection and supervision institutions. At the same time, its central and local "hierarchical management and mutual cooperation" management model is also worth learning. As soon as possible, China should formulate guidelines and related standards for cold chain logistics of agricultural products that are in line with international standards, including relevant standards and good operating practices for the whole cold chain logistics node. Such as raw material base production standards and specifications, pre-cooling and storage standards, processing standards, transportation standards (especially agricultural products transportation temperature standards), sales standards, labeling standards, as well as detection method standards, environmental standards, service standards, etc. And make agricultural products according to GAP (Good Agricultural Practices), GVP (Good Veterinary Practices), GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), HACCP (Hazard Critical Control Point Analysis) and ISO. On the other hand, give full play to the role of existing national and departmental testing institutions, supplement and improve testing items and contents according to the requirements of cold chain logistics, encourage the establishment of corresponding testing platforms in large supermarkets and wholesale markets, and provide rapid testing services for agricultural product logistics. In addition, it is necessary to establish and improve the inspection and supervision mechanism, actively implement professional certification and market access systems, and establish a quality and safety barrier for cold chain logistics of agricultural products.

The introduction of relevant policies

In order to promote the rapid development of China's agricultural cold chain logistics industry as soon as possible, the state must formulate and implement scientific and effective macro policies as soon as possible. In the aspect of science and technology policy, the development of cold chain logistics technology is taken as an important content and incorporated into the national development plan and science and technology plan; Increase the state's investment in science and technology policies for cold chain logistics of agricultural products, set up special funds and include them in the fiscal budget; Increase the funding for national science and technology support plan, 863 plan, torch plan, innovation fund for small and medium-sized enterprises, international cooperation and other project plans: attach importance to the construction of cold chain logistics platform for agricultural products, and give priority support in the construction of national engineering projects such as national key laboratories, national engineering centers, departmental key laboratories, pilot bases, quality standards and inspection centers, and food safety evaluation and research centers. In terms of fiscal and financial policies, it is suggested that the cold chain logistics of agricultural products should be regarded as the strategic focus of national investment, policy guidance and attracting foreign investment, and centralized support and inclination should be given in budget arrangement and industrial and agricultural construction project plan; Give due consideration to reducing or exempting value-added tax and income tax for cold chain logistics enterprises, wholesale markets and distribution centers; Preferential loan policies are implemented for the cold chain logistics industry of agricultural products, including low interest rate, interest discount, relaxation of repayment period, relaxation of mortgage conditions and support for foreign investment intervention. In terms of industrial policy: straighten out the situation of multi-sector management as soon as possible, set up a coordination agency, and straighten out the relationship between scientific research, production, trade and other departments; According to the requirements of national industrial policy, according to the regional layout of advantageous agricultural products, guide the rational layout of cold chain logistics industry of agricultural products; Accelerate the construction of agricultural products cold chain logistics park and guide the integrated development. In terms of trade policy: encourage and support agricultural products cold chain logistics enterprises to actively participate in international competition; Take effective measures and policies to support and protect the trademarks and brands of cold chain logistics of agricultural products with independent intellectual property rights and expand their influence in the international market; Introduce and digest the cold chain logistics technology of agricultural products in developed countries, including hardware such as projects, equipment and instruments, as well as trade in property rights licenses or software.

Development planning of cold chain logistics of agricultural products

The development planning of agricultural cold chain logistics will accelerate the rapid expansion of the cold chain logistics market. After the implementation of the plan, China will increase the capacity of cold storage 10 million tons, which is expected to drive social investment of 200 billion. The editor also learned from experts in air conditioning and refrigeration market that agricultural products, as the largest market in cold chain logistics, far exceed industrial demand. Air-conditioning and refrigeration market experts also said that with the increasing consumption of animal protein, dairy products and ready-to-eat convenience foods by consumers in China and the increasing attention to food safety by consumers in China, the demand for cold chain infrastructure in China is becoming unprecedented. However, while the market is expanding, regional differentiation is also very serious. In some big cities with developed economies and coastal areas, international and regional activities such as Beijing Olympic Games, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games have made the internationalization of first-tier cities increasingly enhanced, and the cold chain market has also increased significantly. For example, Qingdao and Dalian, as important export markets, are also developing rapidly. Although the rise of regional cold chain economy does not necessarily represent the overall growth of cold chain logistics industry, its rapid development trend is irreversible. Affected by national policies and market demand, the demand for refrigerated trucks in China is increasing year by year. The output growth rate of refrigerated trucks increased from 65,438+00% in 2005-2065,438+00 to 65,438+03.8% in 2065,438+065,438+02. In 20 12, the national output of refrigerated and insulated vehicles reached 7063, among which the market shares of Beiqi Futian, Zhenjiang Feichi and CIMC were all above 10%.

Cold chain logistics is a complex system engineering, which is closely linked with high technology, high investment and advanced management. Following the National Development and Reform Commission's 20 10 Development Plan of Cold Chain Logistics of Agricultural Products, various provinces and cities in China also issued the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Cold Chain Logistics on 20 13. Based on these plans and increasing demand, the development prospect of cold chain logistics industry in China is very considerable. As an ordinary consumer, when buying a series of products that need temperature control and preservation, whether in ordinary supermarkets, supermarkets or traditional food markets, besides considering whether the products are genuine, counterfeit-free, shoddy and reliable in quality, have you ever considered how these products are delivered from manufacturers to retail terminals? Because the quality assurance of non-warm products in the whole supply chain is very important, no matter how good the products are, if they are not fresh because of problems in transportation and storage, they will affect the changes in nutrition and taste, or it will be a trivial matter, and if it is serious, it will have an impact on health, so it can be equated with fake and shoddy goods, but the supply chain behind them is often unknown to consumers.

Cold storage and frozen food need complete cold chain logistics to control the temperature of goods (according to relevant rules) to ensure food safety; This includes closed environment, storage and transportation when loading and unloading goods, etc., and any link can not be less; A complete refrigerated food supply chain is an indispensable element of food safety, so the requirements of cold chain logistics are relatively high, and the corresponding management and capital investment are also greater than that of ordinary normal temperature logistics. At present, the impact of the international financial crisis on China's macro-economy is still continuing, and the growth rate of China's macro-economy is slowing down, which has impacted the logistics industry to some extent. However, with the government's policy of "expanding domestic demand and ensuring growth", China's economy is expected to maintain steady and rapid growth, and the market prospect of logistics industry is gradually improving. Rural logistics, retail logistics and other market segments have become investment hotspots.

"Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and even a longer period in the future, China's logistics industry will enter a higher level of development stage and present some new development trends and characteristics. First of all, with the rapid and stable development of the national economy, the scale of the logistics industry will continue to expand rapidly. Second, it is suitable for the adjustment of economic structure and industrial layout. The concentration of logistics industry has been further improved. Third, with the further expansion of the logistics market, the division of labor within the logistics industry will become more and more detailed. Fourth, logistics service methods are increasingly diversified. Integrated logistics services based on modern information technology, transportation technology and management technology will be more widely used. Fifth, the pace of technological progress and innovation in the logistics industry has been accelerated, and the level of modernization has been further improved. Sixth, cooperation and interaction will become an important way for the logistics industry to achieve scale expansion and coordinated development. Seventh, the institutional environment for the development of the logistics industry has become increasingly standardized, and the market order and environmental conditions have been further optimized. With the continuous development of China's agriculture and the changing market, many specialized processing enterprises have entered the field of agricultural products processing. After more than ten years of development, China's agricultural product processing industry has become the fastest growing and largest industry in China's economy, and enterprises have also developed from small workshops to large-scale comprehensive processing enterprises, making outstanding contributions to promoting China's agricultural development and increasing farmers' income. This kind of large-scale processing enterprise is more capable of cooperating with large-scale cold chain logistics enterprises, using enterprise resources to cooperate with local warehousing and marketing points to assist the smooth progress of cold chain logistics and save a lot of manpower and financial resources. For details, please refer to China Cold Chain Logistics Industry Market Prospect and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report.

Cold chain logistics model of agricultural products led by operators in large-scale agricultural products wholesale markets. Due to the continuous development of China's market economy, the supply of agricultural products has changed from planned economy to market economy, and many agricultural products markets have emerged. With the intervention of local governments or their own development, these markets have developed into specialized large-scale wholesale markets for agricultural products. They positioned the market and created the brand according to their own characteristics. With the perfection and maturity of the system and model, these markets have also become an important part of cold chain logistics, forming a cold chain logistics model dominated by large-scale agricultural products wholesale markets. Through the operation of operators, the whole logistics will be carried out from bottom to top. First, the market will feed back the demands of consumers to various specialized suppliers, and then the suppliers will feed back the demands to a higher level, that is, farmers or related processing enterprises. Through this kind of information exchange, the products produced by manufacturers will be more in line with market demand, and the risks in all links will be minimized. In addition, as the connection point between suppliers and retailers, this large-scale wholesale market of agricultural products can more accurately control the types and quantities of products required by the market to a certain extent, and also have the ability to schedule all links to ensure that products can arrive and be delivered to all sales points at a certain time, thus better promoting the connection of all links, reducing the phenomenon of out-of-stock and backlog of products, and controlling the cost and loss of cold chain logistics to a minimum. In order to provide better services to people in the upstream and downstream and occupy more market share, many wholesale markets have developed systematic services integrating warehousing, wholesale, processing and transportation, which has also become an important cold chain logistics model.

Cold chain logistics model of agricultural products led by chain supermarkets. The rise of supermarkets in China is not long, and the products sold in early supermarkets are no different from those in "department stores". However, with the continuous development of supermarkets, in order to meet the needs of more people, supermarkets have also included fresh agricultural products in the sales scope. The agricultural products in supermarkets are more standardized, and the permanent cold chain equipment in supermarkets can meet the needs of products well, and the processing and packaging are more systematic and formal, so it is welcomed by many consumers. Chain supermarkets have many locations in various cities, so they can timely dispatch products within the supermarkets. The mature promotion methods of supermarkets can minimize the backlog of products, so the market share of agricultural products occupied by supermarkets is also expanding year by year. Supermarkets can contact consumers directly. Supermarkets can accurately grasp the needs of consumers according to the sales situation of products and consumers' feedback on products, and timely adjust the production scheduling among various products and with upstream suppliers and manufacturers according to these data. In addition, in the operation of large supermarket chains, it is even possible to bypass the intermediate dealers and reach a docking with farmers or producers, so that farmers can plant according to the needs of supermarkets, and producers and processors can also produce and process according to the scheduling of supermarkets, and supermarkets can directly purchase these products. This model can greatly reduce the risk, improve the income of each link, and also provide consumers with more favorable prices, make the circulation of products smoother and improve efficiency.

During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the state has made a clear plan for the development process of cold chain logistics, and will build a number of cross-regional cold chain logistics distribution centers with high efficiency, scale and new technology, cultivate leading cold chain logistics enterprises with strong international competitiveness, and build a cold chain logistics service system for agricultural and sideline products with reasonable layout, advanced facilities, upstream and downstream connection, perfect functions, standardized management and sound standards.

During the period of 1960, China was in a period of economic difficulties, and natural disasters would lead to a shortage of agricultural and sideline products. To this end, the state has established a number of large-scale cold storage in some big cities and major agricultural and sideline products producing areas, equipped with a small number of refrigerated trucks. These facilities have played a certain role in stabilizing market prices and ensuring the supply of non-staple food for residents.

After the reform and opening up, China's cold chain logistics has further developed. From 65438 to 0985, the state carried out major reforms on the production and purchase and sale policies of agricultural and sideline products, which made the wholesale market of agricultural and sideline products rise. In order to ensure the balanced supply of agricultural and sideline products in various places, the government has built and expanded a number of cold storage facilities, which has promoted the cold chain logistics between urban and rural areas and promoted the development of the refrigerated transport vehicle industry.

The initial stage of cold chain logistics is a long process. In these decades, the number of cold storage and refrigerated trucks is very small. The real rapid development of cold chain logistics of agricultural and sideline products began in the late 1990s. At that time, the living standards of urban residents were greatly improved, and they hoped to eat fresh vegetables and fruits all year round. Local governments and local farmers in the main agricultural products producing areas hope to stagger the time of product listing and gain more profits, which has promoted the rapid development of cold chain logistics.

In the next five years, the state has set a high development goal to improve the cold chain circulation rate and refrigerated transportation rate. As one of the infrastructure of cold chain logistics, the supply of refrigerated trucks must keep up, which will bring opportunities to the slow-developing refrigerated truck enterprises. It is hoped that production enterprises will make preparations in advance in terms of product quality, capacity preparation, after-sales service and market layout, which will not only provide excellent products, but also enable enterprises to make great achievements.

For refrigerated truck enterprises, there are a series of target figures worthy of attention: the country requires that by 20 15, the cold chain circulation rate of fruits and vegetables, meat and aquatic products will be increased from 5%, 15% and 23% respectively to 20%, 30% and 36%, basically doubling. In addition, the refrigerated transport rates of fruits and vegetables, meat and aquatic products increased from 15%, 30% and 40% to about 30%, 50% and 65% respectively.